CHAPTER IV STUDY OF NUTRITIVE CONTENTS 1
1. STUDY OF NUTRITIVE CONTENTS The present investigation deals with study of nutritive contents of roots, shoots, and fruits of Abutilon indicum, Datura Stramonium, Withania somnifera and Tribulus terristris. Materials and Methods The roots, shoots and fruits of all the four selected plant species taken for present investigation were collected from Palada pond area and Bherun Nada area of Kuchaman city of Nagaur district. Plant parts of Abutilon indicum, Datura Stramonium, Withania somnifera and Tribulus terristris were collected in polythene bags. The samples were dried, powdered and then used for their nutritional value such as dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat (ether extract), total ash, nitrogen free extract, total carbohydrate and organic matter. Analytical Procedure Plant parts were separately dried at 100 o C for 15 minutes so as to inactive the enzymes followed by 60 o C till a constant weight was achieved. These dried samples were powdered using 20 mesh screen in Willey mill and then subjected to chemical analysis by A.O.A.C. (1995). Dry Matter Each sample weighing 25 gm of each plant parts were taken in petridishes and kept in hot air oven for 24 hur. After 24 hours the dried matter cooled in a desiccator and weighed till it attained constant weight. The loss of weight was considered as moisture contents and moisture percentage wa calculated. The percentage of dry. Matter was calculated by following fourmula- W3-W1 100 W2-W1 Where, W1 = Weight of empty Petri dish (gm) W2 = Weight of sample and Petri dish (gm) 2
W3 = Weight of sample and Petri dish after drying (gm) This oven dried matter was used for further analytical procedure. Crude Protein 2 gm. Each oven dried plant part was taken in 500 ml. of Kjeldahl`s flask to which 10 gm. Of digestion mixture (9.5 gm. of potassium sulphate and 0.5 gm. of copper sulphate) 20 ml. of concentrated sulphuric acid were added. To check the bumping, glass beads were added in the flask. The flask was heated on electric hot plate till the blue green solution was obtained. The flask was cooled over night. Distilled water was added to make the volume 250 ml. This is known as aliquot. 25 ml. of this aliquot was taken in Kjeldahl`s flask. 80 ml. of saturated sodium hydroxide was introduces and flask was immediately connected by a trap to the condenser. The lower end of the condenser was dipped in a solution of 25 ml. of 2 percent boric acid and Toshiro`s indicator (Methylred 80 mg, methylene blue 20 mg and methanol 100 ml.) in a beaker. The flask was heated for 45 minutes during which all the ammonia released was trapped and the content of beaker became double with the change of colour from violet to green. This distillate was titrated against N/7 sulphuric acid. The percentage of nitrogen was determined by following formula Percentage of Nitrogen = Ml.of N/7 H2SO4 0.002 100 10 Gm. of sample taken The percentage of crude protein was calculated by multiplying the percentage of nitrogen by 6.25. Ether Extract (Crude Fat) For the estimation of fat or ether extract Soxhlet`s apparatus was used. The known quantity of each oven dried plant part was taken in thimble of Whatman filter paper. This thimble was taken in Soxhlet`s extraction tube which was connected above with condenser and below with weighed oil flask. Petroleum ether ( B.P. 40-60 ) was poured into extraction tube in the amount of 100 ml. more than require. The oil flask 3
