Famil: Rubiaceae Taxo: Osa pulchra Som: Hitoia pulchra D. R. Simpso (basiom) Commo Name: Osa Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: L Data Etr Perso: Chuck Chimera WRA Score -3 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, =-1 103 Does the species have weed races? =1, =-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, =-1 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 Prit Date: 9/2/2012 Osa pulchra (Rubiaceae) Page 1 of 6
412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, =-1 603 Hbridizes aturall =1, =-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic =1, =-1 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, =-1 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 2 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, =-1 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, =-1 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, =-1 705 Propagules water dispersed =1, =-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed =1, =-1 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, =-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, =-1 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, =-1 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, =-1 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, =-1 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: L WRA Score -3 Prit Date: 9/2/2012 Osa pulchra (Rubiaceae) Page 2 of 6
Supportig Data: 101 1996. Missouri Botaical Garde. Plat Map of Costa Rica - Rubiaceae: Osa pulchra [Accessed 02 Sep 2012]. http://www.mobot.org/mobot/platmap/osa.html 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 201 2012. USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-gri.gov/cgibi/pgs/html/idex.pl 202 2012. USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-gri.gov/cgibi/pgs/html/idex.pl 203 1993. Burger, W. (ed.). Flora Costaricesis - Famil #202 Rubiaceae. Fieldiaa: Bota. 33: 1-204 2012. USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-gri.gov/cgibi/pgs/html/idex.pl [Is the species highl domesticated? No evidece] "Osa pulchra, a member of the Rubiaceae (coffee famil) is oe of Costa Rica's most spectacular ad rare edemic species of flowerig plats. The geus, amed after the Osa peisula, was formall described i 1979, ad has ol this oe species. Pulchra, of course, meas beautiful. Util recetl, the species was kow from ol oe small populatio of about 8 plats o private propert ot far from Ricó de Osa. Fortuatel, the owers ad others i the area are aware of the uiqueess of the species, protect it ad have it carefull marked for visitors. I November of 1996 aother small populatio was foud o the Atlatic lowlads, ear Puerto Viejo de Limó. Except for its huge flowers ad elogate gree, capsular fruits, Osa pulchra looks ver much like a coffee plat ad would seem to be a excellet cadidate for cultivatio for tropical gardes ad gree houses." [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Mesoamerica: Costa Rica - Putareas; Paama - Bocas del Toro" [Qualit of climate match data 2-High] [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? No evidece] "This species is kow from ol a few collectios i lowlad rai forest ear Rico de Osa at ca. 50 m elevatio o the Osa Peisula. Flowerig i Jauar-Februar, with immature fruits i Jue ad mature fruits i Jauar." [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "Mesoamerica: Costa Rica - Putareas; Paama - Bocas del Toro" 205 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? No evidece] 301 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia [Naturalized beod ative rage? No evidece] 301 2012. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Kha, N./Fl, [Naturalized beod ative rage? No evidece] T.. Hawaiia Vascular Plat Updates: A Supplemet to the Maual of the Flowerig Plats of Hawai`i & Hawai`i's Fers & Fer Allies. http://bota.si.edu/pacificisladbiodiversit/hawai iaflora/supplemet.htm 302 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? No evidece] Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia 303 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? No evidece] Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia 304 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia [Evirometal weed? No evidece] 305 1993. Burger, W. (ed.). Flora Costaricesis - Famil #202 Rubiaceae. Fieldiaa: Bota. 33: 1-305 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia 401 1974. Simpso, D.R.. A ew Hitoia [Cogeeric weed? No evidece] "A mootpic geus kow ol from the Osa Peisula of Costa Rica. No other species of Costa Rica Rubiaceae has such large flowers. This geus is related to Portladia ad to a lesser extet to Hitoia." [Cogeeric weed? No evidece] [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] "Tree 15 m. tall. Leaves elliptic to arrowl oblog 16.5-18 cm. log, membraous to chartaceous." Prit Date: 9/2/2012 Osa pulchra (Rubiaceae) Page 3 of 6
