Famil: Taxo: Euphorbiaceae Sauropus adrogus Som: Commo Name star gooseberr katuk Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: EVALUATE Data Etr Perso: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 4 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, =-1 103 Does the species have weed races? =1, =-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, =-1 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 Prit Date: 6/10/2010 Sauropus adrogus (Euphorbiaceae) Page 1 of 7
412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, =-1 603 Hbridizes aturall =1, =-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic =1, =-1 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, =-1 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 2 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, =-1 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, =-1 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, =-1 705 Propagules water dispersed =1, =-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed =1, =-1 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, =-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, =-1 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, =-1 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, =-1 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, =-1 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: EVALUATE WRA Score 4 Prit Date: 6/10/2010 Sauropus adrogus (Euphorbiaceae) Page 2 of 7
Supportig Data: 101 2005. Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. Several cultivars are kow i Asia, ad the species has bee idetified as a cadidate for wider cultivatio throughout the Pacific islads. [Isufficiet evidece that S. adrogus is highl domesticated] 101 2010. Flora Malesiaa. Malesia Euphorbiaceae Descriptios - Sauropus. S. adrogus is a widespread, ofte cultivated species, ad, probabl therefore, ver variable. Usuall the leaves are rather small, less tha 5 cm log, but ma http://www.atioaalherbarium.l/euphorbs/specs exceptios exist; the apex usuall graduall arrows ito a acute acume, the /Sauropus.htm#Sauropus%20adrogus stamiate flowers are usuall hardl lobed (though ofte somewhat lobed i N. Thailad ad Laos, ad exceptioall i other areas), the pistillate sepals are somewhat dimorph, ad the fruits are iflated ad somewhat flesh. 201 2010. efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, http://www.efloras.org/florataxo.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxo_id=200012609 202 2010. efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, http://www.efloras.org/florataxo.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxo_id=200012609 Slopes with brushwood, su forest margis; 100-400 m. Guagdog, Guagxi, Haia, Yua [Bagladesh, Cambodia, Idia, Idoesia, Laos, Malasia, Mamar, Philippies, Sri Laka, Thailad, Vietam]. Slopes with brushwood, su forest margis; 100-400 m. Guagdog, Guagxi, Haia, Yua [Bagladesh, Cambodia, Idia, Idoesia, Laos, Malasia, Mamar, Philippies, Sri Laka, Thailad, Vietam]. 203 2007. Ecocrop. Sauropus adrogus. FAO, It is well adapted to lowlad tropical coditios ad i Idoesia ad Java it http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/e/cropview?id occurs from sea level to 1300 m i elevatio. [elevatio rage >1000 m demostrates evirometal versatilit] 203 2009. Educatioal Cocers For Huger Orgaizatio (ECHO). Uderutilized Food Plats - Katuk Selectios. http://www.echoet.org/cotet/100uderutilized/ 204 2010. efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, http://www.efloras.org/florataxo.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxo_id=200012609 S. adrogus has its origis i the hot, humid lowlad raiforest of Boreo. It is more vigorous at lower altitudes but is grow i Malasia ad Idoesia at altitudes of up to 1300 m (4000 ft). Katuk ca tolerate occasioal floodig ad will grow uder ver wet coditios, where aual raifall reaches 3000 mm (120 iches). It also tolerates acidic soils. Slopes with brushwood, su forest margis; 100-400 m. Guagdog, Guagxi, Haia, Yua [Bagladesh, Cambodia, Idia, Idoesia, Laos, Malasia, Mamar, Philippies, Sri Laka, Thailad, Vietam] 205 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Itroduced ito several regios outside its ative rage, icludig Hawaiia Islads, Australia, ad other islads i the Pacific 301 2008. Frohlich, D./Lau, A.. New plat records from O ahu for 2007. Bishop Museum Occasioal Papers. 