was placed on the heater. Extraction was done for 6 hrs. at the rate of 6-8 extraction per hour. The flask was then disconnected, dried in a hot air oven (100± 5ºC) until all the ether isevaporated and cooled in desiccator. Flask was then weighed and the percentage of fat or other extract was obtained by following formula W2 - W1 100 W1 = Weight of oil flask and petroleum ether (gm.) W2 = Weight of the oil flask after extraction (gm.) W W3 = Weight of sample (gm.) Content of the thimble was dried and further used for the analysis of crude fibre. Crude Fibre The residue after extraction of ether extract was transferred from thimble to a 500 ml. beaker. 200 ml. of 1.25 percent sulphuric acid solution was poured in to the beaker. The contents were boiled within a minute by placing the beaker on the electric hot plate under a round bottom reflex condensation of the solution running cold water was allowed to flow through flask. After 30 minutes this solution was cooled, washed and filtered through muslin cloth in buckner`s funnel Material on the cloth was washed to remove the acid and again boiled with 20 ml of 1.25 percent sodium hydroxide for 30 min. This was again cooled, washed and filtered. The residue was transferred to a crucible and kept in a hot air oven at 100 ± 5 C for drying. The crucible was cooled in desiccator and weighed till it attains constant weight. The dried content was ignitioned in muffle furnace and again weighed. The loss in weight during ashing was the weight of crude fibre, and percentage of fibre was calculated as follows W1 W2 Percentage of crude fibre = 100 W 4
W1 = Weight of crucible with residue before ashing (gm.) W2 = Weight of crucible after ashing (gm.) W = weight of dried sample (gm.) Ash For the estimation of ash 5 gm dried plant parts was taken in weighed crucible and it was placed in a muffle furnace for ashing at 600 C. When the contents attained a uniform ash colour (Free of black particles) the crucible was cooled in a desiccator and weighed. Percentage of ash was calculated by following formula: W2 - W1 Percentage of Ash = 100 W W1 = Weight of crucible (gm.) W2 = Weight of crucible + ash (gm.) W = Weight of dried sample (gm.) This ash was used in analysis of mineral contents. Nitrogen Free Extract (N.F.E.) The substraction method of Crampton and Harris (1969) was followed for the calculation of Nitrogen free extract. It was calculated by the following formula- Percentage of Nitrogen Free Extract = 100 - (%CP + %EE + %CF + %Ash) Oraganic Matter (O.M.) The organic matter of each dried plant part was estimated by following formula : Organic Matter = %CP + %EE + %CF + %NFE Total Carbohydrate (T.C.) The total carbohydrate of each dried plant part is equal to the sum of crude fibres and nitrogen free extract. Total Carbohydrate = %CF + %NFE 5
Results and Discussion Concentration of the nutritive contents in the various parts (roots, shoots, and fruits ) of all the plant species i.e. Abutilon indicum, Datura Stramonium, Withania somnifera and Tribulus terristris collected from two different sites i.e Palada pond area and Bherun nada area of kuchaman city area Nagaur district presented in Table 4.1 to 4.8 In the present study dry matter, crude protein. Crude fat (ether extract), total carbohydrate, crude fibre, nitrogen free extract, total ash and organic matter were quantitatively assessed on percentage dry matter basis. Dry matter percentage was found to be maximum (64.90%) in the fruits of Withania somnifera and minimum (42.50%) in the shoots of Abutilon indicum collected from Bherun nada area (table 4.1). The maximum (25.01%) amount of protein content was estimated in the fruits of Withania Somnifera collected from Palada pond area, while minimum (5.90%) in the roots of Tribulus terristris collected from Bherun