NOTES 279 CHILCOTIN RED RASPBERRY chilcotin red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) is a new cultivar which produces high yields of bright red fruit. It appears particularly well-adapted to fresh marker outlets. is a new red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivar developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Stations in Vincouver and Agassiz, British Columbia. It is released as a possible replacement for which is the most widely grown cultivar throughout the Pacific Northwest. Compared to, usually produces higher yields of fruit. The fruit is a lighter and more glossy red in color and is better adapted to fresh market outlets including those that involve long distance shipping and also those for..pick-yourown" operations. fruit is at least as suitable as that of for frozen retail packs. Origin is a seedling from the cross of Sumner and Newburgh made in 1963. It was selected in 1965 and subsequently tested as BC 63-27-7. The seedling first attracted attention because of its brisht red fruit and its productivity. Performance Performance data have been obtained from three trials planted in different years (196g, l97l and 1973) at Abbotsford. British Columbia and from four trials planted in l97l at three sites in Washington (Mt. Vernon, Puyallup and Vancouver) and one site in Oregon (Aurora). In addition to these trials, which were all located at Research or Experiment Stations, has been observed over a 3-yr period in growers' plantings in both British Columbia and Washington. Marketable yields of, expressed as percentage increase or decrease in relationship to, are given in Table I for each trial for the different years of harvest. Yields were obtained from onlv two of the trials (Abbotsford, 1968 ani 1973) the year after planting. [n the former, yielded l77o less and in the latrer ltvo more than. Neither difference was significant. Although these data are limited, it seems reasonable to assume that is similar to. and unlike many other cultivars, in producing relatively high yields the year after planting (Daubeny' 1973). In most of the other comparisons outyielded. In 6 of the l0 comparisons from the replicated plantings, for which statistical analyses were done, yielded significantly more than. Fruit sizes, adjusted for yield at each harvest date, as suggested by Moore Table l. Marketable yields of, expressed as percentage increase or decrease in relationship to, from seven trial plantings Trial 1968 Abbotsfordf l97l Abbotsford 1973 Abbotsfordt Mt. Vernon Puyallupt Vancouver Aurora 1969 r97o rgtl rg72 rg73 1974 t9i5 tg76 rg77-17 +l_10* +78* +38* 8-5 +9 +41 _ +t7 0 +51 +6 +7 0-3 +5 +47 *lr* *in* *t: _ +59* freplicated plantings for which statistical analyses were done. *Significantly different (P : 0.05) than for each replicated planting in the respective year. Can. J. Plmt Sci 58: tt9-2a2 ean. 1978,1
280 canadian JoURNAL of PLANT sctence Table 2. Percentage of rotted fruit caused by Borynis cinerea at harvest of and Willamene in three trial plantings at Abbotsford, B.C. Yrof rial planting 1969 rg70 rg7r rg72 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 r968t <l r9'lr i t: 2 22* <l <l Willamene 2 1 <1 <l <1 <1 <l 'l* T9731 7* <l.t 1l <l 4 <l treplicated plantings for which statistical analyses were done. *Slgnificantty Oiffeient (P = 0.05) than for each replicated planting in the respective year. (1970), were calculated for each trial. Mean fruit size of from all trials was 3.9 g and for it was 3.7 g. Percentages of rotted fruit, caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr., at harvest were obtained from the Abbotsford trials only. These percentages, in comparison with those obtained from. are given in Table 2. From the 1968-planted trial, produced significantly more rotred fruit than willamette in 19'12. From the 1973-planted trial the cultivar produced significantly less and significantly more rotted fruit in 1974 and 1976, respectively. The higher incidences of B. cincrea on fruit in both 1972 and 1976 were recorded following heavy rainfalls. Contact spread of the organism was probably facilitated by the higher numbers of fruits per lateral for compared to (Table 3). The higher incidences of B. cinere,a on fruit in the two comparisons are not considered to indicate a potential problem with reference to greater susceptibility to the organism. In most years, heavy rainfalls, which induce spread of the organism, do not occur during the red raspberry harvest season in the Pacific Northwest. Moreover, all fruits were taken from trial plantings which had not been sprayed with fungicides for fruit rot control. The use of recommended fungicides would have reduced the incidence of B. cinerea at harvest (Anonymous 1976). Relative resistence to the two cultivars of post-harvest rots caused by B. cinerea and by Rhizopus spp. 'have been similar (Daubeny and PePin 197 4a; 1976). Comparative data for cane heights and diameters and for fruit lateral lengths and number of fruit per lateral were obtained in 1977 from the 1973-planted trial at Abbotsford (Table 3). canes were shorter than those of. Fruit laterals of were longer and there were more fruit produced per lateral. This latter characteristic is at least partially responsible for the higher yields obtained from in most of the comparisons. Information on relative winterhardiness of is limited to observations made in 1972 from the 1968-planted trial at Abbotsford. In that year, winter injury was prevalent in established plantings. Using a Table 3. Comparative data for cane growth and ftuit laterals of and T Cane Cane Lateral No' of trtf diam* length$ fruiv (cm) (cm) (cm) lateral - 27* I7 tall data were obtained n 1977 from replicated 1973-planted trial at Abbosford' tdata are based on 25 canes from each of three replications. Diameters taken 60 cm above soil line. $Data are based on l0 laterals from each of three replicatiom. *Significantly differcnt (P : 0'05) than Willarrrette for respective character. 226* 236 1.0 l.l 54* 43
