INSECTICIDAL MANAGEMENT OF CICADA, TIBICEN SPP. (HOMOPTERA : CICADIDAE) IN GRAPE VINEYARDS IN NORTHERN PLAINS OF AFGHANISTAN

Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.26, No.1, 2010 69 INSECTICIDAL MANAGEMENT OF CICADA, TIBICEN SPP. (HOMOPTERA : CICADIDAE) IN GRAPE VINEYARDS IN NORTHERN PLAINS OF AFGHANISTAN AHMAD-UR-RAHMAN SALJOQI*, MUHAMMAD SALIM RAHIMI**, IMTIAZ ALI KHAN*** and SADUR REHMAN* * Department of Plant Protection, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar Pakistan. ** Department of Entomology, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar Pakistan. *** Cereal Crops Research Institute, Pirsabak, Nowshera Pakistan. ABSTRACT To investigate the comparative efficacy of different insecticides including, Thiodan 35EC (Endosulfan), Confidor SL20 (Imidacloprid), Regent SC5 (Fipronil) and Thimet 10G (Phorate) for the management of Cicada, Tibicen spp. and to study their effects on the yield and yield components of grapevine, a research study was carried out in the Northern Plains of Afghanistan at two different sites, in (elevation 1497m ASL) and (elevation 1508m ASL) districts during March - August 2006. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The statistical analysis showed that Confidor SL20 and Thiodan 35EC ranked first in reducing Cicada nymphs population and increasing the yield and yield components followed by Thimet 10G. Regent SC5 was found the least effective among all the insecticides (P<0.05). Same trend of effectiveness (P> 0.05) of insecticides was observed in both sites ( and ). Key Words: Cicada, Tibicen spp, Insecticides, Grapes, Afghanistan Citation: Saljoqi, A.U.R., M.S. Rahimi, S. Rehman and I.A. Khan. 2010. Insecticidal management of Cicada Tibicen Spp. (Homoptera: Cicadidae) in grape vineyards in Northern plains of Afghanistan. Sarhad J. Agric. 26(1): 69-74 INTRODUCTION Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) is the most important species of the family Vitaceae and a subtropical fruit which grows well in dry climates having a short winter and a long dry summer. The genus Vitis is broadly distributed, largely between 25 and 50 N latitude in Eastern Asia, Europe, Middle East and North America. Vitis is split into two subgenera, Vitis and Muscadinia. There are at least 5000 cultivars of Vinifera grapes grown world wide (Chakravarty, 2003). Afghanistan has been always famous for its high quality fruits, raisins, grapes and other export production. In the late 1970's, immediately prior to the start of the war, horticultural production used about 12% of permanently irrigated land and played a significant role in the Afghan economy. Despite the export of vegetables being embargoed at that time the export of other horticultural products (melons, raisins, grapes, fresh and dried fruits) accounted for over 40% of the country's total exports ( FAO, 2000). The production of grapes and fruits, fresh or dried is one of the main agricultural products in Afghanistan. Grapes are a common crop in this country and because of Muslim policy against the consumption of alcohol, grape are eaten as fresh fruit or dried as raisins. There are more than 96 cultivars of Vines which are grown in different areas. The famous cultivars are Kishmishi, Shonda Khany, Taify, Aqoli, Gandahary, Gholadan, Hosainy Monta etc. Before the war, grape vine was grown on an area of about 70500 hectares with a production of 520,000 tones. Fresh and dried fruits were exported 37%, while grapes was exported 17% to the other countries (FAO, 2000). Various pests attack the vineyard including, diseases and insect pests. Among the insect pests, Cicada is a very destructive pest and has caused great damage to grape vine. Cicadas are insects belonging to the family Cicadidae in the order Homoptera. They are recognizable by their large size (> 2.5 cm) and clear wings held roof like over the abdomen. Most Cicadas are stronger fliers that spend their time high in the trees, so they are rarely seen or captured. The annual cicadas (Tibicen spp.) appear during the long summer days. These Cicadas have 2-4 year life cycles but their broods overlap and some appear every summer (Boulard, 1990). Cicadas are destructive pest of grape vine in Afghanistan. In district 4500 hectares and in district 2700 hectares are grape cultivation areas. The pest severely damaged the vine yards, the level of damage is around (30-70%) (Roots of Peace, 2003).