nada area (table-4.2) Ganuli et al. (1964) reported that prosopis cineraria contain 13.9% protein. Purohit, G.R. and Mathur, C.S. (1970) reported that Panicum turgidum contains 50.84% crude protein. Chakravarty et al. (1970) recorded higher values of protein in Tribulus terrestris, Tephrosia purpurea and Cyperus rotundus during rainy season which was substantially higher as compared to winter and summer. Nag et al. (1979), Grover and Nag (1984) and Mathur (1988) reported that the Peganum harmala contains maximum crude protein as compared to other Zygophyllaceous members. Joshi and Anjaiah (1987) observed that protein contents were slightly higher during summer than winter in Atriplex griffithii when soil salinity was higher. Lal and Bhardwaj (1987) observed that different salinity levels (Ec = 0.8, 4.0, 8.0) decreased the protein contents in Pisum sativum. Rai (1987) reported that Ker (Capparis decidua) fruits contain 18.6% protein. Sethia, Mathur, Singh and Nag (1987) studied the nutritive status of other two species Heliotropium i. H.rarifolium and H. marifolium (boraginaceae). They observed the 6
crude protein was higher in leaves of H.rarifolium (14.5%) as compared to H.marifolium. Mohammed and Sen (1988) observed that protein content of various plant tissues declined under drought or saline conditions because of increased proteolysis and decrease protein synthesis. Gupta et al.(1989) observed the range of 8.22% to 15.15% protein in pods of prosopis cineraria while studying the variation in different parts of state. Chauhan et al. (1992) reported that unripe Ker fruit contains 14.88% protein, whereas the ripe ber fruits contain 17.0% protein. Singh (1995) while analyzing leaves of Prosopis cineraria reported 13.9% value of protein. Sharma, Purohit, and Sharma (1995) reported that Citrullus colocynthis contain appreciable amount of crude protein (18.65%). Maheshwari, S. (1996) reported the crude protein in Cordia myxa 10.05%, Acacia senegal 26.89%, Prosopis cineraria 14.84% and Capparis decidua 16.46%. Harsh, M.L. and Maheshwari, A. (2000) estimated maximum (15.16%) crude protein in shoots of Ziziphus Mauritiana with comparison to Capparis decidua and Crotalaria burhia. Kapoor, B.B.S. and ritu (2001) reported the crude protein in Moringa oleifera 21%, Pithecellobium dulce 21.75% and Pongamia pinnata 25.50% collected from Beechwal area. Shahid, A.(2002) estimated that Acacia senegal fruit contains 28.0% protein. Crude fat (ether extract) concentration was found to be maximum (14.70%) in fruits of Tribulus terristris and minimum (1.05%) in shoots of Datura Stramonium collected from Palada pond area(table-4.3). Nag et al. (1979),Grover and Nag (1984) and Mathur (1988) reported that the Fagonia cretica contain maximum crude fat (23.75%) contents as compared to other Zygophyllaceous members. Rai (1987) reported that seeds of Capparis decidua contains 20.3% oil of which 68.6% unsaturated fatty acids. 7
Sethia, Mathur, Singh and Nag (1987) reported that the Heliotropium marifolium contains 7.86% crude fat in stem. Chauhan et al. (1992) reported 2% value in ripe fruits of Capparis decidua and 7.43% in unripe fruits.chauhan et al. (1992) also reported 2% fat in Prosopis cineraria. Maheshwari, S. (1996) reported the fat contents in Cordia myxa 1.0%, Acacia senegal 6.83%, Capparis decidua 5.09% and Prosopis cineraria 1.49%. Harsh, M.L. and Maheshwari, A. (2000) observed maximum (3.45%) crude fat in fruits of Ziziphus mauritiana with comparison to Capparis decidua and Crotalaria burhia. Kapoor, B.B.S. and Ritu (2001) estimated crude fat in leaves of some arid zone trees. Maheshwari, A. (2001) observed