Criteri for evlution of building mterils zrd bsed on teir nturl rdioctivity in Russi nd in te Europen Union countries Dry Buzin 1, Igor Engovtov 1,*, Lev Alimov 1 nd Micil Slesrev 1 1 Moscow Stte University of Civil Engineering, 129337, Yroslvskoye Sosse 26, Moscow, Russi Abstrct. We ereby ve considered te nturl rdioctivity of building mterils s source of rdition for te umn environment. We ve considered te Russin nd te Europen evlution criteri for ensuring rdition sfety of te popultion. We lso present n experimentl reserc of te content of nturl rdionuclides in building mterils. We ve clculted te effective specific ctivity nd te ctivity concentrtion index bsed on te results presented. We ve identified discrepncies between te Russin nd te Europen stndrds. 1 Introduction Nturl nd rtificil sources of ionizing rdition determine te rdition effect on umns bot directly nd troug te environment, including, but not limited to te territory of residence, te buildings nd te fcilities, were tey spend most of teir life. Te nturl rdioctivity of te building mterils used in buildings is significnt component of te umn exposure, nd in series of cses cn result in significnt exposure doses. All building mterils, s well s rw mterils for teir mnufcturing, contin one or noter quntity of nturl rdionuclides (NRN). Te most importnt of tem re te 238 U rdioctive fmily wit its progenies, te rdioctive fmily wit its progenies nd potssium -40 ( 40 K). Virtully, ll industrilized countries seek to reduce nd limit te rdition exposure of te popultion by nturl rdioctivity of building mterils, including te ppliction of stndrds, evlution criteri nd scopes of ppliction. 2 Russin criteri for evlution Russi s dopted te fundmentl lws nd elborted te stndrd documents tt govern te procedure nd te regultions for recording nd controlling te use of building mterils to ensure rdition sfe umn environment [1, 2]. In ccordnce wit te current legisltion, te clsses of building mterils nd te quntittive limits of te concentrtion of, nd 40 K nturl rdionuclides (NRN) * Corresponding utor: eng46@mil.ru Te Autors, publised by EDP Sciences. Tis is n open ccess rticle distributed under te terms of te Cretive Commons Attribution License 4.0 (ttp://cretivecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
for tem re estblised using te vlue of te effective specific ctivity (А eff ). Mterils pertining to clsses I nd II my be used for building residentil nd industril fcilities. Te quntittive vlues re: А eff 370 Bq/kg for clss I nd А eff 740 Bq/kg for clss II. Te vlue of te effective specific ctivity (А eff ) is clculted using te following formul [1]: = + 1.31 + 0.085, (1) were А R nd А T re te specific ctivities of nd rdionuclides, wic re in rdioctive equilibrium wit te rest of te members of te urnium ndtorium series, nd А K is te specific ctivity of 40 K, Bq/kg. Also, te effective dose limit of 1 msv yer during ny 5 verge consecutive yers, but no more tn 5 msv yer, is estblised for te popultion. Te equivlent dose rte (EDR) of te externl gmm rdition nd te indoor verge nnul equivlent equilibrium volumetric ctivity of rdon re te vlues controlled inside te residentil nd public buildings witin te territory of residence. Te indoor EDR my not exceed te outdoor dose rte by more tn 0.2 µsv/. Te indoor gmm rdition of rdon nd toron present in te indoor ir is not considered in tis rticle. Terefore, te Russin pproc to ensuring rdition sfety of te popultion in its environment consists in limiting te NRN concentrtion in te soil nd building mterils nd te EDR of te externl gmm rdition in te residentil nd industril buildings. Nonexceednce of te estblised limits sould, in principle, ensure non-exceednce of te nnul dose of 1 msv. 3 Europen criteri for evlution Te interntionl