NOTES 281 Table 4. Length of harvest seasons. in three different years. for and 1976 1977 16 July-18 Aug. 16 July- 6 Aug. l4 July-l7 Aug. 14 July-12 Aug. 4 July-18 Aug. 4July- 5 Aug. scale of l-10, with l0 indicating no evidence of winter injury, had a mean rating of 5.3 compared with 5.4 for. Thus, there would appear to be no differences between the cultivars in relative winterhardiness. In contrast. the cv. Haida had a mean rating of 6.8 and is considered to have a greater winterhardiness (Daubeny 1973): fruit ripens over a longer season than that of (Table 4). This is another feature which makes it more appealing for fresh market outlets. fruit is superior to thar of for long-distance, fresh-market shipments. In both 1976 and 1977 fruit was sent, via air freight, from a grower's trial in Washington to eastern United States markets. fruit was consistentlv more attractive on arrival and for subsequent sale at the retail level than because of its lighter, more glossy red color. appears to be adapted to mechanical harvesting. The fruit separates readily from the receptacle and tends to maintain its bright red color even when over-ripe. Also, the fruit laterals are strong and thus should show minimum damage from harvesting machines. Samples of fruit have been frozen simulating the methods used for cornmercial retail packs. Subjective comparisons with frozen, and subsequently thawed, samples of fruit are given in Table 5. is at least as suitable as for these packs. is highly self-fertile and thus will be adapted to monoculture conditions (Daubeny l97l). Insect and Disease Responses plants suppofi colonies of Amphorophora agathonica Hottes, the aphid vector of red raspberry mosaic virus (RMV). To date, no RMV has been found in the cultivar in any of the trial plantings, despite the fact that infected plants of other cultivars or selections grow in close proximity and aphid populations have been large. It is assumed that is similar to which shows resistance to the virus despite aphid susceptibility (Freeman and Stace-Smith 1970). plants from the Abbotsford trials have been indexed numerous times for both tomato ring spot virus and raspberry bushy dwarf virus. Neither virus has been found in any of the indexing. is less susceptible to spur blight, caused by Didymella applanata (Niessl) Sacc., than but not nearly as resistant as Haida (Daubeny and Pepin 197{b). It is considered, as is, to be slightly susceptible to Botrytis cane wilt (causal organism B. cinerea).both leaves and fruits of are resistant to powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca macularis (Wellr. ex. Fr:) W. B. Clarke. has been as susceptible as to root rot. the causal or- Table 5. Mean subjective taste panel ratings, for 4 yr, of frozen samples of and Willamefte fruit (10 : highest and I : lowest rating) r973 1974 1975 1976 1973 r974 t975 1976 Appearance Color Firmness Flavor 6.5 I 8 7 7 6.5 9 87 97 6.5 87 78 7 ',t.5 6.5 8.5 6 8
282 CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE ganism(s) of which has yet to be identified, at Puyallup and Vancouver, Washington (Barritt, B. H. and Crandall, P. C. personal communication). It has been less susceptible to root rot, the causal organism(s) also unidentified, at Aurora, Oregon (Martin, L. W. personal communication). Description PrnNr. Primocanes are numerous, more erect than those of and have fewer and smaller prickles which are a dark, purple-red color. They are pubescent. Color is green with a partial reddish-brown covering. Floricanes are medium brown and show basal cracking. Fruiting laterals are strong, of relatively long length and well distributed throughout the cane, giving a large fruiting area. There is a tendency for more than one fruiting lateral to be produced per node. Fruit is well exposed. Fnutr. Fruit size is similar to that of. Firmness is also similar: in 1977, fruit of each cultivar, from eight different harvest dates, averaged 7 for firmness using a subjective scale of l-10, the latter indicating the greatest firmness. It is a bright, light red color. It is slightly more conical in shape than and separates readily from the receptacles. Drupelets are numerous and of medium size. Ripening season starts with that of but can end as much as l0 days later. Availability of Stock For trial plantings, limited quantities of stock, in the form of root cuttings, are available from the Vancouver Research Station. The station will also provide information on propagators of certified stock for commercial plantings. ANONYMOUS 1976. Berry production guide. British Columbia Department of Agriculture. p.22. DAUBENY, H. A. 1971. Self-fertility in red raspberry cultivars and selections. J. Amer. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 96: 588-591. DAUBENY, H. A. 1973. Haida red raspberry. Can. J. PlantSci. 53:345-346. DAUBENY, H. A. and PEPIN, H. S. 1974a. Variations among red raspberry cultivars and selections in susceptibility to the fruit rot causal organisms Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus spp. Can. J. Plant Sci. 54: 5l l-516. DAUBENY, H. A. and PEPIN, H. S. 1974b. Susceptibility variations to spur blight (Didymella applarnta) among red raspberry cultivars and selections. Plant Dis. Rep. 58: 1024-1027. DAUBENY, H. A. and PEPIN, H. S. 1976. Recent developments in breeding for fruit rot resistance in red raspberry. Acta Hortic. 60: 63-72. FREEMAN, J. A. and STACE-SMITH, R. 1970. Effects of raspberry mosaic viruses on yield and growth of red raspberries. Can. J. Plant Sci. 50:.521-527. MOORE, J. N. 1970. Fruit size in strawberry cultivars. Fruit Var. Hortic. Die.24:58-62. HUGHA. DAUBENY Research Station, Agriculture Canada, 6660 N.W. Marine Drive, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T IX2. Received 16 Sept. 1977, accepted 6 Oct. 1977.
This article has been cited by: 1. Elizabeth Keep. Breeding Red Raspberry for Resistance to Diseases and Pests 245-321. [Crossref] 2. Kim E. Hummer, Rex Brennan, S. Nikki Jennings, Brian Williamson, Harvey K. Hall. Dedication: Derek Jennings and Hugh A. Daubeny Berry Breeders Extraordinaire 1-37. [Crossref]