crude fat in some arid zone plants of western Rajasthan. Shahid, A. (2002) reported crude fat in various plant parts of Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Maytenus Emarginata, Parkinsonia aculeate and Prosopis cineraria. Maximum (49.70%) crude fibre content was found in roots of Datura Stramonium and minimum (9.20%) in shoots of Withania somnifera collected from Bherun nada area (Table-4.4). Ganguli et al. (1964) reported 20.3% crude fibre in Prosopis cineraria. Purohit and Mathur (1970) reported that the Panicum turgidum contain 68.12% crude fibre. Nag et al. (1979) reported crude fiber contents in roots of Tribulus alatus (56.90%) and Tribulus terrestris (52.70%). Ahuja (1985) reported 9.5% value for crude fibre in Acacia senegal. Sethia, Mathur, Singh and Nag (1987) reported the other species of Heliotropium i.e. H. rarifolium contain 53.07% crude fibre contents in roots. Chauhan et al. (1992) reported 26% fibre in Prosopis cineraria and 12.3% crude fibre in unripe fruits of Capparis decidua. Harsh, M.L. and Ahmed, S. (1995) observed crude fibre in two terrestrial plant species growing in Rajasthan. 8
Maheshwari, S. (1996) reported the crude fibre content in Acacia Senegal 1.66%, Prosopis cineraria 22.36%, Capparis decidua 11.33% and Cordia myxa 16.64%. Harsh, M.L. and Maheshwari, A. (2000) observed maximum (31.29%) crude fibre in roots of Capparis decidua growing in arid zone Bikaner. Kapoor, B.B.S. and Ritu (2001) reported crude fibre in some trees of western Rajasthan. Shahid, A. (2002) reported 28.10% fibre in fruits of Maytenus emarginata. Maximum (26.02%) total ash was found to be in the shoots of Withania somnifera collected from Palada pond area while minimum (8.09%) in fruits of Abutilon indicum collected from Bherun nada area.(table-4.5) Nag et al. (1979) reported 21.10% ash content in leaves of Tribulus terrestris. Sethia, Mathur, Singh and Nag (1987) reported 16.8% total ash in leaves of Heliotropium rarifolium. Mathur (1988) reported Ziziphus simplex fruits contains 27.81% total ash. Singh et al. (1989) found considerably low ash value 5.91% in pods of Siris and much higher amount 76.44% in pods of Subabul. Harsh, M.L. and Maheshwari, A. (2000) extimated maximum (10.25%) total ash in fruits of Crotalaria burhia collected from Bikaner, Rajasthan. Kapoor, B.B.S. and Ritu (2001) observed total ash in some arid zone trees. Shahid, A. (2002) observed 17.42% total ash in shoots of Maytenus emarginata. The amount of nitrogen free extract (NFE) was observed maximum (56.90%) in roots of Withania somnifera collected from Bherun nada area and minimum (10.90%) in roots of Datura Stramonium collected from Palada pond area,(table-4.6) Waisel (1972) observed that the reddish appearance of plants of highly saline habitats is due to accumulation of β cyanin caused by disturbed nitrogen metabolism, because under conditions of high salinity the uptake of nitrate is inhibited. Sethia, Mathur, Singh and Nag (1987) reported NFE (49.48%) in leaves of Heliotropium marifolium. 9
Bishnoi and Gautam (1991) reported 62.1% nitrogen free extract in shoots of Calligonum polygonoides. Harsh, M.L. and Ahmed, S. (1995) observed nitrogen free extract in two terrestrial plant species growing in Rajasthan. Harsh, M.L. and Maheshwari, A. (2000) reported maximum nitrogen free extract (65.36%) in fruits of Capparis decidua. Kapoor, B.B.S. and Ritu (2001) observed nitrogen free extract in some trees growing in Bikaner district. Shahid, A. (2002) observed 71.66% NFE in shoots of Acacia nilotica: Maximum (79.07%) total carbohydrate contents was found in the roots of Tribulus terristris collected from bheru nada area and minimum (45.80%) in the fruits of Withania somnifera collected from Palada pond area, (Table 4.7). Montfort (1927) observed that carbohydrate metabolism in plants is affected by a general increase in salinity. A high salt contents in glycophytes inhibits starch synthesis and promotes its breakdown. Bhatty et al. (1978) reported carbohydrate content in polymer fraction in Cordia myxa. Harsh, M.L. and Maheshwari, A.