100: 3-12. 301 2010. Flora of Australia Olie. Sauropus adrogus. Australia Biological Resources Stud (ABRS), http://www.abg.gov.au/abrs/olieresources/flora/stddispla.xsql?pid=6961 302 1979. Holm, L. G./Pacho, J. V./Herberger, J. P./Pluckett, D. L.. A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds. Joh Wile ad Sos, New York, NY Propagated i Hawai i b seed (Staples & Herbst 2005) ad possibl dispersed b birds, this relativel ew arrival is spreadig occasioall ad has established itself i at least oe locatio i Waimaalo. Christmas Is., Cocos (Keelig) Is. Ucommo o Christmas Is., havig escaped from cultivatio ad become aturalised i a few areas. O Cocos (Keelig) Is. recorded as aturalised o Home Is. i disturbed strad forest. Distributed from Idia ad S Chia, through Ido-Chia ad Malesia, to the Philippies ad New Guiea. Listed as a weed i Idoesia [of ukow importace] 302 2010. Flora Malesiaa. Malesia Euphorbiaceae Descriptios - Sauropus. Mosoo (deciduous) forest, secodar forest, swamp forest, ope areas ad clearigs, i scrubs ad thickets, waste grouds, hedges, fruit gardes, gardes http://www.atioaalherbarium.l/euphorbs/specs ad house ards, alog forest edges, rivers, ad roads, ear the beach, ofte a /Sauropus.htm#Sauropus%20adrogus weed or cultivated [suggests plat grows uwated i areas]...the plat is ofte cultivated i small fields, as hedges, or allowed as weed ear the house. 303 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Sauropus adrogus. Hawaii Ecosstems at Risk Project (HEAR), http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/sauropus_adro gus/ 304 2005. Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 305 2007. Radall, R.. Global Compedium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ No evidece that S. adrogus is a weed of agriculture or forestr No evidece of S. adrogus as a evirometal weed Sauropus spatulifolius listed as aturalized, but o other species i geus Sauropus listed as weeds Prit Date: 6/10/2010 Sauropus adrogus (Euphorbiaceae) Page 3 of 7
401 2010. efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, http://www.efloras.org/florataxo.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxo_id=200012609 402 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. No evidece of allelopath foud 403 2005. Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. Shrubs 1-3 m tall, erect, mooecious, glabrous throughout; brachlets agular whe oug, terete with age, sleder, gree. Stipules laceolate or liearlaceolate, 1.5 3 mm; petiole 2-4 mm; leaf blade ovate laceolate, obloglaceolate, or laceolate, 3 10 1.5-3.5 cm, submembraous or thil paper, base cueate, rouded, or trucate, apex acumiate; veatio piate, lateral veis 5-7 pairs, elevated abaxiall, flatteed adaxiall, reticulate veis obscure. [o spies, thors, or burrs] Not parasitic 404 2007. Ecocrop. Sauropus adrogus. FAO, Leaves are used for dig food ad the ca also be used as feed for cattle ad http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/e/cropview?id poultr. 405 2007. Ecocrop. Sauropus adrogus. FAO, No evidece of toxicit to aimals [although overcosumptio ma result i some http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/e/cropview?id problems, as has occurred with humas. See 4.07] 406 2009. Educatioal Cocers For Huger Orgaizatio (ECHO). Uderutilized Food Plats - Katuk Selectios. http://www.echoet.org/cotet/100uderutilized/ 406 2009. Wog, W.. Gardeig with Wilso - Gettig to kow Sauropus adrogus. http://gardeigwithwilso.com/2009/05/28/sauro pus-adrogus/ Katuk has miimal pest ad disease problems. Mior pests iclude the Chiese rose beetle (Adoretus siicus) ad slugs, which both ca damage oug plats. The plat is also relativel pest- ad disease free. Beetles ma chew o the leaves. 