Name Study Guide- Age of Exploration Binder Page Period Date (Know how.) What technology allowed the Europeans to explore? [Know what each one does] Caravel (ship) Astrolabe / Quadrant Magnetic compass Mercator projection Where was Columbus trying to go? Asia (i.e., China, India, Japan etc.) What YEAR did Columbus sail? 1492 (the only year you HAVE to know) What reasons did Columbus (and other explorers) give for sailing? For trade (spices, silk, gold, and etc. from Asia) To spread Christianity To expand the power of the Spanish king (make Spain an empire) The Doctrine of Discovery was an idea that said explorers found a land with no Christians on it, then the land is seen as vacant, and can belong to the country that found it. I. Spain was the first country to make land claims in America A. Native American civilizations were conquered 1. The Aztecs were conquered by Hernando Cortès using only 600 soldiers and 16 horses. It was relatively easy to conquer them for several reasons. a. The Spanish had steel swords, guns and cannon, while the Native Americans had only bows, arrows, and spears.
b. Large numbers of Indians were killed by European diseases c. Neighboring Native Americans helped the Spanish. 3. Later, Francisco Pizarro defeated the Inca empire in a similar way. 2. Define conquistador Conqueror - Spanish soldiers that conquered the Incas and Aztecs D. The land claimed by Spain became known as New Spain There were 3 types of settlements. 1. Pueblos were towns that were centers of farming and trade. They always included a plaza, or public square, in the center. 2. Presidios were forts of high adobe walls where soldiers lived. 3. Missions were religious settlements run by the Catholic Church. The priests and friars who lived there were expected to convert the Native Americans. A string of these settlements were the first European settlements in the area that is now the state of California E.The Spanish needed workers for mines and plantations. 1. Mines were used to get gold and silver and were very dangerous. 2. Plantations were large farms that needed many workers. They grew sugar cane and tobacco, mainly. 3. Bartolomè de Las Casas saw many Native Americans were dying because of the work and diseases. In 1517, based on his suggestion, the Spanish began bringing in slaves from Africa believing that they would not catch the European diseases and would be accustomed to hard work. 3. Why did Spain have successful colonies? How did England and France react? Spain conquered Native Americans like the Aztecs and the Incas and took lots of gold and silver back to Europe. England wanted a piece of the riches that Spain was finding. Also, England was protestant and Spain was Catholic, so the English didn t want Spain to gain more power from there new riches.
II. France claimed land in America that became known as New France Land Claims: The area of France s claim included land that was touched by the Mississippi River, the Great Lakes, and the St. Lawrence River. 1. The city of Quebec was founded as a trading post on an island with a rocky cliff high above the St. Lawrence River. 2. The area around the Mississippi River was named Louisiana after the French king, Louis XIV. 3. To protect their claims, the French built forts along the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. The one we know best is Fort Niagara which guarded the portage, or land-route, around Niagara Falls. New France grew slowly 1. The biggest group of settlers was located along the St. Lawrence River What country is now located where New France used to be? Canada Most of the wealth of New France came from the fur trade 1. The most desired fur was the beaver- because its fur could be made into felt for hats, which could be sold for a lot of money. 2. The trappers who searched for fur were called coureurs de bois
From video: What things have the French borrowed from the Hurons? Canoes (and the transportation routes on the rivers and paths) Moccasins Snowshoes (He calls them raquettes. ) Deerskin for clothes Corn Who were the Black Robes? Why did they come? Catholic (i.e, Jesuit) priests who came to Christianize the Indians. How did the Huron view these men? They thought they were sorcerers who could cast magic spells with water to get the Indians sick or to cure them. (The Indians saw the baptism ceremonies, and thought it was connected to the diseases that the French priests were bringing with them. From Exploring NY: How did the following people contribute to the exploration of New York and North America? Verrazano (sailing for England) - first to sail past New York and what is now the Eastern part of the United States Jacques Cartier (sailing for France) claimed the St. Lawrence River and surrounding land for France Samuel de Champlain Father of New France, he helped settle and explore Quebec, along the St. Lawrence River. Lake Champlain, on the border of New York, Vermont, and Canada, is named for him. Sieur de LaSalle explored the Great Lakes on the Griffon, built on Cayuga Creek near Buffalo. He made it as far as the mouth of the Mississippi River. Claimed the area for France Henry Hudson English sailor, who explored the Hudson River for the Dutch. Because of his claim, what is now New York City began as a Dutch colony. He later died in Hudson Bay in the northern part of Canada. Which of the French explorers passed the current location of Buffalo? the Sieur de La Salle What was the Northwest Passage? It was an all-water (or mostly water) route through North America to Asia. Why is the idea of a Northwest Passage important if it didn t actually exist? People who were looking for ended up exploring a lot of North America.
New Netherlands- The Dutch colony of New Netherlands was the first European settlement in what is now New York State. (The Dutch people are from the Netherlands, a.k.a. Holland). The colony was on the land around the Hudson River, which was first explored by Henry Hudson. Its purpose was to make money, especially in the fur trade. New Amsterdam was the main settlement in the New Netherlands. It is now called New York City. When it started it was a very diverse place, meaning that it had a wide variety of different kinds of people living there. The Dutch began a system called the patroon system to try to get more settlers to come over. The patroon was a large land owner, who got the land by convincing 50 families to come live here. It was hard to convince people to come because the patroon would own all the land, and the people under him had basically no rights. The system put a lot of wealth and power in the hands of a few patroon families, while keeping everyone else busy paying rents to them. Who was Peter Stuyvesant? What happened to his colony? Peter Stuyvesant was the last Dutch governor of New Netherlands. Peter Stuyvesant ran the colony of New Netherlands for the Dutch. However, the English took over his colony and made it into the British colony of New York. He was also famous for his wooden leg and his temper. I. Effects of Exploration: Contact among Europeans, Americans, and Africans changed every society it touched. *** The Columbian Exchange triggered a great transfer of people, plants, animals, and diseases back and forth across the Atlantic Ocean. EXAMPLES: a. crops such as corn, potatoes, and squash from America to Europe b. domesticated animals like horses, cows, pigs, and sheep from Europe to America c. tobacco from America to Europe d. iron, steel, guns, etc., from Europe to America e. diseases, mainly from Europe to America