(2000) reported maximum (87.65%) total carbohydrate in roots of Ziziphus mauritiana with comparison to Capparis decidua and Crotalaria burhia. Kapoor, B.B.S. and Ritu (2001) estimated total carbohydrate in leaves of Moringa oleifera, Pithecellobium dulce and Pongamia pinnata tree. Shahid, A. (2002) observed 91.77% total carbohydrate content in roots of Acacia senegal. The amount of organic mateer was found to be maximum (91.31%) in the fruits of Abutilon indicum collected from Bherun nada area, while minimum (74.58%) in the shoots of Withania somnifera collected from the Palada pond area (Table-4.8). Sethia, Mathur, Singh and Nag (1987) reported organic matter in leaves of Heliotropium marifolium. 10
Bishnoi and Gautam (1991) observed organic matter in shoot of Calligonum polygonoides. Harsh, M.L. and Ahmed, S. (1995) estimated organic matter in two terrestrial plant species growing in Rajasthan. Acharya, J. (1999) reported organic matter in some arid zone trees of western desert. Harsh, M.L. and Maheshwari, A. (2000) observed maximum (92.15%) organic matter in fruits of Capparis decidua. Kapoor, B.B.S. and Ritu (2001) estimated organic matter in some trees of Rajasthan desert. Shahid, A. (2002) reported maximum (97.14%) organic matter in roots of Prosopis cineraria. Among various parts of all the four plant species the dry matter, crude fibre and organic matter were found to be comparatively higher in Abutilon indicum, while total ash and nitrogen free extract were observed higher in Withania somnifera. Crude fat and total carbohydrate were found higher in Abutilon indicum while crude protein was observed higher in Datura Stramonium. Kapoor, B.B.S. (1991) has reported the concentration of nutritive contents from different plant parts of Fagonia cretica and Aerva tomentosa. Harsh, M.L. and Ahmed, S. (1995) observed nutritive contents in two terrestrial plant species growing in Rajasthan. Bishnoi and Sharma (1996) reported cp 15.30% EE 3.04%, CF 16.34%, TA 7.06%, NFE 59.26% in the leaves of Ziziphus sps. Harsh, M.L. and Maheshwari, A. (2000) reported CP, EE, CF, TA, NFE, OM and TC in Capparis decidua, Crotalaria burhia and Ziziphus mauritiana. Kapoor, B.B.S. and Ritu (2001) estimated the nutritive contents i.e. CP, CF, EE, NFE, Total Ash, Organic Mateer, Total Carbohydrates in different parts of arid zone plants. Sahni, M.S. et al. (2001) reported DM 29.10%, CP 14.4%,EE 2.15%, CF 16.35%,TA 14.70% and NFE 57.65% in Aerva persica growing in Bikaner. 11
Maheshwari, A. (2001) estimated the nutritive contents i.e. CP, CF, EE, NFE, Total Ash, Organic Mateer, Total Carbohydrates in different parts of some arid zone plants in different season. Ritu (2001) has reported nutritive status of some newly introduced plants of Indira Gandhi Canal irrigated area of Bikaner district. Shahid, A. (2002) observed the nutritive contents i.e. C.P., CF, EE, NFE, Total ash, Oraganic Matter Total Carbohydrates in roots, shoots and fruits of Acacia nilotica, Acacia Senegal, Maytenus emarginata, Parkinsonia aculeate and Prosopis cineraria. The foregoing studies thus indicate that these plant species growing in kuchaman city areas of Nagaur dist. Have sufficient amount of nutritive contents. It further suggests that the concentration of various contents also depend on the environmental conditions of different localities from where plants were collected in the present investigation. Hence, these plant species can be a good source of feed and fodder for the livestock of this region. 12