orgniztions, suc s IAEA, ICRP nd UNSCEAR sow strong interests in te regultion nd stndrdiztion of te rdition sfety of te environment [3]. For exmple, te Commission of te Europen Communities (Europen Commission, EU) s issued te regultory nd metodologicl document Rdition protection 112. Rdiologicl Protection Principles concerning te Nturl Rdioctivity of Building Mteril [4] wic formultes te principles of te rdition protection nd proposes to use te following rdiologicl criteri s te bsis for te controls of te building mterils rdioctivity: ) Dose criterion for controls Controls sould be bsed on dose criterion wic is estblised considering overll ntionl circumstnces. Witin te Europen Union, doses exceeding 1 msv yer sould be considered from te rdition protection point of view. Tese doses sould be ccepted only in specilly stipulted exceptionl cses were mterils re used loclly. Controls cn be bsed on lower dose criterion. In tis cse, resonble prcticlity study concerning suc controls will be required. It is terefore recommended tt controls be bsed on dose witin te rnge of 0.3 to 1 msv yer. Tis is te excess dose to tt received outdoors. b) Level of exemption from ll restrictions Building mterils sould be exempted from ll restrictions concerning teir rdioctivity if te excess gmm rdition originting from tem increses te nnul effective dose by more tn 0.3 msv. Tis is te excess gmm dose to tt received outdoors. We cn present te level to be studied s te ctivity concentrtion index I. Te ctivity concentrtion index must consider typicl metods nd volumes for use of building mteril in building. Te ctivity concentrtion index (I) is clculted using te following formul: = + + / / /, (2) 2
were C R, C T, C K re specific ctivities of rdionuclides, nd 40 Kin building mteril respectively, Bq/kg. Te coefficients 300, 200 nd 3000 re references for rdium, torium nd potssium respectively, wic re determined on te bsis of te scenrios for te use of mterils to secure te dose criterion. Te ctivity concentrtion index my not exceed te following vlues indicted in te Tble1. Tble. 1. Te vlues of te ctivity concentrtion index for different uses of building mterils Dose criterion 0.3 msv yer 1mSv yer Bsic structurl nd finising mterils, e.g. I 0.5 I 1 concrete Mterils wit restricted use: curbs, frming nd oters I 2 I 6 Te ctivity concentrtion index must be used only s tool for identifying te mterils wic s to be focused on. Any finl decision on restriction of te use of mteril must be bsed on seprte dose evlution. Suc evlution must be bsed on te sitution considering direct use of suc mteril. Normlly, cnges in te ctivity concentrtion re needed only wen tere re substntil grounds to suspect tt te dose criterion for controls could be exceeded. Te mnufcturer or te seller is lible for ensuring qulity sowing tt mteril complies wit te rdiologicl requirements estblised by te stte. However, oter pproces cn be pplied to te controls s well. For exmple, te builder or te designer of building cn be lible for te complince of new building wit te rdiologicl requirements. Mterils sould be exempt from ll elements of controls concerning teir rdioctivity, if it is sown tt te dose criterion for te exemption from restrictions s not been exceeded. Exempt mterils to be used for building witout ny restrictions concerning teir rdioctivity must be llowed to enter te consumer mrket. 