402 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Allelopathic? Ukow] 403 1974. Simpso, D.R.. A ew Hitoia [Parasitic? No] "Tree 15 m. tall. Leaves elliptic to arrowl oblog 16.5-18 cm. log, membraous to chartaceous." [Rubiaceae] 404 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Ukow] 405 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Toxic to aimals? Ukow] No evidece of toxicit reported i literature, but plat is rare i cultivatio 406 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? Ukow] Plat is rare i cultivatio 407 2008. Wagstaff, D.J.. Iteratioal poisoous plats checklist: a evidece-based referece. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 407 2012. Lara, A.. Take a Walk with Me o the Rare 408 1993. Burger, W. (ed.). Flora Costaricesis - Famil #202 Rubiaceae. Fieldiaa: Bota. 33: 1-409 1974. Simpso, D.R.. A ew Hitoia [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No evidece] [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No evidece] [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No evidece] "This species is kow from ol a few collectios i lowlad rai forest ear Rico de Osa at ca. 50 m elevatio o the Osa Peisula." [Ulikel give rai forest habitat] [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Presumabl Yes] "Its ecological adaptatio ad floral biolog are ukow but i geeral aspect the plat is suggestive of certai species of Tocoea ad Radia (viz. T. guiaesis K. Schum., R. ruiziaa DC., ad R. williamsii StadI.). These are species of small trees or shrubs apparetl adapted to the heavil shaded shrub laer of tropical, evergree, rai forest." 410 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad)? Ukow] 411 1974. Simpso, D.R.. A ew Hitoia 412 1993. Burger, W. (ed.). Flora Costaricesis - Famil #202 Rubiaceae. Fieldiaa: Bota. 33: 1-501 1974. Simpso, D.R.. A ew Hitoia 502 2012. USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-gri.gov/cgibi/pgs/html/idex.pl 503 2012. USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-gri.gov/cgibi/pgs/html/idex.pl 504 1974. Simpso, D.R.. A ew Hitoia 601 1993. Burger, W. (ed.). Flora Costaricesis - Famil #202 Rubiaceae. Fieldiaa: Bota. 33: 1-602 1974. Simpso, D.R.. A ew Hitoia [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? No] "Tree 15 m. tall. Leaves elliptic to arrowl oblog 16.5-18 cm. log, membraous to chartaceous." [Rubiaceae] [Forms dese thickets? No evidece from ative rage] "This species is kow from ol a few collectios i lowlad rai forest ear Rico de Osa at ca. 50 m elevatio o the Osa Peisula." [Aquatic? No] "Tree 15 m. tall. Leaves elliptic to arrowl oblog 16.5-18 cm. log, membraous to chartaceous." [Terrestrial] [Grass? No] Rubiaceae [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] Rubiaceae [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No] "Tree 15 m. tall. Leaves elliptic to arrowl oblog 16.5-18 cm. log, membraous to chartaceous." [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? Ukow] "This species is kow from ol a few collectios i lowlad rai forest ear Rico de Osa at ca. 50 m elevatio o the Osa Peisula. Flowerig i Jauar-Februar, with immature fruits i Jue ad mature fruits i Jauar." [Produces viable seed? Presumabl Yes] "fruitig pedicel 2.2 cm. log, agled b the cotiuatio of the capsule ribs dow the pedicel almost t o the base; sepal lobes persistet i fruit, 3.4 cm. log, 1.5-2 mm. broad. Seeds attached horizotall, ot wiged, flatteed, shield shaped (i.e. oe surface covex, the opposite cocave), irregularl circular or somewhat agled i outlie, ca. 6 mm. across b 1.5-2.5 mm. thick; seed coat uiforml graular rougheed, reddish brow i dried material." Prit Date: 9/2/2012 Osa pulchra (Rubiaceae) Page 4 of 6