GRAPH 4.1 TABLE 4.1 Percentage of Dry matter of various parts of selected plant species Plants Root Shoot Fruits I II I II I II Abutilon indicum 50.50 47.03 45.03 42.50 48.44 45.90 Datura stramonium 51.40 45.51 58.01 58.23 50.90 50.00 Withania somnifera 56.80 54.30 50.10 56.22 64.01 64.90 Tribulus terristis 51.30 47.71 55.32 60.90 64.07 61.07 I-Palada pond area II-Bherun nada area 13
GRAPH 4.2 TABLE-4.2 Crude Protein contents of various parts of selected plant species (Percentage of dry basis) Plants Root Shoot Fruits I II I II I II Abutilon indicum 12.70 09.90 17.15 15.30 16.90 14.02 Datura stramonium 17.72 11.40 22.90 17.50 21.07 21.00 Withania somnifera 09.02 06.70 16.40 18.20 25.01 21.70 Tribulus terristis 10.50 05.90 13.90 11.00 14.30 12.70 I-Palada pond area II- Bherun noda area 14
GRAPH 4.3 TABLE-4.3 Ether extract contents of various parts of selected plant species (Percentage on dry matter basis) Plants Root Shoot Fruits I II I II I II Abutilon indicum 4.40 4.70 7.02 5.80 9.30 7.40 Datura stramonium 2.15 2.17 1.05 2.02 2.20 3.10 Withania somnifera 3.50 3.00 5.65 4.58 6.26 6.70 Tribulus terristris 2.30 2.70 1.90 2.38 14.70 13.50 I-Palada pond area II- Bherun nada area 15
GRAPH 4.4 TABLE-4.4 Crude Fibre contents of various parts of selected plant Species (Percentage on dry matter basis) Plants Root Shoot Fruits I II I II I II Abutilon indicum 34.60 31.50 15.30 15.40 22.80 20.30 Datura stramonium 47.58 49.70 16.01 13.07 14.60 11.35 Withania somnifera 21.15 20.10 11.50 9.20 12.90 9.90 Tribulus terristris 35.02 40.30 19.40 17.09 29.07 24.02 I- Palada pond area II- Bherun nada area 16
GRAPH 4.5 TABLE-4.5 Total Ash contents of various parts of selected plant species (Percentage on dry matter basis) Plants Root Shoot Fruits I II I II I II Abutilon indicum 12.90 8.17 21.45 17.02 17.09 8.09 Datura stramonium 18.15 22.01 22.40 23.60 14.20 12.16 Withania somnifera 15.50 13.40 26.02 17.05 21.03 18.90 Tribulus terristris 16.00 11.70 20.40 18.25 11.20 9.07 I- Palada pond area II- Bherun nada area 17
GRAPH 4.6 TABLE-4.6 Nitrogen Free Extract contents of various parts of selected plant species (Percentage on dry matter basis) Plants Root Shoot Fruits I II I II I II Abutilon indicum 34.20 40.60 35.65 45.30 35.50 45.55 Datura stramonium 10.90 12.80 36.26 40.30 41.90 50.70 Withania somnifera 48.20 56.90 40.19 42.80 33.20 40.70 Tribulus terristris 36.40 45.40 40.30 48.30 30.20 35.80 I-Palada pond area II- Bherun nada area 18
GRAPH 4.7 TABLE-4.7 Total Carbohydrate contents of various parts of selected plant species (Percentage on dry matter basis) Plants Root Shoot Fruits I II I II I II Abutilon indicum 65.90 75.31 53.53 60.08 61.64 68.29 Datura stramonium 61.40 64.12 51.82 50.70 55.95 63.23 Withania somnifera 70.09 75.69 52.47 51.73 45.80 52.01 Tribulus terristris 72.32 79.07 60.70 68.49 55.63 63.21 I-Palada pond area II- Bherun nada area 19
GRAPH 4.8 TABLE-4.8 Organic Matter contents of various parts of selected plant species (Percentage on dry matter basis) Plants Root Shoot Fruits I II I II I II Abutilon indicum 86.70 90.28 77.45 83.40 85.73 91.31 Datura stramonium 81.48 77.49 75.25 72.34 83.97 86.48 Withania somnifera 82.44 85.15 74.58 75.06 76.76 80.90 Tribulus terristris 82.59 86.52 77.95 81.96 87.67 90.15 I-Palada pond area II- Bherun nada area 20
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