Ahamdur Rahman Saljoqi, et al. Insecticidal management of cicada tibicen spp. in grape vineyards 70 No work has been conducted up till now in Afghanistan on any aspect, especially on the management side of it. Therefore, the present study was initiated to find out the comparative efficacy of different insecticides against Cicada and to investigate their effectiveness on the yield and yield components of grapes. MATERIALS AND METHODS To investigate the efficacy of different insecticides for Cicada management and to study their effects on yield and yield components in grape vineyards, a research study was carried out in Northern Plains ( and districts) of Afghanistan from March-August 2006. district (Ghulam Ali, Mahegeer villages) situated 60 km in north east of Kabul with the elevation 1497 m, 34,94271 latitude and 069,22453 longitude. district (Nahr-ekalan village) is situated 45 km in north of Kabul, with the elevation 1508 m, 34,8615 latitude and 069,21246 longitude. There were five treatments including four insecticides, and one check, where no insecticides were applied. Thiodan 35EC (Endosulfan), Confidor SL20 (Imidacloprid), Thimet 10G (Phorate) and Regent SC5 (Fipronil), were used 10 ml/ one litre of water, 2.5 ml/one litre of water, 17 gm per single plant, 5 ml per one litre of water, respectively. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used having four replications. All these insecticides were applied three times, each at an interval of 20 days, at their normal dosage rates to their respective plants. In each treatment, 6 vines were treated and 3 plants were randomly selected for the data collection avoiding the border plants. The data were recorded from 0.043 m 3 (0.25m x 0.25m x 0.70m) digged area of the root zone of each vines. The data were recorded on the: 1) Number of dead nymphs/plant 2) Number of alive nymphs/plant 3) Percentage of mortality 4) Total number of twigs/plant 5) Number of old twigs/plant 6) Number of new twigs/plant 7) Number of clusters/plant and 8) Yield (kg/plant) The collected data were analyzed by using MSTAT-C computer program and the means were separated by using Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) (Steel and Torrie, 1960). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect of Insecticides on the Number of Nymphs (dead nymphs) per plant (root zone (0.043m 3 ) The effects of different insecticides, their time of application and location on the nymphal stage of Cicadas (dead nymphs) are presented in Table I. The data revealed that all the insecticides were found significantly effective in reducing the Cicadas population as compared o the control (P<0.05). The statistical analysis showed that Confidor SL20 and Thiodan 35EC ranked first in reducing Cicada population followed by Thimet 10G. Regent SC5 was found the least effective among all the insecticides (P<0.05). Same trend of effectiveness of insecticides were observed in both sites ( and ) (Table I). Location wise, in district, the number of dead nymphs (0.952) was found more as compared with the (0.540) (Table I). Regarding the interaction of Insecticides x Time of insecticides application, significant differences were observed. The first time of application was found the best one, by recording more number of dead nymphs (1.066) followed by second time of application (0.727) and third time of application (0.445). Almost same trend was observed in both site ( and ) (Table I). Effect of Insecticides on the Number of Nymphs (alive nymphs) per plant (root zone, 0.043m 3 ) The effect of different insecticides, their time of application and location on the nymphal stage of Cicadas (alive nymphs) is presented in Table II. The statistical analysis shows that all insecticides were found effective in reducing the population of Cicada nymphs as compared with control (P<0.05). Confidor SL20 and Thiodan 35EC ranked first in reducing Cicada nymphs population. So lowest number of alive nymphs were recorded in these treatments as compared with all other insecticides. These treatments were followed by Thimet 10G. In case of Regent SC5 maximum number of alive nymphs were recorded as compared with other insecticides (Table II). Same trend of effectiveness was observed in both sites ( and ) (Table II). Location-wise, in area, higher number of alive nymphs (2.191) was recorded than the (1.066) (Table II). Table II also shows the interaction of Insecticides x Time of application. Among all the times of application of insecticides, in the first time of application high number of alive nymphs (2.199) was recorded which was followed by the second time (1.421) and third time of application (1.266). The last two times x time of intervals were statistically inseparable any way (Table II).

Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.26, No.1, 2010 71 Table I Effect of different insecticides, their time of application and location on the nymphal stage of Cicada [mean number of dead nymphs (n=3)] in the grape vineyards of an area of root zone (0.043m 3 ) in Northern plains of Afghanistan during March-May, 2006 Location Insecticide Number of insecticide application Means 1st 2nd 3rd Thiodan 35EC 2.887 b 1.553 cd 0.997 e-h 1.812 a Confidor SL20 3.554 a 1.721 c 0.721 g-k 1.999 a Thimet 10G 0.888 e-i 0.500 i-l 0.516 i-l 0.635 c Regent SC5 0.388 j-n 0.277 klm 0.277 klm 0.314 d Control 0.000 m 0.000 m 0.000 m 0.000 e Thiodan 35EC 1.111 efg 1.278 de 0.777 f-j 1.055 b Confidor SL20 1.222 def 1.110 efg 0.722 g-k 1.018 b Thimet 10G 0.388 j-m 0.555 h-l 0.333 j-m 0.425 cd Regent SC5 0.222 lm 0.277 klm 0.111 lm 0.203 de Control 0.000 m 0.000 m 0.000 m 0.000 e Location x Time of insecticide application 1.543 a 0.810 b 0.502 cd 0.952 a 0.589 c 0.644 bc 0.388 d 0.540 b Insecticide x Time of insecticide application Thiodan 35EC 1.999 b 1.415 c 0.887 d 1.434 a Confidor SL20 2.388 a 1.416 c 0.721 de 1.508 a Thimet 10G 0.638 de 0.527 ef 0.424 efg 0.503 b Regent SC5 0.305 fgh 0.277 fgh 0.194 gh 0.259 c Control 0.000 h 0.000 h 0.000 h 0.000 d Mean 1.066 a 0.727 b 0.445 c LSD value at 5% for Location = 0.115 LSD value at 5% for Insecticide = 0.0209 LSD value at 5% for Location x Insecticide = 0.296 LSD value at 5% for Time of application = 0.126 LSD value at 5% for Location x Time of application = 0.178 LSD value at 5% for Insecticide x Time of application = 0.281 LSD value at 5% for Location x Insecticide x Time of application = 0.397 Means followed by different letter(s) (interaction-wise) are significantly different from one another (P<0.05), using DMR test. Table II Effect of different insecticides, their time of application and location on the nymphal stage of Cicada [mean number of alive nymphs (n=3)] in the grape vineyards of an area of root zone (0.043m 3 ) in Northern plains of Afghanistan during March-May, 2006 Location Insecticide Number of insecticide application Means 1st 2nd 3rd Thiodan 35EC 2.053 cde 1.388 e-i 0.999 h-k 1.480 cde Confidor SL20 1.832 c-f 1.165 f-j 1.055 h-k 1.351 def Thimet 10G 3.055 b 1.388 e-i 1.110 g-k 1.851 c Regent SC5 3.999 a 2.332 c 2.165 cd 2.832 b Control 3.885 a 3.219 b 3.219 b 3.441 a Thiodan 35EC 1.165 f-j 0.444 k 0.666 jk 0.758 g Confidor SL20 0.722 ijk 0.611 jk 0.666 jk 0.666 g Thimet 10G 1.111 g-k 1.222 f-j 0.666 jk 1.000 fg Regent SC5 1.777 c-g 0.944 h-k 0.777 ijk 1.166 ef Control 2.388 c 1.500 d-h 1.333 f-j 1.740 cd Location x Time of insecticide application 2.965 a 1.898 b 1.710 b 2.191 a 1.433 c 0.944 d 0.822 d 1.066 a Insecticide x Time of insecticide application Thiodan 35EC 1.609 0.916 0.832 1.119 d Confidor SL20 1.277 0.888 0.861 1.009 d Thimet 10G 2.083 1.305 0.888 1.425 c Regent SC5 2.888 1.638 1.471 1.999 b Control 3.137 2.359 2.276 2.591 a Mean 2.199 a 1.421 b 1.266 b LSD value at 5% for Location = 0.385 LSD value at 5% for Insecticide = 0.263 LSD value at 5% for Location x Insecticide = 0.372 LSD value at 5% for Time = 0.190 LSD value at 5% for Location x Time = 0.269 LSD value at 5% for Location x Insecticide x Time of application = 0.602 Means followed by different letter(s) (interaction-wise) are significantly different from one another (P<0.05), using DMR test.

