Reprt f Prgress791 1 9 9 6 Prductin and Pstharvest Evaluatins f Fresh-Cut Penies Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Statin and Cperative Extensin Service
1996 PRODUCTION AND POSTHARVEST EVALUATIONS OF FRESH-CUT PEONIES Karen L.B. Gast, Ph.D., Department f Hrticulture, Frestry and Recreatin Resurces Kansas State University In the fall f 1992, a cultivar trial f peny plants (Paenia lactiflra) was established at the Kansas State University Hrticulture Research Center, Manhattan, KS, t determine which cultivars wuld prduce gd fresh-cut flwers. Since then, new cultivars have been added, s the planting nw includes 72 different cultivars (Table 1). The cultivar trial plts include five plants set 0.91 m apart within the beds. Beds are 0.91 m-wide with 1.22 m-wide grass aisles between them. In additin t the yield and harvest date data, flwers frm these trials were used fr pstharvest evaluatins studies. In 1993, a cmmercial-size trial was established f the cultivar Shawnee Chief, a red duble. The initial planting included three beds 0.91 m wide with 1.22 m-wide grass aisles between them. Plants were set in duble rws in the beds with 0.61 m between the duble rws and 0.91 m between plants in the rws. Beds were 32 m lng with a ttal f 70 plants per bed. In the fall f 1995, seven mre beds were established in the same manner. Fur f these beds cntain Shawnee Chief, and three f them cntain Snw Muntain, a white bmb-type. Flwers frm the initial beds f Shawnee Chief were used fr prestrage treatment studies. Table 1. Peny cultivars included in planting at the Hrticulture Research Center -- Manhattan, KS, 1996. RED Apache Cherry Bmb Cmanche David Harum Felix Cruse Felix Supreme Grver Cleveland Harry Richardsn Henry Bcktce Judy Becker Kansas Karl Rsenfield Lra Dexheimer Luis van Hutte Mnsieur Martin Cahuzac Mntezuma Peter Brand Philippe Rivire Descriptin Single, dark red, early mid-seasn Bmb, deep red, early mid-seasn Japanese, dark rse wine, early mid-seasn Duble, light crimsn, mid-seasn Duble, brilliant ruby red, mid-seasn Duble, rich ruby red, mid-seasn Duble, deep crimsn, late seasn Duble, rich carmine red, very late seasn Duble, true red, early mid-seasn Duble, rich dark red, late mid-seasn Duble, bright red, early seasn Duble, brilliant crimsn, mid-seasn Duble, bright crimsn, mid-seasn Duble, dark red, late mid-seasn Duble, very dark red, early mid-seasn Single, crimsn, early seasn Duble, very dark red, early mid-seasn Bmb, very dark crimsn, mid-seasn 1
Table 1. Peny cultivars included in planting at the Hrticulture Research Center -- Manhattan, KS, 1996. (cnt d) Raspberry Ice Red Charm Richard Carvel Shawnee Chief WHITE Bridal Icing Bridal Shwer Capital Dme Clud Cap DH1460 Dr. F.G. Brethur Duchess de Nemurs Elsa Sass Festiva Supreme Festiva Maxima Henry Sass Leading Lady Lullaby Madame de Vernville Snw Muntain Spellbinder 69A PINK Armistice Barness Schreder Better Times Dris Cper Edulis Superba Grace Batsn Hermine James Pillw Jayhawker Lady Kate Mister Ed Mnsieur Jules Elie Mrs. Franklin D. Rsevelt Ozark Beauty Raspberry Sundae Reine Hrtense Descriptin Bmb, raspberry red/silver, early seasn Bmb, duble, dark red, early