407 1998. Fletcher, R.. Sauropus adrogus (sweet Sauropus became a popular igrediet of a ucofirmed weight cotrol method leaf bush). The Australia New Crops Newsletter. i Taiwa i 1995 ad several cases of poisoig were reported. The most 9: commo form of cosumptio with the weight cotrol method was as a extract,.http://www.ewcrops.uq.edu.au/ewslett/cl919 with fruit juice. Rapidl progressive obstructive lug disease resulted, persistig 1.htm up to fort das after the method ceased. Those cosumig high levels of Sauropus appeared to be worst affected, especiall those cosumig the plat as the ucooked extract. [toxic i high doses] 407 2009. Wog, W.. Gardeig with Wilso - Gettig to kow Sauropus adrogus. http://gardeigwithwilso.com/2009/05/28/sauro pus-adrogus/ 407 Although Sauropus adrogus is a utritious vegetable, oe should be cautioed from cosumig excessive amouts, especiall i the raw form as several cases of poisoig have bee reported previousl i Taiwa which resulted i progressive obstructive lug disease. 2010. Top Tropicals. Sauropus adrogus. It is oe of the most popular leaf vegetables i South Asia ad Southeast Asia Top Tropicals Botaical Garde, ad is otable for high ields ad palatabilit. The shoot tips have bee sold as http://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/sauropus_adr tropical asparagus. I Vietam, people cook it with crab meat, miced pork or ogus.htm dried shrimp to make soup. I Malasia, it is commol stir fried with egg ad dried achovies. It is amog ol a few flora cotaiig vitami K. It is a popular vegetable cultivated i Idia, Malasia, Idoesia, southwest Chia. Delicious oug shoots! Ca be eate raw or cooked. Atipretic, remed for mumps. 408 2010. Flora Malesiaa. Malesia Euphorbiaceae Descriptios - Sauropus. Mosoo (deciduous) forest, secodar forest, swamp forest, ope areas ad clearigs, i scrubs ad thickets, waste grouds, hedges, fruit gardes, gardes http://www.atioaalherbarium.l/euphorbs/specs ad house ards, alog forest edges, rivers, ad roads, ear the beach [o /Sauropus.htm#Sauropus%20adrogus evidece of fire hazards, ad ulikel give habitat] 409 1998. Fletcher, R.. Sauropus adrogus (sweet I its atural state as a uder-store plat i lowlad raiforest, Sauropus leaf bush). The Australia New Crops Newsletter. grows to 6m [uderstor raiforest plat suggests shade tolerace] 9:.http://www.ewcrops.uq.edu.au/ewslett/cl919 1.htm 409 2009. Herbs Are Special. Articles - Sweet Leaf. The bush will grow i full su, as well as 95% shade. http://herbsarespecial.com.au/articles/sweet_leaf. pdf 409 2009. Wog, W.. Gardeig with Wilso - Gettig to kow Sauropus adrogus. http://gardeigwithwilso.com/2009/05/28/sauro pus-adrogus/ It tolerates a rage of light coditios which rage from semi-shade to full sushie outdoors. Prit Date: 6/10/2010 Sauropus adrogus (Euphorbiaceae) Page 4 of 7
410 2009. Wog, W.. Gardeig with Wilso - Gettig to kow Sauropus adrogus. http://gardeigwithwilso.com/2009/05/28/sauro pus-adrogus/ 411 2010. efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, http://www.efloras.org/florataxo.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxo_id=200012609 411 2010. Flora of Australia Olie. Sauropus adrogus. Australia Biological Resources Stud (ABRS), http://www.abg.gov.au/abrs/olieresources/flora/stddispla.xsql?pid=6961 412 2010. efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, http://www.efloras.org/florataxo.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxo_id=200012609 412 2010. Flora of Australia Olie. Sauropus adrogus. Australia Biological Resources Stud (ABRS), http://www.abg.gov.au/abrs/olieresources/flora/stddispla.xsql?pid=6961 501 2010. efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, http://www.efloras.org/florataxo.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxo_id=200012609 502 2010. efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, http://www.efloras.org/florataxo.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxo_id=200012609 503 2010. efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, http://www.efloras.org/florataxo.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxo_id=200012609 504 2010. efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, http://www.efloras.org/florataxo.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxo_id=200012609 601 2010. efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, http://www.efloras.org/florataxo.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxo_id=200012609 602 2010. efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, http://www.efloras.org/florataxo.