1 2 3 Worlds Apart Native American Societies before 1492 How did the precontact histories of Native Americans, especially in the centuries just before 1492, shape their encounters with Europeans? West African Societies What were the key characteristics of West African society? Western Europe on the Eve of Exploration How did events in Europe both shape and inspire exploration of the Americas? Worlds Apart Contact What were the biological consequences of contact between Europeans and Native Americans? Competition for a Continent Why did early French and English efforts at colonization falter? 4 5 6 A New World: To 1607 The First Americans The Expansion of Europe The Protestant Reformation Native American Societies before 1492 Hunters, Harvesters, and Traders The Development of Agriculture Nonfarming Societies Mesoamerican Civilizations North America s Diverse Cultures The Caribbean Islanders Hunters, Harvesters, and Traders First migrants around 15,000 years ago 1
First migrants around 15,000 years ago Climate changes around 9000 B.C.E. Depleted game and changed the vegetation 8000 B.C.E. 1500 B.C.E. Native Americans adapted to regional environments and developed larger communities 7 8 The Development of Agriculture Cultivation of corn from 3000 B.C.E. Development of regional variations Broad culture areas 9 10 11 Nonfarming Societies Not all Native American peoples adopted agriculture The environment often led Native American peoples to resist agriculture and rely on hunting, gathering, and fishing Mesoamerican Civilizations The Mayans Height between 150 and 900 C.E. Southern Yucatan The Aztecs Dominated central Mexico from 1100 to the Spanish conquest Tenochtitlán Expanding empire 12 North America s Diverse Cultures Ancestral Puebloans Anasazis Southwest Plains Indians 2
Plains Indians Mandans, Pawnees Semi-nomadic Mound-building cultures Cahokia Iroquois - Great League of Peace and Power 13 14 West African Societies Geographical and Political Differences Family Structure and Religion European Merchants in West Africa and the Slave Trade 15 16 17 Geographical and Political Differences Family Structure and Religion Clans Primarily patrilineal Extended family links Traditional West African religions Ancestors form a link with spiritual world Islam From tenth century 18 19 European Merchants in West Africa and the Slave Trade Portuguese By 1430s Traditional African slavery Not necessarily a permanent condition 20 3
21 22 Western Europe on the Eve of Exploration The Consolidation of Political and Military Authority Religious Conflict and the Protestant Reformation The Consolidation of Political and Military Authority The consolidation of military power and political authority strengthened monarchies in France, England, and Spain Spain Unification 1469 Reconquista completed in 1492 23 24 25 Religious Conflict and the Protestant Reformation Catholic Church Dominant until sixteenth century Reformation Began in 1517 Martin Luther Protestants John Calvin Predestination Contact The Lure of Discovery Christopher Columbus and the Westward Route to Asia The Spanish Conquest and Colonization The Columbian Exchange Cultural Perceptions and Misperceptions The Lure of Discovery Religious motives Commercial motives Spice trade Advances in navigation and shipbuilding The caravel Exploration of African coast 4
Exploration of African coast 26 Christopher Columbus and the Westward Route to Asia Vikings Greenland, Newfoundland Christopher Columbus Sponsored by Isabella and Ferdinand Voyages four between 1492 and 1504 27 28 29 The Spanish Conquest and Colonization Influence of the reconquista Conquistadores The end of the Aztec Empire 1519 arrival of Hernán Cortés Smallpox and other European diseases The fall of the Inca Empire 1532 Francisco Pizarro 30 The Spanish Conquest and Colonization Spanish incursions to the North 1528 Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca St. Augustine The seeds of economic decline Silver and gold Price revolution 31 32 33 The Columbian Exchange Columbian Exchange 5
Columbian Exchange Worked in both directions Disease Livestock Crops 34 Explore Global Exploration on MyHistoryLab 35 36 37 38 39 40 Cultural Perceptions and Misperceptions Different worldviews Distinct cultures Competition for a Continent Early French Efforts in North America English Attempts in the New World Competition for a Continent Europeans made claims to large regions Many of these claims were never made good Treaty of Tordesillas Division of the Americas Early French Efforts in North America 1524 Giovanni da Verrazano 1530s Jacques Cartier Some settlement of Southeast English Attempts in the New World 1497 John Cabot The colonization of Ireland Expeditions to the New World The Roanoke colony 1584 Walter Raleigh John White s maps and drawings Richard Hakluyt Discourse on the Western Planting (1584) 6
Discourse on the Western Planting (1584) 41 42 Conclusion Dramatic changes occurred in North America in the sixteenth century. The Aztec and Incan empires collapsed, and large numbers of the native population died from European diseases. In 1600, North America was still Indian country, as Europeans had established strong colonies only in Mexico and the Caribbean. 7