mid-seasn Duble, bright crimsn, early seasn Duble, dark red, mid-seasn Bmb, pure white, mid-seasn Bmb, pure white, mid-seasn Bmb, pure white, mid-seasn Duble, pure white, mid-seasn Duble, pure white, mid-seasn Duble, creamy center, late-seasn Duble, light yellw center, early seasn Duble, pinkish cast, late seasn Duble, crimsn flecks, mid-seasn Duble, crimsn flecks, early seasn Duble, pure white, late mid-seasn Duble, pure white, late seasn Duble, blush t white, late seasn Bmb, blush center, early seasn Bmb, pure white, late seasn Single, pure white, mid-seasn Bmb, ivry white, early seasn Duble, rse pink, late mid-seasn Duble, very light pink/blush, late mid-seasn Duble, deep rse pink, late mid-seasn Duble, light pink, late seasn Duble, ld rse pink, early seasn Duble, medium pink, late mid-seasn Duble, light pink, late mid-seasn Duble, light pink, late seasn Bmb, sft pink, early seasn Duble, sparkling pink, very late seasn Bmb, sft pink, early seasn Bmb, medium pink, early mid-seasn Duble, sft rse pink, mid-seasn Duble, radiant pink, late seasn Duble, light creamy pink, mid-seasn Duble, light pink, crimsn flecks, mid-seasn 2
Table 1. Peny cultivars included in planting at the Hrticulture Research Center -- Manhattan, KS, 1996. (cnt d) Rmance Rse Pearl Sarah Bernhardt Slange Suvenir de Luis Bigt Therese Walter Faxn Westerner Wrinkles and Krinkles CORAL Cral Fay Cral n Gld Lvely Rse Mrs. Livingstn Farand Orange Lace BICOLOR Candy Heart Lis Kelsey Lrd Cavin Descriptin Japanese, dark pink with yellw center, mid-seasn Duble, medium pink, mid-late seasn Duble, apple blssm pink, late seasn Duble, buff with salmn pink center, late seasn Duble, rse pink/shell pink, mid-seasn Duble, ld rse pink, mid seasn Duble, shell pink, mid-seasn Japanese, sft pink, mid-seasn Duble, deep rse pink, late mid-seasn Single, ht rse cral, early seasn Single, range cral, early seasn Single, cral pink, very early seasn Duble, cral pink, late seasn Japanese, pink with range center, mid-seasn Duble, white with red stripes, mid-late seasn Semi-duble, white with red stripes, mid-seasn Duble, creamy pink with red stripes, mid-seasn Yield and Harvest Perid Evaluatin Full prductin usually des nt ccur until the fifth year. Only a minimal harvest can be taken in the third year. Yield data are given nly fr thse cultivars in their third year r mre (Table 2). Harvest perids are included fr all cultivars that blmed in 1996. Single types blmed much earlier than the dubles and bmbs. Early cultivars blmed in time fr Memrial Day, the majr market fr peny flwers in Kansas. Because n late freeze ccurred cldtemperature damage t the flwer buds was minr.. Table 2. Peny harvest perid and yield at the Hrticulture Research Center -- Manhattan, KS, 1996. Year Harvest Perid Yield* Clr s Planted (dates) (flwers per plant) RED Apache 1995 19 May-24 May ---- Cherry Bmb 1993 25 May-31May 2.2 Cmanche 1995 23 May-26 May ---- David Harum 1992 21 May-26 May 7.8 Felix Cruse 1992 21 May-31 May 11.6 Harry Richardsn 1993 25 May -1 June 2 Henry Bcktce 1994 22 May-24 May ----- 3
