Preface p. xv Introduction and History of Processing Animal By-products p. 1 Introduction p. 1 History p. 12 Quantities of By-products p. 14 References p. 20 Edible Meat By-products p. 23 Introduction p. 23 Liver p. 39 Heart p. 59 Tongue p. 60 Kidney p. 64 Sweetbreads p. 65 Tripe p. 66 Brains p. 67 Oxtail p. 68 Stock p. 68 Meat Extract p. 69 Trimmings p. 70 Pork Jowl p. 75 Pig Tail p. 75 Pigs' Feet p. 76 Jellied Products p. 77 Haggis p. 77 Intestines p. 77 Testicles p. 77 Pork Skins p. 78 Blood p. 79 Spleen p. 82 Poultry Giblets p. 82 References p. 83 Rendering p. 87 Products of Rendering p. 89 Uses of Rendered Material p. 99 Rendering Systems p. 107 Comparison of Rendering Methods p. 121 References p. 125 Hide and Skin By-products p. 127 Introduction p. 127 Trade in Hides and Leather p. 128 Classification p. 135
Hide Composition p. 138 Hide Curing p. 139 Curing p. 144 Fleshing p. 152 Trimming p. 153 Sorting p. 153 Storage and Shipment p. 157 Tanning p. 158 Soaking p. 159 Unhairing p. 159 Deliming p. 162 Bating p. 163 Pickling p. 164 Tanning p. 164 Wringing or Setting p. 166 Splitting and Shaving p. 166 Retanning p. 167 Dyeing or Coloring p. 169 Fatliquoring p. 169 Setting Out p. 170 Drying p. 170 Conditioning p. 171 Staking p. 171 Buffing p. 172 Finishing p. 172 Platining p. 174 Area Measurement p. 174 Physical Properties of Leather p. 175 Tanning Effluent p. 177 Tannery Waste p. 177 Summary p. 178 References p. 180 Glue and Gelatine p. 183 Introduction p. 183 Raw Materials p. 187 Manufacturing of Glue and Gelatine p. 187 Alkaline Procedure (Type B Gelatine) p. 189 Acid Precursor (Type A Gelatine) p. 196 Ossein Production from Bones p. 199 Gelatine and Glue from Chrome Tanned Leather By-products p. 204 Extraction of Other Material for Glue p. 205
Uses of Gelatine or Glue p. 205 Physical Properties p. 210 Waste from Gelatine and Glue Production p. 213 References p. 216 Edible Tissue from Bone p. 217 Introduction p. 217 Mechanical Separation or Deboning Machines p. 218 Yield of Deboned Meat p. 221 Chemical Composition p. 225 Microbiological Quality p. 236 Oxidation p. 237 Emulsion Properties p. 238 Uses of Mechanically Deboned Meat p. 238 Other Bone Extraction Procedures p. 241 Inedible Uses of Bones p. 244 References p. 244 Medical and Pharmaceutical Uses of By-products p. 247 Animal Glands p. 247 Adrenal (Suprarenal Capsules) p. 254 Arteries p. 255 Bezoars p. 255 Bile p. 256 Blood p. 257 Bone Cartilage p. 260 Brain p. 260 Duodenum p. 261 Eggshell Powder p. 261 Feather p. 261 Gallbladder p. 261 Glycosaminoglycans p. 263 Hair p. 264 Heart p. 264 Horns p. 268 Hypothalmus p. 268 Intestines p. 268 Liver p. 269 Lungs p. 270 Miniature Hogs p. 270 Nervous System p. 270 Ovaries p. 271 Oyster Shell p. 271
Pancreas p. 271 Parathyroids p. 274 Pineal p. 274 Pituitary p. 274 Protein Concentrate p. 277 Seminal Vesicles p. 277 Serum p. 277 Skin p. 278 Spinal Cord p. 278 Spleen p. 278 Stomach p. 279 Testes p. 280 Thymus p. 281 Thyroid p. 281 Trachea p. 282 Wool p. 282 References p. 283 Sausage Containers p. 285 Introduction p. 285 Removing the Viscera p. 292 Casing Equipment p. 301 Stuffing and Packing of Casings p. 307 Production of Lamb Casings p. 309 Hog Bung p. 311 Hog Stomach p. 312 Blind End or Caecum p. 312 Bladder p. 313 Beef Bung p. 313 Weasand p. 313 Chitterling p. 313 Other Uses for Intestinal Products p. 314 Mucosa p. 315 Yield and Storage p. 315 Quality Control p. 315 Collagen Casing p. 317 Casing Failure p. 321 References p. 321 Blood Utilization p. 325 Introduction p. 325 Specific Utilization of Blood p. 327 General Properties of Blood Fractions in Food p. 336
Blood Serum for Laboratory Use p. 343 Blood Albumin p. 343 Red Blood Cell Paste p. 344 Spray-Dried Blood p. 345 Blood Meal p. 346 Feeding of Whole Blood p. 348 Pickled or Acidified Blood p. 350 Coprocessing of Blood and Paunch Manure p. 350 Blood Char p. 350 Blood Foam Compounds p. 352 Nutritional Aspects p. 353 References p. 353 Pet or Exotic Animal Food p. 355 History p. 356 Pet Population p. 356 Quantity of Pet Food Required p. 359 Processing of Pet Food p. 361 Subdivision of Pet Foods into Categories p. 362 Types of Pet Food p. 364 Palatability Enhancers p. 375 Nutrient Requirements p. 375 Pet Food Labels p. 384 Rough Fish for Mink Feed p. 385 Mink Feed from Poultry By-products p. 385 Dry Mink Feed p. 386 Propoise, Dolphin, and Seal Food p. 386 Fish Tank Feeding Gel p. 388 Poultry By-product Use p. 388 Frozen Fish Use p. 389 Clam Waste p. 389 Dried Blood in Pet Foot p. 389 Summary p. 389 References p. 390 Seafood By-products p. 393 Introduction p. 393 Surimi ("Formed Fish") p. 393 Fish Protein Concentrate p. 395 Fish Meal and Oil Production p. 398 Hydrolysis of Fish Protein p. 403 Cannery Waste p. 405 Processing of Fish Stickwater p. 407
Animal Feeds p. 407 Fish Silage p. 409 Fish Oils p. 411 Fish Liver Preservaion p. 421 Fish Gelatin(e) p. 421 Fish Glue p. 427 Leather from Fish Skins p. 428 Chitin and Chitosan p. 430 Pearl Essence p. 432 Use of Shells p. 435 Fertilizer from Fish p. 435 Composting p. 436 References p. 436 Poultry By-products p. 439 Poultry p. 439 Feathers and Down p. 441 Eggshells p. 448 Blood Meal p. 451 Mixed Poultry By-product Meal p. 451 Inedible Eggs p. 451 Hatchery Waste p. 453 Poultry Grease p. 454 Poultry Oil p. 454 Laboratory Use of Eggs p. 454 Manufacturing Uses of Eggs p. 454 References p. 455 Animal-Processing Waste Disposal, Reduction, and Utilization p. 457 Meat-Processing Waste Characterization p. 457 Meatpacking Waste Treatment p. 459 Land Application or Refeeding of Animal-Processing Waste p. 466 Refeeding p. 472 Animal-Processing Pollution Reduction p. 473 Summary p. 502 Example Problem for Land Application of Animal Processing Waste p. 503 References p. 505 Index p. 511 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.