602 2010. Jacob Uluwehi's photostream. Osa pulchra 602 2012. Lara, A.. Take a Walk with Me o the Rare 603 1993. Burger, W. (ed.). Flora Costaricesis - Famil #202 Rubiaceae. Fieldiaa: Bota. 33: 1-604 2010. Jacob Uluwehi's photostream. Osa pulchra [Produces viable seed? Viabilit poor i cultivatio] "I the past two ears I have sow 207 seeds with a rate of 16% successful germiatio. Of the 200 seed that I have distributed to 8 differet botaical istitutios, ol 20 plats have resulted (10% success). Sprouts ca take up to 2 moths to push themselves out to a vertical positio from the medium ad at least a additioal moth to shed their seed coats. I additio to the 16% of m successful germiatios, at least 4.5% sprouts failed to develop at a sustaiable pace ad slowl perished, perhaps due to the depressed gee pool. " [Produces viable seed? Viabilit poor i cultivatio] "Ufortuatel the do ot propagate from cuttigs, ad because of ibreedig do ot grow easil from seed." [Hbridizes aturall? Ukow] "A mootpic geus kow ol from the Osa Peisula of Costa Rica. No other species of Costa Rica Rubiaceae has such large flowers. This geus is related to Portladia ad to a lesser extet to Hitoia." [Ukow. Possibilit of iter-geeric hbridizatio] [Self-compatible or apomictic? Possibl No] "Had polliatio must be carried out betwee two differet cloes because idividual flowers are ifertile. Gestatio will take up to 11 moths, upo which seeds must be sow with haste due to their limited widow of viabilit." 604 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Self-compatible or apomictic? Ukow] No iformatio o breedig sstem 605 1974. Simpso, D.R.. A ew Hitoia 605 1993. Burger, W. (ed.). Flora Costaricesis - Famil #202 Rubiaceae. Fieldiaa: Bota. 33: 1-606 2012. Lara, A.. Take a Walk with Me o the Rare 607 2010. Jacob Uluwehi's photostream. Osa pulchra 701 1993. Burger, W. (ed.). Flora Costaricesis - Famil #202 Rubiaceae. Fieldiaa: Bota. 33: 1-702 2012. Lara, A.. Take a Walk with Me o the Rare [Requires specialist polliators? Ukow. Possibl] "Flower buds two at a ode (i.e. bore sigl i each leaf axil), but seemigl oe of the two abortig; pedicel ca. 17. mm. log, bract1ess; receptacle glabrous; calx lobes 5, arrowl liear or filiform, glabrous, 27-30 mm. log, corolla white, trumpet shaped, ca. 27 cm. log, ca. 6 mm. wide below, 11 cm. wide at apex; stames 5, icluded, athers liear. 5-6 cm. log, ca. 0.7 mm. wide; stle equalig the stames, udivided; stigmatic surface ca. 3.5 cm. log b 1.5 cm. i diameter, oblog, base acute, apex rouded obtuse, glabrous logitudiall 5-erved ad 5-ribbed, the ribs ad erves alteratig, erves slightl raised i dried material, ribs subalate" "The produce ol a few flowers at a t ime whose most strikig features are the extremel log, tubular, white corollas, ad ofte, the release of a strog f ragrace i late eveig. The combiatio of elogated corolla tube, light color, ad ver strog fragrace released i the eveig are presumabl adaptatios to specialized polliators, probabl some of the species of lepidopteras that are most active at dusk." [Requires specialist polliators? Probabl Yes] "Osa pulchra is distiguished b its ver large trumpet-shaped flowers that are thi i texture. No other Costa Rica member of the Rubiaceae has so log a flower. The log arrow basal tube suggests polliatio b a log-togued sphigid moth. The flowers are remiiscet of those of orametal species of Brugmasia (formerl icluded i Datura, Solaaceae)." [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? Probabl No] "Ufortuatel the do ot propagate from cuttigs, ad because of ibreedig do ot grow easil from seed. A recet discover of a populatio of this species i Paama ma provide fresh geetic diversit that will eable horticulturists to successfull produce viable Osa pulchra seed." [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 2+] "*Update Jul 2010. This seedlig pictured bloomed for the 1st time at Lo Arboretum recetl with two flowers. So this bloomed i two ears from seed, prett good! Here is a picture of the same seedlig 8 moths prior, a example of how the growth rate for the species speeds up oe it is past 10cm or so i height." [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas)? Probabl No] "Fruits ca. 3 cm log ad 1.5 cm broad, oblog ellipsoid, dark brow, the sepal lobes persistig but breakig off; seeds ca. 6 mm log, testa tuberculate." [Fruit & seeds lack meas of exteral attachmet, ad seed viabilit ma be low] [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes. Orametal potetial] "Uusuall large for the famil, the pedulous flowers are fragrat, cream-white, bell-shaped, ad are dead-rigers for the flowers of the agel trumpet tree (a commo orametal i the tomato famil). These uique ad highl attractive characteristics make Osa pulchra a desirable cadidate for future cultivatio i greehouses ad tropical ladscapes." Prit Date: 9/2/2012 Osa pulchra (Rubiaceae) Page 5 of 6