Table 2. Peny harvest perid and yield at the Hrticulture Research Center -- Manhattan, KS, 1996. (cnt d) Year Harvest Perid Yield* Clr s Planted (dates) (flwers per plant) RED Judy Becker 1992 24 May-25 May 2.2 Kansas 1992 18 May-3 June 7 Karl Rsenfield 1992 18 May-30 May 9.8 Lra Dexheimer 1992 21 May-29 May 8.2 Lrd Cavin 1994 25 May-31 May ----- Luis van Hutte 1993 24 May-3 June 3.4 Mntezuma 1994 18 May ----- Mn. Martin Cahuzac 1992 22 May-3 June 4.8 Peter Brand 1994 18 May ----- Philippe Rivire 1992 25 May-3 June 7.8 Raspberry Ice 1994 18 May-25 May ----- Red Charm 1993 21 May-27 May 2 Richard Carvel 1992 20 May-31 May 15.2 Shawnee Chief 1992 23 May-3 June 11.4 PINK Armistice 1993 27 May-3 June 1.8 Barness Schreder 1992 26 May-4 June 1.8 Better Times 1993 24 May-1 June 4.4 Cral Fay 1994 9 May-15 May ----- Cral n Gld 1994 16 May-18 May ---- Dris Cper/Lady Kate 1992 31 May-4 June 2.6 Edulis Superba 1992 18 May-3 June 16.2 Grace Batsn 1992 25 May-3 June 3.4 Hermine 1993 28 May-3 June 2.2 James Pillw 1992 24 May-3 June 7 Jayhawker 1993 23 May-3 June 2.2 Lvely Rse 1995 20 May ---- Mister Ed. 1992 18 May-25 May 7.6 Mnsieur Jules Elie 1992 18 May-3 June 7.4 Mrs. F.D. Rsevelt 1992 24 May-31 May 4.2 Orange Lace 1994 10 May-16 May ---- Ozark Beauty 1993 24 May-3 June 5.2 Raspberry Sundae 1992 21 May-3 June 3 Reine Hrtense 1992 24 May-31 May 5.8 Rmance 1995 17 May-22 May ----- Sarah Bernhardt 1992 26 May-31 May 3.8 Suvenir de Luis Bigt 1992 23 May-25 May 1.2 Slange 1995 28 May ----- Therese 1992 18 May-1 June 9.6 4
Table 2. 1996 Peny harvest perid and the yield at Hrticulture Research Center -- Manhattan, KS, 1996. (cnt d) Year Harvest Perid Yield* Clr s Planted (dates) (flwers per plant) Walter Faxn 1992 22 May-1 June 9.6 Westerner 1993 24 May-3 June ---- Wrinkles and Krinkles 1993 25 May-1 June 3.2 WHITE 69A 1992 18 May-3 June 10.4 DH 1460 1995 24 May ----- Bridal Icing 1994 23 May-31 May ---- Candy Heart 1994 25 May-3 June ----- Capitl Dme 1993 21 May-24 May ---- Dr. F.G. Brethur 1992 22 May-4 June 6.2 Duchess de Nemurs 1994 25 May-31 May ----- Elsa Sass 1993 29 May-3 June 0.6 Festiva Supreme 1992 23 May-31 May 4.8 Festiva Maxima 1992 17 May-25 May 9.6 Henry Sass 1992 18 May-4 June 6.8 Leading Lady 1993 31 May-1 June 0.4 Lis Kelsey 1992 17 May-30 May 5 Mme. de Vernville 1994 24 May-3 June ---- Snw Muntain 1995 18 May-29 May ----- Spellbinder 1995 23 May-24 May ----- * N yield data are listed fr cultivars less than 3 years ld. Harvest and Handling fr Psthavest Evaluatins Peny flwers were harvested at least nce a day and smetimes twice a day t find them at the clred, sft bud stage. When temperatures were abve 80 F, harvesting flwers at this minimum stage f maturity was ften difficult, because flwer pening is temperature dependent. Stems were cut at least 35 cm lng, bunched with rubber bands by cultivar, and labeled. Flwers then were transprted t the labratry fr srting and grading fr the varius pstharvest studies. These studies included initial vase life, vase life after varius perids f cld strage, and pretreatment befre lng-term strage. Fr all pstharvest evaluatins, leaves n the bttm 2/3 f the stem were remved. Stems were recut underwater t remve apprximately 2.5 cm and maintain at least a 30 cm stem length. Five stems then were