Famil: Acathaceae Taxo: Thubergia fragras Som: Flemigia gradiflora Roxb. Ex Rottler Thubergia volubilis Pers. Commo Name white thubergia white lad Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Patti Clifford Desigatio: H(HPWRA) Data Etr Perso: Patti Clifford WRA Score 9 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, =-1 103 Does the species have weed races? =1, =-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, =-1 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 Prit Date: 10/11/2010 Thubergia fragras (Acathaceae) Page 1 of 6
412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, =-1 603 Hbridizes aturall =1, =-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic =1, =-1 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, =-1 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 1 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, =-1 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, =-1 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, =-1 705 Propagules water dispersed =1, =-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed =1, =-1 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, =-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, =-1 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, =-1 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, =-1 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, =-1 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 9 Prit Date: 10/11/2010 Thubergia fragras (Acathaceae) Page 2 of 6
Supportig Data: 101 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. No evidece. 201 2010. USDA, ARS, Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN) [Olie Database]. Natioal Germplasm Resources Laborator, Bethesda, Marlad 202 2010. USDA, ARS, Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN) [Olie Database]. Natioal Germplasm Resources Laborator, Bethesda, Marlad 203 1983. Haselwood, E.L./Motter, G.G./Hirao, R.T. (eds.). Hadbook of Hawaiia weeds. Uiversit of Hawaii Press, Hoolulu 203 1999. Gilma, E.F.. Thubergia fragras. Fact Sheet FPS -579:.Evirometal Horticulture Departmet, Florida Cooperative Extesio Service, Istitute of Food ad Agricultural Scieces, Uiversit of Florida, http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/database/documets/ 203 2009. Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: White Lad, Sweet Clock-Vie Thubergia fragras. Dave's Garde, http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/2756/ 204 1991. Smith, A.C.. Flora Vitiesis ova: a ew flora of Fiji Volume 5. Natioal Tropical Botaical Garde, Lawai 204 2002. Tseg, Y.-H./Ou, C.-H.. Thubergia fragras Roxb. (Acathaceae): a ewl aturalized plat i Taiwa. Edemic Species Research. 4: 59-62.http://wwwdb.tesri.gov.tw/protect/UpLoadPic/0 27017472/02701747259/02701747259_pdf.pdf 204 2010. USDA, ARS, Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN) [Olie Database]. Natioal Germplasm Resources Laborator, Bethesda, Marlad 205 2000. Whistler, W.A.. Tropical Orametals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portlad, OR 301 1991. Smith, A.C.. Flora Vitiesis ova: a ew flora of Fiji Volume 5. Natioal Tropical Botaical Garde, Lawai 301 2002. Tseg, Y.-H./Ou, C.-H.. Thubergia fragras Roxb. (Acathaceae): a ewl aturalized plat i Taiwa. Edemic Species Research. 4: 59-62.http://wwwdb.tesri.gov.tw/protect/UpLoadPic/0 27017472/02701747259/02701747259_pdf.pdf 302 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 303 1997. Nishimoto, R.K.. Herbicide optios for weed cotrol i papaa. Itegrated Pest Maagemet Reviews. 2: 109-111. 