703 2012. Lara, A.. Take a Walk with Me o the Rare 704 1974. Simpso, D.R.. A ew Hitoia 705 1993. Burger, W. (ed.). Flora Costaricesis - Famil #202 Rubiaceae. Fieldiaa: Bota. 33: 1-706 1993. Burger, W. (ed.). Flora Costaricesis - Famil #202 Rubiaceae. Fieldiaa: Bota. 33: 1-707 1993. Burger, W. (ed.). Flora Costaricesis - Famil #202 Rubiaceae. Fieldiaa: Bota. 33: 1-708 1993. Burger, W. (ed.). Flora Costaricesis - Famil #202 Rubiaceae. Fieldiaa: Bota. 33: 1-801 1974. Simpso, D.R.. A ew Hitoia 802 2008. Roal Botaic Gardes Kew. Seed Iformatio Database (SID). Versio 7.1. http://data.kew.org/sid/ 802 2010. Jacob Uluwehi's photostream. Osa pulchra [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No evidece] "Ufortuatel the do ot propagate from cuttigs, ad because of ibreedig do ot grow easil from seed." [Ulikel. Not grow with produce, ad limited seed viabilit] [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No. Wigless] "fruitig pedicel 2.2 cm. log, agled b the cotiuatio of the capsule ribs dow the pedicel almost t o the base; sepal lobes persistet i fruit, 3.4 cm. log, 1.5-2 mm. broad. Seeds attached horizotall, ot wiged, flatteed, shield shaped (i.e. oe surface covex, the opposite cocave), irregularl circular or somewhat agled i outlie, ca. 6 mm. across b 1.5-2.5 mm. thick; seed coat uiforml graular rougheed, reddish brow i dried material." "The exceptioal features foud i this species, ad especiall the wigless coditio of the seeds, would perhaps be iterpreted b some taxoomists as reaso for proposig a ew mootpic geus. It has ot bee ucommo for specialists i the Rubiaceae to use the distictio "wiged vs. wigless seeds " as a criterio for distiguishig taxa at the geeric level." [Propagules water dispersed? Fruit/seed buoac ukow] "Fruits ca. 3 cm log ad 1.5 cm broad, oblog ellipsoid, dark brow, the sepal lobes persistig but breakig off; seeds ca. 6 mm log, testa tuberculate." [Propagules bird dispersed? Probabl Not. Not flesh-fruited] "Fruits thi-walled capsules, ellipsoid, with 6 logitudial ribs, apparetl opeig septicidall, the calx lobes persistig distall; seeds biseriate, slightl compressed, lackig wigs, ot imbricate, with persistig fuicle." "Fruits ca. 3 cm log ad 1.5 cm broad, oblog ellipsoid, dark brow, the sepal lobes persistig but breakig off; seeds ca. 6 mm log, testa tuberculate." [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? Ukow, but ulikel give fruit morpholog] "Fruits ca. 3 cm log ad 1.5 cm broad, oblog ellipsoid, dark brow, the sepal lobes persistig but breakig off; seeds ca. 6 mm log, testa tuberculate." [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Ukow, but ulikel give fruit morpholog] "Fruits ca. 3 cm log ad 1.5 cm broad, oblog ellipsoid, dark brow, the sepal lobes persistig but breakig off; seeds ca. 6 mm log, testa tuberculate." [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? No. Ulikel] "The produce ol a few flowers at a time whose most strikig features are the extremel log, tubular, white corollas, ad ofte, the release of a strog fragrace i late eveig. The combiatio of elogated corolla tube, light color, ad ver strog fragrace released i the eveig are presumabl adaptatios to specialized polliators, probabl some of the species of lepidopteras that are most active at dusk." [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? Ukow] No storage iformatio available [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? Ukow] "Gestatio will take up to 11 moths, upo which seeds must be sow with haste due to their limited widow of viabilit." {Probabl ot give the persoal observatio of the author] 803 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Ukow] No iformatio o herbicide efficac or chemical cotrol of this species. 804 2010. Jacob Uluwehi's photostream. Osa pulchra [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Possibl No] "Asexual propagatio is possible but it exacts a sacrifice of the termial stem. As with Portladia, Osa have exhibited stubbor apical domiace, sometimes referred to as the 'coifer effect'." 805 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Ukow] Prit Date: 9/2/2012 Osa pulchra (Rubiaceae) Page 6 of 6
Summar of Risk Traits High Risk / Udesirable Traits Thrives i tropical climates Shade tolerat Ecolog ad biolog poorl uderstood. Ukow potetial to exploit or become ivasive i Hawaiia or other tropical islad ecosstems Low Risk / Desirable Traits Rare i cultivatio, but o evidece of aturalizatio or weediess reported Uarmed (No spies, thors or burrs) Ladscapig ad orametal value Show flowers Low seed viabilit, possibl due to lowered geetic diversit ad ibreedig depressio (would limit abilit to escape via seed productio ad dispersal)