placed in labeled 0.8-liter glass jars with 0.6 liters f municipal tap water. Water was added as needed t maintain the initial level. Each cultivar evaluatin, unless therwise nted, had three replicatins. Vase life was cnsidered at an end when the petals drpped r were wilted. Flwers were held under simulated 2 cnsumer cnditins, 20 C and light levels f 15.1 µml/sec/m. Fr initial vase life studies, flwers were set up fr evaluatin within 24 hurs f harvest. If flwers were nt handled immediately, they were placed in cld strage at 4 C fr n mre than 24 hurs. Fr lng-term strage, the srting and grading prcess included bunching the flwers by fives with rubber bands; labeling the bunches with cultivar name and date; and placing the bunches in 2-galln, plastic, self- 5
sealing bags. The bagged flwers then were placed in cld strage at 2 +1 C. Bunches were remved frm strage at prescribed times. Prestrage Treatment Evaluatin The bjective was t determine whether the prestrage treatments wuld extend the vase life and strage life f peny flwers. Shawnee Chief flwers frm the cmmercial blck were given fur prestrage treatments and then held in cld strage frm 2 t 14 weeks with samples remved every 2 weeks, giving ttal f eight strage treatments. The prestrage treatments were hlding the flwers in 1) water, 2) flral preservative, r 3) sucrse fr 2 hurs prir t strage and 4) a cntrl f n hlding slutin. After the applicatin f the prestrage treatment, the flwers were placed in 2 galln, plastic, self-sealing bags and stred at 2 +1 C. Pstharvest Life Evaluatins f Fresh-Cut Peny Flwers Tables 3, 4, and 5 reprt the results f the evaluatins immediately after harvest. The cultivars listed in Tables 3 and 4 had enugh flwers s statistical analysis culd be perfrmed t determine which have lnger vase life. The cultivars listed in Table 5 had less flwers than required fr statistical analysis. They are included t give the grwer an idea fr their pssible vase life. Althugh nt reprted here, fresh weights were taken daily fr each flwer during the vase life evaluatin. This extra handling may be the reasn that a majrity f the cultivars evaluated this year had vase lives 1 t 3 days shrter than thse reprted fr 1995. Open flwer diameter was measured. Flwer size is a factr in determining what cultivars t select fr prductin. The specific use fr the flwers will determine which size is desirable. Access t this infrmatin will help grwers during the cultivar selectin prcess. White s -- The ranking f the cultivars was similar t that fr the previus seasn, 1995, except Lis Kelsey perfrmed better this year. Tw new white cultivars included this year, Snw Muntain and 69A, were amng the tp cultivars. Distinct differences in flwer size ccurred amng the cultivars. This gives the grwer a chice f gd perfrming cultivars f varying flwer size. Red s -- The ranking f the cultivars was similar t that fr the previus seasn, 1995. A new cultivar Luis van Hutte perfrmed prly cmpared t the thers. Flwers with gd vase life had a wide range f sizes. Pink s -- James Pillw and Mister Ed again tpped the rankings fr pink penies. Sarah Bernhardt, a standard in the marketplace, did better this year than last year and ranked third. As with the ther clrs, a wide range f diameters is available in flwers with gd vase life. Table 3. Vase life f fresh-cut peny flwers immediately after harvest, 1996. WHITE Snw Muntain Henry Sass Lis Kelsey Festiva Supreme 69A Dr. F.G. Brethur Festiva Maxima Vase Life*(days) 6.5 a 6.4 a 6.1 a 6.1 a 6.0 ab 5.9 ab 5.1 b 6
