Studying the grapevine water stress in the digital era: from sensor-based irrigation scheduling to in-vivo visualization techniques Dr. Jose Carlos Herrera and Life Sciences, Vienna Division of Viticulture and Pomology Konrad Lorenz Strasse 24 3430 Tulln Bezeichnung english: ev. Untereinheit 2. Ebene I ev. Untereinheit 3. Ebene I Univ. Prof. 1
Layout of the presenta/on Ø What is water stress for a grapevine? Ø Common methods for assessing the vineyard water status and their rela8on with grapevine physiology Ø New perspec8ves and poten8ali8es Bezeichnung Jose Carlos english: Herrera ev. Untereinheit Department 2. Ebene of Crop I Sciences ev. Untereinheit - Division 3. Ebene of Viticulture I Univ. and Prof. Pomology 2
The soil-plantatmosphere con8nuum (SPAC) Bezeichnung english: Jose ev. Carlos Untereinheit Herrera 2. Ebene Department I ev. Untereinheit of Crop Sciences 3. Ebene - Division I Univ. Prof. 3 h?p://biology-pictures.blogspot.co.at/2011/11/water-transport-in-plants.html
Xylem vessels embolism visualiza/on in living plants under drought using microct scan from: Brodersen et al. (2013) Bezeichnung english: Jose ev. Carlos Untereinheit Herrera 2. Ebene Department I ev. Untereinheit of Crop Sciences 3. Ebene - Division I Univ. Prof. 4
Grapevines has evolved to operate within a certain safety margin 100 Drought intensity Stomata open % relative values 50 Transpiration Photosynthesis Safety margin Cavitation 0 Stomata closed Leaf shedding 0 P midday P cav P 50 Xylem pressure Bezeichnung Jose Carlos english: Herrera ev. Untereinheit Department 2. Ebene of Crop I Sciences ev. Untereinheit - Division 3. Ebene of Viticulture I Univ. Prof. and DI. Pomology Dr. Max Mustermann 5
Grapevine water relations from: Gerzon et al. (2015) Bezeichnung Jose Carlos english: Herrera ev. Untereinheit Department 2. Ebene of Crop I Sciences ev. Untereinheit - Division 3. Ebene of Viticulture I Univ. Prof. and DI. Pomology Dr. Max Mustermann 6
Some water stress common parameters Strong water stress (limi8ng carbon assimila8on): - Stomatal conductance < 0.05 mol H2O m -2 s -1 (Flexas et al. 2002) - Usually correspond to midday Ψs < -1.5 / -1.8 MPa Mild water stress (not limi8ng carbon assimila8on): - Stomatal conductance between 0.05 and 0.1 mol H2O m -2 s -1 - Usually correspond to midday Ψs between -1.2 / -1.4 MPa Bezeichnung Jose Carlos english: Herrera ev. Untereinheit Department 2. Ebene of Crop I Sciences ev. Untereinheit - Division 3. Ebene of Viticulture I Univ. and Prof. Pomology 7
from: Van Leeuwen et al. (2009) Bezeichnung Jose Carlos english: Herrera ev. Untereinheit Department 2. Ebene of Crop I Sciences ev. Untereinheit - Division 3. Ebene of Viticulture I Univ. and Prof. Pomology 8
Pressure chamber (water poten/al) IRGA (gas-exchange: stomatal conductance, carbon assimila/on) Notebook No con8nuos measurements Not easy to georeference and «digitalize» Bezeichnung Jose Carlos english: Herrera ev. Untereinheit Department 2. Ebene of Crop I Sciences ev. Untereinheit - Division 3. Ebene of Viticulture I Univ. Prof. and DI. Pomology Dr. Max Mustermann 9
Not easy, but not impossible From: Brillante et al. (2017) Bezeichnung Jose Carlos english: Herrera ev. Untereinheit Department 2. Ebene of Crop I Sciences ev. Untereinheit - Division 3. Ebene of Viticulture I Univ. Prof. and DI. Pomology Dr. Max Mustermann 10
Stem psychrometers Photos by Dr. Laurent Lamarque Bezeichnung Jose Carlos english: Herrera ev. Untereinheit Department 2. Ebene of Crop I Sciences ev. Untereinheit - Division 3. Ebene of Viticulture I Univ. Prof. and DI. Pomology Dr. Max Mustermann 11
Some devices used to con/nually assess vineyard water status Ø Soil water content sensors Ø Soil water poten8al sensors Ø Plant sap-flow sensors Ø Lysimeters Bezeichnung Jose Carlos english: Herrera ev. Untereinheit Department 2. Ebene of Crop I Sciences ev. Untereinheit - Division 3. Ebene of Viticulture I Univ. and Prof. Pomology 12
Soil water content/ water poten8al sensors v What s the correct depth of installa8on? v What threshold values should be used to decide irriga8on scheduling? v How many should be installed? v Shallow/rocky soils? Bezeichnung Jose Carlos english: Herrera ev. Untereinheit Department 2. Ebene of Crop I Sciences ev. Untereinheit - Division 3. Ebene of Viticulture I Univ. and Prof. Pomology 13
Sap-flow sensors v Good correla8on with vine transpira8on v Values are affected by environment (direct sunlight) and posi8on on the plant v How many should be installed? https://www.wired.com/2012/10/mf-fruition-sciences-winemakers/ Bezeichnung Jose Carlos english: Herrera ev. Untereinheit Department 2. Ebene of Crop I Sciences ev. Untereinheit - Division 3. Ebene of Viticulture I Univ. and Prof. Pomology 14