Ahamdur Rahman Saljoqi, et al. Insecticidal management of cicada tibicen spp. in grape vineyards 72 Effect of Insecticides on the Number of Nymphal Mortality per Plant (root zone, 0.043m 3 ) The effect of different insecticides, their time of application and location on the nymphal mortality of Cicadas is presented in Table III. Location-wise in area the nymph mortality (32.71) was found statistically higher as compared with the (28.79). The statistical analysis regarding the interaction of Insecticides x Time of insecticides application, significant differences were observed (P<0.05). Highest mortality percentage was observed in Confidor SL20 (57.13) and Thiodan 35EC (55.23) as compared with all other insecticides (P<0.05). Although they were found statistically same with one another (P>0.05). These treatments were followed by Thimet 10G (27.96). Lowest mortality percentage was observed in Regent SC5 (13.43) (Table III). Table III Effect of different insecticides, their time of application and location on the nymphal stage of Cicada [mean number of nymphs mortality (n=3)] in the grape vineyards of an area of root zone (0.043m 3 ) in Northern plains of Afghanistan during March-May, 2006 Location Insecticide Number of insecticide application Means 1st 2nd 3rd Thiodan 35EC 58.72 52.86 47.31 52.961 Confidor SL20 65.87 59.54 36.57 53.994 Thimet 10G 22.34 25.56 31.70 26.532 Regent SC5 8.89 11.10 11.37 10.453 Control 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 Thiodan 35EC 48.21 74.76 49.52 57.497 Confidor SL20 62.00 65.37 53.43 60.267 Thimet 10G 25.73 31.48 30.94 29.387 Regent SC5 11.00 22.39 15.84 16.409 Control 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 Location x Time of insecticide application 31.16 29.81 25.39 28.79 a 29.39 38.80 29.95 32.71 b Insecticide x Time of insecticide application Thiodan 35EC 53.46 53.81 48.41 55.23 a Confidor SL20 63.94 62.45 45.00 57.13 a Thimet 10G 24.04 28.52 31.32 27.96 b Regent SC5 9.94 16.74 13.60 13.43 c Control 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 d Mean 30. 28 34.30 27.67 LSD value at 5% for Location = 3.315 LSD value at 5% for Insecticide = 6.473 Means followed by different letter(s) (interaction-wise) are significantly different from one another (P<0.05), using DMR test. Effect of Insecticides on the Formation of New Twigs per Plant The effect of different insecticides in the formation of new twigs in grapevines was found significantly effective as compared with the control (P<0.05) (Table-IV). The statistically analysis shows that Confidor SL20 followed by Thiodan 35EC ranked first (34.71) and second (29.55) respectively in formation of new twigs. These were followed by Thimet 10G (22.83) and Regent SC5 (20.99). They were found statistically same with one another (P>0.05). Same trend of effectiveness of insecticides was observed in both sites ( and ). Table IV Effect of different insecticides on new twigs formation in grape vineyards in Northern Plains during March-August 2006 Thiodan 35 EC 34.99 24.11 29.55 b Confidor SL20 41.77 27.66 34.71 a Thimet 10G 26.77 18.89 22.83 c Regent SC5 24.32 17.66 20.99 c Control 20.77 13.44 17.10 d Mean 29.72 20.35 LSD value for treatment = 3.217 Means followed by different letter(s) are significantly different from one another (P<0.05) using DMR test

Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.26, No.1, 2010 73 Effect of Insecticides on the Number of Old Twigs/Plant Regarding the effect of different insecticides on the old number of twigs/plant, no significant difference was observed (P>0.05) (Table-V). Location wise the number of old twigs/plant was observed more in (38.02) as compared to (20.44). Table V Effect of different insecticides on number of old twigs in grape vineyards in Northern Plains during March-Aug. 2006 Thiodan 35 EC 37.33 22.11 29.72 Confidor SL20 33.89 22.22 28.05 Thimet 10G 42.66 18.22 30.44 Regent SC5 41.55 18.67 30.11 Control 34.66 21.00 27.83 Mean 38.02 a 20.44 b LSD value for sites = 14.22 Means followed by different letter(s) are significantly different from one another (P<0.05) using DMR test. Effect of Insecticides on the Total Number of Twigs/Plant The effect of different insecticides on the total number of twigs/plant, statistical analysis showed that Confidor SL20 (61.10) and Thiodan 35EC (59.27) ranked first followed by Thimet 10G (53.27) and Regent SC5 (51.10) (P<0.05). Same trend of effectiveness was observed in both sites ( and ) (Table-VI). Table VI Effect of different insecticides on total number of twigs in grape vineyards in Northern Plains during Mar-Aug. 2006 Thiodan 35 EC 72.32 a 46.21 d 59.27 a Confidor SL20 72.32 a 49.88 d 61.10 a Thimet 10G 69.43 ab 37.11 e 53.27 b Regent SC5 65.88 b 36.32 e 51.10 b Control 55.43 c 34.44 e 44.94 c Mean 67.07 40.79 LSD value for treatments = 3.720 LSD value for sites = 15.86 LSD value for interaction = 5.261 Means followed by different letter(s) are significantly different from one another (P<0.05) using DMR test. Effect of Insecticides on the Number of Grapevine Clusters/Plant The effect of different insecticides, location and their interaction on the number of grapevine clusters is presented in Table VII). The insecticides treated plants showed more number of clusters as compare to control (P<0.05) (Table-VII). Among all insecticides, Confidor SL20 was found the best one which resulted more number of clusters (34.00) followed by Thiodan 35EC (29.67) and Thimet 10G (12.44). The least number of clusters was recorded in Regent SC5 (10.16) (P<0.05). Location-wise in district the number of grapevine clusters was found statistically higher (22.82) as compared (13.93). Table VII Effect of different insecticides on the number of clusters in grape vineyards in Northern Plains during Mar-Aug. 2006 Thiodan 35 EC 36.11 b 21.22 d 29.67 b Confidor SL20 42.11 a 25.89 c 34.00 a Thimet 10G 15.88 e 9.00 g 12.44 c Regent SC5 12.00 f 8.33 g 10.16 d Control 7.99 g 5.22 h 6.61 e Mean 22.82 a 13.93 b LSD value for treatments = 1.848 LSD value for sites = 3.208 LSD value for interaction = 2.614 Means followed by different letter(s) are significantly different from one another (P<0.05) using DMR test

Ahamdur Rahman Saljoqi, et al. Insecticidal management of cicada tibicen spp. in grape vineyards 74 Effect of Insecticides on the Yield of Grapevine Table VIII shows that all insecticides were found superior than control (P<0.05). Confidor SL20 was found the most effective insecticide which resulted the highest yield (8.21 kg/plant) followed by Thiodan 35EC (7.11 kg/plant). It was followed by Thimet 10G (3.57 kg/plant) (P<0.05). The least yield was recorded in Regent SC5 (3.02 kg/plant) as compared with the control (P<0.05). Location wise in district the yield of grape vine was found statistically higher than the (P<0.05). Table VIII Effect of different insecticides on the yield (kg/plant) in grape vineyards in Northern Plains during Mar-Aug. 2006 Thiodan 35 EC 7.55 6.67 7.11 b Confidor SL20 8.76 7.67 8.21 a Thimet 10G 4.16 2.97 3.57 c Regent SC5 3.29 2.74 3.02 d Control 1.58 0.94 1.26 e Mean 5.07 a 4.20 b LSD value for treatments = 0.415 LSD value for sites = 0.341 Means followed by different letter(s) are significantly different from one another (P<0.05) using DMR test The efficacy