305 2003. Weber, E.. Ivasive Plat Species of the World. A Referece Guide to Evirometal Weeds.. CABI Publishig, Walligford, UK Native to: Asia Temperate - Chia ; Asia Tropical - Bhuta, Idia, Nepal, Sri Laka, Idochia, Mamar. Native to: Asia Temperate - Chia ; Asia Tropical - Bhuta, Idia, Nepal, Sri Laka, Idochia, Mamar. Foud from sea-level to 4,000 feet i Hawaii. USDA Zoes 10-11. USDA hardiess zoes 10b (to 1.7 C (35 F), 11: above 4.5 (40 F). Naturalized i Fiji alog roadsides, thickets ad cocout platatios. Naturalized i areas of Taiwa. Native to: Asia Temperate - Chia ; Asia Tropical - Bhuta, Idia, Nepal, Sri Laka, Idochia, Mamar. Widel cultivated i the tropics ad subtropics. Naturalized i Fiji alog roadsides, thickets ad cocout platatios. Naturalized i areas of Taiwa. Listed as a cultivatio escape o The Global Compedium of Weeds, but o evidece of cotrol. Glphosate has provided cotrol of Thubergia fragras i agricultural fields of papaa. Thubergia gradiflora ivades forests ad forest edges, riparia habitats ad coastal areas. A vigorous climber, spreads mail b stolos, developig a extesive tuberous root sstem. Dese ifestatios ca kill host trees. Imazapr is a effective herbicide. Prit Date: 10/11/2010 Thubergia fragras (Acathaceae) Page 3 of 6
305 2009. Departmet of Emplomet, Ecoomic Developmet ad Iovatio Queeslad Govermet. Thubergia gradiflora. Departmet of Emplomet, Ecoomic Developmet ad Iovatio Queeslad Govermet, Thubergia gradiflora is highl ivasive to ative vegetatio ad raiforests i Queeslad. It degrades creek ad river baks. 401 2000. Whistler, W.A.. Tropical Orametals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portlad, OR 402 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow. 403 2000. Whistler, W.A.. Tropical Orametals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portlad, OR "Vie, herbaceous, twiig. Leaves simple, opposite, blade ovate to arrowheadshaped, usuall 5-12 cm log (2-5 i). Flowers cotiuousl throughout the ear; flowers solitar or paired, axillar o a log stalk with a pair of leaf bracts below, ot fragrat. Corolla of fused petals, salverform, tube 2-3 cm log (3/4-1 1/4 i), with a spreadig five-lobed limb 4-6 cm across (1 5/8-2 1/2 i), white. Fruit a subglobose capsule with a exteded termial beak to 2 cm log (3/4 i)" "Vie, herbaceous, twiig. Leaves simple, opposite, blade ovate to arrowheadshaped, usuall 5-12 cm log (2-5 i). Flowers cotiuousl throughout the ear; flowers solitar or paired, axillar o a log stalk with a pair of leaf bracts below, ot fragrat. Corolla of fused petals, salverform, tube 2-3 cm log (3/4-1 1/4 i), with a spreadig five-lobed limb 4-6 cm across (1 5/8-2 1/2 i), white. Fruit a subglobose capsule with a exteded termial beak to 2 cm log (3/4 i)" 404 2004. Daiel, T.F.. Acathaceae of Soora: Nearl all Acathaceae are palatable to aimals. I Soora, Mexico, taxoom ad phtogeograph. Proceedigs of Acathaceae serve as browse for both ative aimals ad livestock. the Califoria Academ of Scieces. 55: 690-805. 404 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow 405 2010. Natioal Ceter for Biotecholog Iformatio. PubMed. U.S. Natioal Librar of Medicie, Bethesda, Marlad http://www.cbi.lm.ih.gov/sites/etrez 405 2010. Specialized Iformatio Services, U.S. Natioal Librar of Medicie. TOXNET Toxicolog Data Network [Olie Database]. Natioal Istitutes of Health, http://toxet.lm.ih.gov/ 406 1999. Gilma, E.F.. Thubergia fragras. Fact Sheet FPS -579:.Evirometal Horticulture Departmet, Florida Cooperative Extesio Service, Istitute of Food ad Agricultural Scieces, Uiversit of Florida, http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/database/documets/ 407 2009. Pollelibrar. Allerges ad plat research b locatio. SDI Health LLC, www.pollelibrar.com 407 2010. Natioal Ceter for Biotecholog Iformatio. PubMed. U.S. Natioal Librar of Medicie, Bethesda, Marlad http://www.cbi.lm.ih.gov/sites/etrez 407 2010. Specialized Iformatio Services, U.S. Natioal Librar of Medicie. TOXNET Toxicolog Data Network [Olie Database]. Natioal Istitutes of Health, http://toxet.lm.ih.gov/ 408 2000. Whistler, W.A.. Tropical Orametals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portlad, OR 409 2009. Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: White Lad, Sweet Clock-Vie Thubergia fragras. Dave's Garde, http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/2756/ No allergies or toxicit foud i PubMed. No evidece of toxicit i ToxNet. Not usuall affected b pests. No allergies to polle i literature. No allergies or toxicit foud i PubMed. No evidece of toxicit i ToxNet. "Vie, herbaceous, twiig. Leaves simple, opposite, blade ovate to arrowheadshaped, usuall 5-12 cm log (2-5 i). Flowers cotiuousl throughout the ear; flowers solitar or paired, axillar o a log stalk with a pair of leaf bracts below, ot fragrat. Corolla of fused petals, salverform, tube 2-3 cm log (3/4-1 1/4 i), with a spreadig five-lobed limb 4-6 cm across (1 5/8-2 1/2 i), white. Fruit a subglobose capsule with a exteded termial beak to 2 cm log (3/4 i)" Full su. Prit Date: 10/11/2010 Thubergia fragras (Acathaceae) Page 4 of 6
410 1999. Gilma, E.F.. Thubergia fragras. Fact Sheet FPS -579:.Evirometal Horticulture Departmet, Florida Cooperative Extesio Service, Istitute of Food ad Agricultural Scieces, Uiversit of Florida, http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/database/documets/ 410 2009. Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: White Lad, Sweet Clock-Vie Thubergia fragras. Dave's Garde, http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/2756/ 411 2009. Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: White Lad, Sweet Clock-Vie Thubergia fragras. Dave's Garde, http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/2756/ 412 2009. Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: White Lad, Sweet Clock-Vie Thubergia fragras. Dave's Garde, http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/2756/ 501 2000. Whistler, W.A.. Tropical Orametals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portlad, OR 502 2010. USDA, ARS, Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN) [Olie Database]. Natioal Germplasm Resources Laborator, Bethesda, Marlad Soil toleraces: acidic; alkalie; sad; loam; cla Soil ph requiremets: 6.1 to 6.5 (mildl acidic), 6.6 to 7.5 (eutral), 7.6 to 7.8 (mildl alkalie). Vie. Vie. Terrestrial. "Vie, herbaceous, twiig. Leaves simple, opposite, blade ovate to arrowhead-shaped, usuall 5-12 cm log (2-5 i). Flowers cotiuousl throughout the ear; flowers solitar or paired, axillar o a log stalk with a pair of leaf bracts below, ot fragrat. Corolla of fused petals, salverform, tube 2-3 cm log (3/4-1 1/4 i), with a spreadig five-lobed limb 4-6 cm across (1 5/8-2 1/2 i), white. Fruit a subglobose capsule with a exteded termial beak to 2 cm log (3/4 i)" Acathaceae. 503 2010. www.atiomaster.com. Ecclopedia Nitroge fixatio. Natiomaster.com, http://www.atiomaster.com/ecclopedia/nitrog e-fixatio Acathaceae. 504 2000. Whistler, W.A.. Tropical Orametals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portlad, OR 601 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. No evidece. 602 2008. Liu, K./Eastwood, R. J./Fl, S./Turer, R. M./Stupp, W. H.. Seed Iformatio Database (release 7.1, Ma 2008). http://www.kew.org/data/sid 602 2009. Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: White Lad, Sweet Clock-Vie Thubergia fragras. Dave's Garde, http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/2756/ 603 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow. 604 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow. Terrestrial. "Vie, herbaceous, twiig. Leaves simple, opposite, blade ovate to arrowhead-shaped, usuall 5-12 cm log (2-5 i). Flowers cotiuousl throughout the ear; flowers solitar or paired, axillar o a log stalk with a pair of leaf bracts below, ot fragrat. Corolla of fused petals, salverform, tube 2-3 cm log (3/4-1 1/4 i), with a spreadig five-lobed limb 4-6 cm across (1 5/8-2 1/2 i), white. Fruit a subglobose capsule with a exteded termial beak to 2 cm log (3/4 i)" Orthodox seeds. Viable after 2-3 ears i commercial storage facilit. Propagatio from seed, softwood cuttigs ad laerig. 605 1974. Percival, M.. Floral ecolog of coastal scrub i Southeast Jamaica. Biotropica. 6: 104-129. Flowers of Thubergia fragras were visited throughout the dalight hours b two species of ative isects ad b o-atives species of Thsaoptera. There was a good percetage of seedset of the flowers followig visitatio. Prit Date: 10/11/2010 Thubergia fragras (Acathaceae) Page 5 of 6