4 Anlysis nd summry Terefore, te Europen pproc contempltes more vried pproces to te evlution of te potentil zrd nd te scopes of ppliction of building mterils for teir use. And te dose criterion is te min one, wic is correct in principle, since it is te nnul individul rdition dose tt is importnt for n individul, nd not te ctivity of te building mterils in teir environment. For tis purpose, it is of undoubted prcticl interest to crry out comprtive evlutions of te rdiologicl zrd of building mterils nd rw mterils for teir fbriction, using Russin nd Europen pproces. Te studies of te content of NRN in building mterils ve been nd re crried out bot in te RF [5-10] nd brod [11-20]. As te result of te studies crried out, wide qulittive nd quntittive mteril concerning te NRN content in te building mterils used nd in te rw mterils for teir fbriction s been obtined. As te result of te studies, it s been estblised tt in most of te cses, te NRN content is muc less tn te reference vlues given in te formul (2). At te sme time, it is estblised tt te NRN concentrtion of some mterils nd rw mterils for teir mnufcturing cn considerbly exceed te verge typicl vlues. 3
Tble 2 sows te experimentl results of determintion of te NRN in building mterils of te RF nd severl foreign countries, s well s dt concerning te effective specific ctivity А eff for tem, using te Russin pproc (formul) nd te ctivity concentrtion index I, using te Europen pproc (formul 2) for te typicl nd mximum vlues. Tble 2. Typicl nd mximum vlues of te nturl rdioctivity of building mterils Mteril Country Typicl ctivity, Bq/kg Mximum ctivity, Bq/kg Russi 27 6 56 40 0.14 53 59 826 204 0.75 Concrete USA 26 18 296 76 0.28 89 118 1147 346 1.27 Europe 40 30 400 115 0.42 240 190 1600 631 2.28 Ligt concrete RF 20 15 62 45 0.16 35 13 162 66 0.24 Europe 60 40 430 151 0.54 2600 190 1600 2991 10.1 5 RF 11 60 43 93 0.35 55 62 783 206 0.75 Red brick Europe 39 41 560 143 0.52 200 200 2000 640 2.33 Sudi Arbi 27 21 279 80 0.29 39 27 213 93 0.34 RF 11 60 43 92 0.35 55 62 783 206 0.75 USA 91 73 596 239 0.86 178 144 1184 472 1.71 Grey brick Europe 10 10 330 53 0.19 59 67 670 206 0.76 Indi 0 26 152 48 0.18 3 48 412 103 0.39 Egypt 29 50 167 110 0.40 65 89 376 214 0.79 Sudi Arbi 15 9 114 38 0.14 32 19 171 72 0.26 RF 62 88 367 210 0.77 679 112 577 877 3.02 Cinder USA 706 15 940 809 2.74 3145 7 1850 3321 11.1 4 Europe 180 100 650 369 1.32 1100 300 1500 1625 5.67 4
Mteril Country Typicl ctivity, Bq/kg Mximum ctivity, Bq/kg RF 22 22 472 93 0.34 105 119 103 269 0.98 Nturl stones (grnite, mrble, etc.) Europe 60 60 640 196 0.71 500 310 4000 1263 4.55 Indi 74 0 65 80 0.27 82 112 1908 399 1.47 Egypt 18 24 350 81 0.30 65 60 920 226 0.82 Sudi Arbi 21 18 276 69 0.25 45 35 821 165 0.60 RF 12 2 6 15 0.05 12 9 138 36 0.13 Europe 10 10 80 30 0.11 1034 43 37 1093 3.67 Plster Indi 8 0 27 10 0.04 233 9 22 247 0.83 Egypt 39 25 226 92 0.33 32 55 116 114 0.42 Sudi Arbi 29 55 65 106 0.39 58 72 97 160 0.58 Conclusion Te nlysis of te tble llows us to mke te following conclusions: Most of te mterils comply wit bot ours nd Europen criteri nd cn be used witout ny restrictions. A disconformity between te Russin nd te Europen stndrds cn be observed in different clsses of mterils. Tus, some types of building mterils, suc s concrete nd cinder my be used witout restrictions under te Russin legisltion, wile only restricted use is ccepted wen pplying te dose criterion. Te dose criterion is more objective, since te nnul individul rdition dose is muc more importnt for n individul te umn, tn te ctivity of te building mterils in teir environment. Even toug complex controls men considerble finncil nd time expenses, gret quntittive increse in te nomenclture of building mterils nd te use of vried nturl rw mterils, industril wste nd rtificil dditives do not discrd te current tsk of computtionl nd experimentl study of te nturl rdioctivity of different types of building mterils. For uninterrupted circultion of building mterils on te globl mrket, it is needed to rmonize stndrd pproces nd regultions for te rdition purity of te product (mteril, rw mterils, building). 5
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