of insecticides (Thiodan 35EC, Confidor SL20, Thimet 10G and Regent SC5) as given in the tables showed that all insecticides were found more effective than the control. Previous workers also studied the effect of these insecticides against different insect pests and found best control (Verma, 1992; Borah, 1995; Edmonds, 1996; Sudhakar et al. 1998 and Yurdagul et al. 2005). As the present study showed that Confidor SL20 and Thiodan 35EC ranked first in reducing Cicada nymphal population followed by Thimet 10G. Regent SC5 was found the least effective among all the insecticides. Same trend of effectiveness of insecticides were observed in both sites. Our results trend are almost the same like the previous work conducted by Ali et al. (2004), who reported that Confidor SL20 was significantly better than the other insecticides against B. tabaci. Thiodan 35EC provided next workers like Jarande and Dethe (1994) who reported that Confidor SL20 (Imidachloprid) was effective in reducing the incidence of white flies. The yield data showed that the average yield in treated grapevines with Confidor SL20 was greater as compared with the Thiodan 35EC, Thimet 10G and Regent SC5. As mentioned in the literature that Cicada is the primary host of forest tree and other perennial trees. In Afghanistan because of the long war, forest trees and other perennial trees were destroyed, especially in Northern Plains the mulberry trees that were the primary and favorable host of Cicadas, were destroyed and the pest migrated to the grape vineyards. No literature is available to support our present findings regarding the efficacy of insecticides on the other parameters, except their effects on the nymphs. CONCLUSION Confidor SL20 and Thiodan 35EC ranked first in reducing Cicada nymphs population and increasing the yield and yield components followed by Thimet 10G. Regent SC5 was found the least effective among all the insecticides (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed among the sites. REFERENCES Ali, F., H. Badshah, A. Rehman and S.B. Shah. 2004. Population density of cotton whitefly and mites on brinjal and their chemical control. Asian J. Plant Sci. 3(5): 589-592. Borah, R.K. 1995. Insect pest and their control. Ann. Agric. Res. 16: 93-94. Boulard, M. 1990. Contributions to general and applied entomology. 2. Cicadidae (Homoptera Auchenorrhyncha). First part: Cicadoidea. Travaux du Laboratoire Biologie et Evolution des Insectes Hemipteroidea. 3: 59-254. Chakravarty, A. 2003. Hand book of Agriculture. DIPA Public. New Delhi: 21: 1061-1065. Edmonds, G.H. 1996. The performance of phorate against the carrot fly (Psila rosae (F.)) in trials done during 15 year period on carrots in mineral soil. Crop Prot. 15(4): pp.349-352. FAO. 2000. Report of Horticultural sub sector Survey in Afghanistan. 1: 25-30. Jarande, N.T. and M.D. Dethe. 1994. Effective control of brinjal sucking pests by imidacloprid. Plant Prot. Bullet. Faridabad. pp.462-463. Roots of Peace. 2003. Survey of grapevines in Northern Plains of Afghanistan. 4: 10-12. Steels, R.G.D. and J.H. Torrie. 1960. Principles and procedures of statistics. McGraw Hill, New York. 481p. Sudhakar, K., K.C. Punnaiah and P.V. Krishnayya. 1998. Efficacy of certain selected insecticides on the sucking pest complex of brinjal. Indian J. Entomol. 60: 241-244. Verma, S. 1992. Persistence of insecticides against insect and non-insect pests. Indian J. Entomol. 54: 415-419. Yurdagul, F. A. Sergei and B. Michael. 2005. The basis for the safening of clomazone by phorate insecticide in cotton and inhibitors of cytochrone. Pesticide Biochem. & Physiol. 81(1): pp.59-70.