605 2007. Schmidt-Lebuh, A.N./Schwerdtfeger, M./Kessler, M./Lohaus, G.. Phlogeetic costraits vs. ecolog i the ectar compositio of Acathaceae. Flora-Morpholog, Distributio, Fuctioal Ecolog of Plats. 202: 62-69. 606 2003. Starr, F./Starr, K./Loope, L.. Thubergia fragras sweet clock vie Acathaceae. USGS - Biological Resources Haleakala Field Statio Maui, 606 2009. Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: White Lad, Sweet Clock-Vie Thubergia fragras. Dave's Garde, http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/2756/ 607 1999. Gilma, E.F.. Thubergia fragras. Fact Sheet FPS -579:.Evirometal Horticulture Departmet, Florida Cooperative Extesio Service, Istitute of Food ad Agricultural Scieces, Uiversit of Florida, http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/database/documets/ 701 2000. Whistler, W.A.. Tropical Orametals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portlad, OR 702 2000. Whistler, W.A.. Tropical Orametals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portlad, OR 702 2003. Starr, F./Starr, K./Loope, L.. Thubergia fragras sweet clock vie Acathaceae. USGS - Biological Resources Haleakala Field Statio Maui, "Nectar compositio ad cocetratio were aalzed for 75 samples of 70 species of Acathaceae represetig all major itrafamiliar groups. Aalses of variace were coducted to test for sigificat differeces betwee polliatio sdromes ad betwee taxoomical or phlogeetic groups ( geera). The available data idicate that the characteristics of ectar i Acathaceae are predomiatl determied b adaptatio to eeds of the polliators rather tha b phlogeetic costraits." Thubergia fragras was categorized as havig a sphigophilous (moth) polliatio sdrome. Propagated b seeds, cuttigs ad fragmets of stems ad roots. Propagatio from seed, softwood cuttigs ad laerig. Growth rate: fast. Not likel. Fruit a subglobose capsule with a exteded termial beak to 2 cm log (3/4 i)" Widel cultivated i the tropics ad subtropics. 703 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Not grow with produce or ha. "T. fragras is spread log distaces b people who use the plat as a orametal. T. fragras readil spreads b seeds ad cuttigs to moist lowlad disturbed areas i Hawai'i." 704 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. No adaptatio for wid dispersal. (1) Fruit a subglobose capsule with a exteded termial beak to 2 cm log (3/4 i)" 705 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. No adaptatio for water dispersal. (1) Fruit a subglobose capsule with a exteded termial beak to 2 cm log (3/4 i)" 706 2000. Whistler, W.A.. Tropical Orametals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portlad, OR 707 2000. Whistler, W.A.. Tropical Orametals: A Guide. Timber Press, Portlad, OR 708 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow. 801 1998. Wasshause, D.C.. Acathaceae of the Southeaster Uited States. Castaea. 63: 99-116. 802 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow. 803 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow. 804 1999. Gilma, E.F.. Thubergia fragras. Fact Sheet FPS -579:.Evirometal Horticulture Departmet, Florida Cooperative Extesio Service, Istitute of Food ad Agricultural Scieces, Uiversit of Florida, http://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/database/documets/ 805 2010. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow. No adaptatio for bird dispersal (such as flesh berr). (1) Fruit a subglobose capsule with a exteded termial beak to 2 cm log (3/4 i)" No meas of exteral attachmet. (1) Fruit a subglobose capsule with a exteded termial beak to 2 cm log (3/4 i)" Fruit a 2-valved loculicidal capsule. Seeds 2 i each valve (geera descriptio). Flowers ear roud. Thubergia fragras will ru wild if ot prued back. Prit Date: 10/11/2010 Thubergia fragras (Acathaceae) Page 6 of 6