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxo_id=200012609 Sauropus adrogous is a low maiteace plat that is ot exactl fuss about its growig coditios. Reported to be a plat that is highl mcorrhizaldepedet, it ca be easil grow i moist, fertile ad acid soils. It ca also adapt to beig grow i heav cla soils. Shrubs 1-3 m tall, erect [does ot have a climbig or smotherig growth habit] I the Philippies ad New Guiea, this species becomes a climbig shrub, rather tha scramblig or trailig. [but o evidece that this plat smothers other vegetatio] No evidece that S. adrogus forms dese thickets i ative habitats. No evidece that S. adrogus forms dese thickets i itroduced habitats. Terrestrial Euphorbiaceae [ot a grass] Euphorbiaceae [ot a Nitroge fixig wood plat] Shrubs 1-3 m tall, erect [ot a geophte] No evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat capsule white, depressed globose or globose, ca. 1.2 1.7 cm, thil crustaceous. Seeds black, triquetrous, ca. 7 5 mm. 603 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow if able to hbridize aturall 604 2009. Educatioal Cocers For Huger Orgaizatio (ECHO). Uderutilized Food Plats - Katuk Selectios. http://www.echoet.org/cotet/100uderutilized/ Our katuk, vegetativel propagated for some time, flowered but did ot produce seed util we acquired plats from a differet source (whe the produced seed immediatel); it is possible that separate plats are required for seed productio or some varieties are selected for or agaist seed productio. [potetiall selficompatible] 604 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow if S. adrogus is self-compatible Prit Date: 6/10/2010 Sauropus adrogus (Euphorbiaceae) Page 5 of 7
605 2008. Kato, M./Kosaka, Y./Kawakita, A./Okuama, Y./Kobaashi, C./Phimmiith, T./Thogpha, D.. Plat polliator iteractios i tropical mosoo forests i Southeast Asia. America Joural of Bota. 95: 1375-1394. 606 2005. Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. CL4 was composed of five plat species (Phllathus roseus, Sauropus quadragularis, Dialium cochichiesis, Mallotus barbatus, ad Suregada multiflora ), that were visited mail b fl ies. These plats have small rotate fl owers...related species of Phllathaceae ( Breia retusa, Phllathus virgatus, P. amarus, P. roseus, Sauropus quadragularis, ad S. graulosus ) were polliated ot b gracillariid moths but b dipteras, small bees, or ats, mail durig the wet seaso. [polliatio of other Sauropus spp. Teds to be b geeralist isect polliators] propagated b cuttigs, air laers, or seed [but o evidece of vegetative spread] 607 2007. Ecocrop. Sauropus adrogus. FAO, GROWING PERIOD Pereial, harvestig is carried o throughout the ear. First http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/e/cropview?id harvest ma be take after 55-70 das. I Java, it flowers ear roud ad fruitig is usuall abudat. [probabl uder 2 ears] 701 2010. efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, http://www.efloras.org/florataxo.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxo_id=200012609 702 2010. efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, http://www.efloras.org/florataxo.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxo_id=200012609 capsule white, depressed globose or globose, ca. 1.2 1.7 cm, thil crustaceous. Seeds black, triquetrous, ca. 7 5 mm. [o evidece of uitetioal seed dispersal, ad o meas of exteral attachmet for seeds] Sauropus adrogus is widel cultivated. The leaves are used as a medicie for coughs ad to soothe the lugs, as a toic, ad as a febrifugal to relieve iteral fever; the are also used as a vegetable ("Sweet Leaf Bush") 703 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. No evidece that seeds have bee dispersed as a produce cotamiat 704 2010. Flora Malesiaa. Malesia Euphorbiaceae Descriptios - Sauropus. Fruits globose (to obovoid), iflated, somewhat flesh but pergametaceous whe dr, 12 17 b 9 15 mm, white to fiall maroo; colum 8 10 mm log http://www.atioaalherbarium.l/euphorbs/specs with apicall heart-shaped remats of the septae. Seeds triagular i trasverse /Sauropus.htm#Sauropus%20adrogus sectio, hollow adaxiall, 7 10 b 4.5 6.5 b 3 4.5 mm, white to black. [o apparet adaptatios for wid dispersal, although capsules ma dehisce whe dr ad disperse seeds short distaces] 705 2010. Flora Malesiaa. Malesia Euphorbiaceae Descriptios - Sauropus. Fruits globose (to obovoid), iflated, somewhat flesh but pergametaceous whe dr, 12 17 b 9 15 mm, white to fiall maroo; colum 8 10 mm log http://www.atioaalherbarium.l/euphorbs/specs with apicall heart-shaped remats of the