Lysimeters v Measures vine evapotranspira8on v Possibility to establish crop coeficients for irriga8on scheduling v Very expensive and hard to install https://www.wired.com/2012/10/mf-fruition-sciences-winemakers/ Bezeichnung Jose Carlos english: Herrera ev. Untereinheit Department 2. Ebene of Crop I Sciences ev. Untereinheit - Division 3. Ebene of Viticulture I Univ. and Prof. Pomology 15
Lysimeters Mini-lysimeter water stress experiments on G.Veltliner at BOKU (Tulln) Lysimeters for grapevine hybrids water balance in Udine (IT) Jose Carlos Herrera - Division of Viticulture and Pomology Bezeichnung english: ev. Untereinheit 2. Ebene I ev. Untereinheit 3. Ebene I Univ. Prof. 16
Assessing the vine water status by remote sensing from: Matese et al. (2018) Bezeichnung Jose Carlos english: Herrera ev. Untereinheit Department 2. Ebene of Crop I Sciences ev. Untereinheit - Division 3. Ebene of Viticulture I Univ. and Prof. Pomology 17
Soil electrical conduc/vity From: Brillante et al. (2017) Bezeichnung Jose Carlos english: Herrera ev. Untereinheit Department 2. Ebene of Crop I Sciences ev. Untereinheit - Division 3. Ebene of Viticulture I Univ. and Prof. Pomology 18
Thermal infrared applica/ons Under WS stomata closure reduces transpira8on, which in turn increases leaf temperature h?p://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-07/app-view-of-vine-water-stress/8331818 Bezeichnung Jose Carlos english: Herrera ev. Untereinheit Department 2. Ebene of Crop I Sciences ev. Untereinheit - Division 3. Ebene of Viticulture I Univ. and Prof. Pomology 19
Hyperspectral water stress indexes Green Red SWIR From: Rapaport et al. (2015) Bezeichnung Jose Carlos english: Herrera ev. Untereinheit Department 2. Ebene of Crop I Sciences ev. Untereinheit - Division 3. Ebene of Viticulture I Univ. and Prof. Pomology 20
Hyperspectral water stress indexes From: Rapaport et al. (2015) Bezeichnung Jose Carlos english: Herrera ev. Untereinheit Department 2. Ebene of Crop I Sciences ev. Untereinheit - Division 3. Ebene of Viticulture I Univ. and Prof. Pomology 21
Is variable-rate irriga/on possible within a vineyard? The Gallo-IBM experiment Plant available water in soil Vegetation Index (NDVI) Yield Fruit Quality Bezeichnung Jose Carlos english: Herrera ev. Untereinheit Department 2. Ebene of Crop I Sciences ev. Untereinheit - Division 3. Ebene of Viticulture I Univ. and Prof. Pomology 22
Is variable-rate irriga/on possible within a vineyard? The Gallo experiment Changes in canopy vigor (NDVI) Cabernet Sauvignon 2012 yield map (ca. 4 ha experiment) July 2012 July 2013 Bezeichnung Jose Carlos english: Herrera ev. Untereinheit Department 2. Ebene of Crop I Sciences ev. Untereinheit - Division 3. Ebene of Viticulture I Univ. and Prof. Pomology 23
Take home messages Two primary factors determining vine water status: - availability of soil water - evapora/ve demand Addi8onal factors are: - the size of the canopy, - the root system. Evapora8ve demand reflects the combined effects of the air environment (heat, light, humidity, wind) on transpira8on. Bezeichnung Jose Carlos english: Herrera ev. Untereinheit Department 2. Ebene of Crop I Sciences ev. Untereinheit - Division 3. Ebene of Viticulture I Univ. and Prof. Pomology 24
Take home messages Ø Classic physiology parameters remains the reference indicators for water stress monitoring Ø Remote sensing imagery is promising. Advances have been done correla8ng mul8spectral with vine physiology Ø No blind-applica8on is possible for remote sensing or any kind of sensors data. Site-specific calibra8on necessary! Ø When (IF) and how much water apply in the vineyard remains an issue that needs to be linked to the desired grape and wine quality Bezeichnung Jose Carlos english: Herrera ev. Untereinheit Department 2. Ebene of Crop I Sciences ev. Untereinheit - Division 3. Ebene of Viticulture I Univ. and Prof. Pomology 25
Thank your for your ayen/on! Jose Carlos Herrera jose.herrera@boku.ac.at Bezeichnung english: ev. Untereinheit 2. Ebene I ev. Untereinheit 3. Ebene I Univ. Prof. 26
2. Internationale Fachtagung und Vergabe Forschungspreis Die aktuelle Plattform für wissenschaftlichen Knowledge Transfer in Weinbau, Önologie und Weinwirtschaft 03.05.2018 UFT Universitäts- und Forschungszentrum Tulln Bezeichnung english: ev. Untereinheit 2. Ebene I ev. Untereinheit 3. Ebene I Univ. Prof.
2nd International Conference and Research Award The Forum for Scientific Knowledge Transfer in Viticulture, Enology and Wine Commerce. May 3 rd 2018 UFT Universitäts- und Forschungszentrum Tulln, Austria Bezeichnung english: ev. Untereinheit 2. Ebene I ev. Untereinheit 3. Ebene I Univ. Prof.