septae. Seeds triagular i trasverse /Sauropus.htm#Sauropus%20adrogus sectio, hollow adaxiall, 7 10 b 4.5 6.5 b 3 4.5 mm, white to black. [o apparet adaptatios for water dispersal] 706 2009. Wog, W.. Gardeig with Wilso - Gettig to kow Sauropus adrogus. http://gardeigwithwilso.com/2009/05/28/sauro pus-adrogus/ Mature Sauropus adrogous plats do produce flowers ad fruits. The flowers are small ad dark maroo i colour which occur idividuall ad hag from the poit where each piate leaflet jois the petiole. Small purplish fruits that resemble miiature magostees are produced after the flowers fade. Both flowers ad fruits produced b the plat ca be eate. [flesh fruits, adapted for bird or vertebrate dispersal?] 706 2010. Flora Malesiaa. Malesia Euphorbiaceae Descriptios - Sauropus. Fruits globose (to obovoid), iflated, somewhat flesh but pergametaceous whe dr, 12 17 b 9 15 mm, white to fiall maroo; colum 8 10 mm log http://www.atioaalherbarium.l/euphorbs/specs with apicall heart-shaped remats of the septae. Seeds triagular i trasverse /Sauropus.htm#Sauropus%20adrogus sectio, hollow adaxiall, 7 10 b 4.5 6.5 b 3 4.5 mm, white to black. [possibl bird-dispersed, but o evidece foud, ad descriptio of fruit as "pergametaceous (i.e. like parchmet) whe dr" suggests that seeds are dehisced, rather tha cosumed b birds or other aimals] 707 2010. efloras. Flora of Chia - Sauropus adrogus. Missouri Botaical Gardead Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, http://www.efloras.org/florataxo.aspx?flora_id=2 &taxo_id=200012609 Seeds with o meas of exteral attachmet [o evidece of exteral dispersal b aimals] 708 2010. Flora Malesiaa. Malesia Euphorbiaceae Descriptios - Sauropus. Fruits globose (to obovoid), iflated, somewhat flesh but pergametaceous whe dr, 12 17 b 9 15 mm, white to fiall maroo; colum 8 10 mm log http://www.atioaalherbarium.l/euphorbs/specs with apicall heart-shaped remats of the septae. Seeds triagular i trasverse /Sauropus.htm#Sauropus%20adrogus sectio, hollow adaxiall, 7 10 b 4.5 6.5 b 3 4.5 mm, white to black. [possibl adapted to survive passage through digestive tract of birds or other aimals, but o evidece foud, ad descriptio of fruit as "pergametaceous (i.e. like parchmet) whe dr" suggests that seeds are dehisced, rather tha cosumed b birds or other aimals] Prit Date: 6/10/2010 Sauropus adrogus (Euphorbiaceae) Page 6 of 7
801 2009. Herbs Are Special. Articles - Sweet Leaf. I tropical climates, a capsule forms, with small, black seeds. We have http://herbsarespecial.com.au/articles/sweet_leaf. experieced, i our sub-tropical coditios; the bush thrives, flowers, but does pdf ot set seed. [ulikel to produce high seed umbers eve whe plat does set seed] 802 1998. Fletcher, R.. Sauropus adrogus (sweet leaf bush). The Australia New Crops Newsletter. 9:.http://www.ewcrops.uq.edu.au/ewslett/cl919 1.htm Seed logevit is poor, seeds remai viable for ol a few moths. 802 2009. Educatioal Cocers For Huger Orgaizatio (ECHO). Uderutilized Food Plats - Katuk Selectios. http://www.echoet.org/cotet/100uderutilized/ 802 2009. Wog, W.. Gardeig with Wilso - Gettig to kow Sauropus adrogus. http://gardeigwithwilso.com/2009/05/28/sauro pus-adrogus/ Seeds are viable for ol 3-4 moths whe kept dr ad cool. Eve while seeds are still viable, germiatio will be probabl 50% at best. Seeds should be removed just as the seedpod is begiig to crack ope. Germiatio will be higher if the seed coats are pulled off just prior to platig. Seeds should germiate i 2-4 weeks, but the ma take up to 5 moths. We grow katuk as edible hedges aroud the ECHO farm. We have oticed that some seeds that have falle aroud these hedges have sprouted o their ow. Seeds of this plat are ot available commerciall ad the are documeted to remai viable for ol a few moths 803 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. No iformatio foud o the cotrol of this species 804 2009. Wog, W.. Gardeig with Wilso - Gettig to kow Sauropus adrogus. http://gardeigwithwilso.com/2009/05/28/sauro pus-adrogus/ 805 2005. Staples, G. W./Herbst, D. R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. It takes pruig back quite well ad puts forth umerous ew, upright braches quickl whe it is well-fed. It seems to have o isect pests or disease problems i Hawaii. Prit Date: 6/10/2010 Sauropus adrogus (Euphorbiaceae) Page 7 of 7