Table 3. Vase life f fresh-cut peny flwers immediately after harvest, 1996. (cnt d) RED Philippe Rivire David Harum Felix Cruse Felix Supreme Karl Rsenfield Richard Carvel Vase Life*(days) 7.7 a 6.9 ab 6.7 abc 6.6 abc 6.1 bcd 5.8 bcde Kansas 5.5 cde Shawnee Chief 5.1 def Lra Dexheimer 4.8 ef Luis van Hutte 4.1 fg Mnsieur Martin Cahuzac 3.5 g PINK James Pillw Mister Ed Sarah Bernhardt Raspberry Sundae Better Times Ozark Beauty Mnsieur Jules Elie Mrs. F. D. Rsevelt 6.9 a 6.4 ab 6.3 abc 6.0 abcd 5.9 abcd 5.9 abcd 5.8 bcd 5.7 bcd Edulis Superba 5.3 cd Walter Faxn 5.2 d Wrinkles and Krinkles 4.2 e Therese 4.0 e Orange Lace 3.3 e *Means f three replicatins f five flwers each. Means, by flwer clr, fllwed by different letters are significantly different at the 5.0% level f prbability. Table 4. Diameter f pen fresh-cut peny flwers immediately after harvest, 1996. WHITE Henry Sass Dr. F. G. Brethur Festiva Maxima Felix Supreme Snw Muntain 69A Lis Kelsey Flwer Diameter* (in.) 6.1 a 5.7 a 5.7 a 5.6 a 4.7 b 4.5 b 4.5 b 7
Table 4. Diameter f pen fresh-cut peny flwers immediately after harvest, 1996. (cnt d) RED Felix Supreme David Harum Felix Cruse Kansas Mnsieur Martin Cahuzac Richard Carvel Shawnee Chief Flwer Diameter* (in.) 5.8 a 5.2 b 5.1 b 5.0 bc 4.9 bc 4.9 bc 4.8 bc Lra Dexheimer 4.5 c Luis van Hutte 3.9 d Philippe Rivire 3.9 d Karl Rsenfield 3.7 d PINK Mister Ed James Pillw Mrs. F.D. Rsevelt Walter Faxn 6.3 a 6.1 ab 5.5 bc 5.5 bc Raspberry Sundae 5.5 cd Reine Hrtense 5.3 cd Better Times 5.2 cd Therese 5.2 cd Mnsieur Jules Elie 5.0 cd Wrinkles and Krinkles 4.9 cde Edulis Superba 4.7 def Orange Lace 4.3 ef Ozark Beauty 4.3 ef Sarah Bernhardt 4.0 f *Means f three replicatins f five flwers each. Means, by flwer clr, fllwed by different letters are significantly different at the 5.0% level f prbability. Table 5. Vase life immediately after harvest f fresh-cut peny flwers f selected cultivars. Plants did nt yield enugh flwers fr statistical analysis, 1996. RED Apache 4.6 (5)* Cherry Bmb 6.3 (4) Cmanche 5.6 (7) Grver Cleveland 6.8 (4) Henry Bcktce 6.0 (2) Vase Life (days) 8
Table 5. Vase life immediately after harvest f fresh-cut peny flwers f selected cultivars. Plants did nt yield enugh flwers fr statistical analysis, 1996. (cnt d) Harry Richardsn 5.0 (3) Judy Becker 5.9 (7) Lrd Cavin 7.0 (4) Peter Brand 6.0 (3) Raspberry Ice 6.6 (5) Red Charm 5.1 (10) PINK/CORAL Armistice 5.5 (2) Cral Fay 3.4 (5) Cral n Gld 3.4 (11) Dris Cper/Lady Kate 5.4 (10) Grace Batsn 5.7 (11) Hermine 5.8 (9) Jayhawker 6.2 (9) Lvely Rse 6.0 (2) Rmance 5.0 (2) Rse Pearl 6.3 (4) Suvenir de Luis Bigt 6.0 (6) Slange 5.0 (1) Westerner 5.3 (6) WHITE Bridal Icing 4.5 (4) Bridal Shwer 6.0 (4) Capitl Dme 6.3 (3) Candy Heart 6.0 (1) Duchess de Nemurs 4.0 (2) Elsa Sass 6.0 (1) Madame de Vernville 5.5 (2) Spellbinder 5.7 (3) Vase Life (days) *Vase life is the mean f the number f flwers in parentheses. Extended Strage Evaluatins (Tables 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10) White s -- 69A and Festiva Maxima sustained the same vase life after 1 week f cld strage whereas Henry Sass and Festiva Supreme did nt (Table 3 and 6). Five weeks appears t be the maximum strage perid fr Festiva Maxima. Extended strage did nt seem t affect the flwer diameter f this cultivar until after 6 weeks strage. Red s -- The 1 week evaluatin rankings were similar t thse immediately after harvest (Table 3 and 6). Hwever, Philippe Rivire did nt sustain that high level f perfrmance after 2 weeks f strage (Table 7). 9
Pink s -- James Pillw cntinued t rank first after 1 week f strage (Table 6). Mister Ed declined in perfrmance after strage. Fur t five weeks appears t be the maximum strage time fr Edulis Superba, after five week the flwers did nt pen as much as befre (Table 8). Table 6. Vase life and diameter f fresh-cut peny flwers stred fr 1 week at 2 C, 1996. Vase Life*(days) Flwer Diameter* (in.) PINK James Pillw 5.7 a 5.9 a Edulis Superba 5.4 ab 4.7 c Therese 5.0 bc 5.4 abc Raspberry Sundae 4.9 bc 5.7 ab Mister Ed 4.8 bc 5.9 a Walter Faxn 4.5 c 5.0 bc RED Philippe Rivire 6.0 a 4.5 c Felix Cruse 5.8 ab 5.1 b Richard Carvel 5.4 bc 4.3 c Felix Supreme 5.3 c 5.9 a WHITE 69A 5.8 a 5.2 b Henry Sass 5.4 a 6.0 a Festiva Maxima 4.8 b 5.9 a Festiva Supreme 4.5 b 5.8 a *Means f three replicatins f five flwers each. Means, by flwer clr, fllwed by different letters are significantly different at the 5.0% level f prbability. Table 7. Vase life and diameter f fresh-cut peny flwers stred fr 2 week at 2 C, 1996. Vase Life*(days) Flwer Diameter* (in.) PINK Edulis Superba 4.9 a 4.4 a Walter Faxn 4.0 b 3.7 b RED Felix Supreme 5.9 a 5.2 a Philippe Rivire 4.8 b 4.1 b Richard Carvel 4.6 b 4.0 b *Means f three replicatins f five flwers each. Means, by flwer clr, fllwed by different letters are significantly different at the 5.0% level f prbability. 10
Table 8. Vase life and diameter f fresh-cut peny flwers stred fr 3 week at 2 C. Vase life* (days) Flwer Diameter* (in.) Edulis Superba (pink) 5.0 a 4.9 a Festiva Maxima (white) 4.0 b 5.4 a Richard Carvel (red) 3.5 b 3.9 b *Means f three replicatins f five flwers each. Means fllwed by different letters are significantly different at the 5.0% level f prbability. Table 9. Vase life and diameter f fresh-cut Edulis Superba peny flwers stred at 2 C fr 0-6 weeks, 1996. Weeks Vase Life* (days) Diameter* (in.) 0 5.3 ab 4.7 ab 1 5.4 a 4.7 ab 2 5.1 ab 4.5 ab 3 5.0 b 4.9 a 4 4.0 c 4.9 a 5 3.7 c 4.4 b *Means f three replicatins f five flwers each. Means fllwed by different letters are significantly different at the 5.0% level f prbability. Table 10. Vase life and diameter f fresh-cut Festiva Maxima peny flwers stred at 2 C fr 0-6 weeks. Week Vase Life* (days) Flwer Diameter* (in.) 0 5.1 a 5.7 a 1 4.8 a 5.9 a 2 4.3 b 5.5 a 3 4.0 b 5.4 a 4 4.0 b 5.5 a 5 4.0 b 5.7 a 6 1.9 c 4.7 b *Means f three replicatins f five flwers each. Means fllwed by different letters are significantly different at the 5.0% level f prbability. Prestrage Treatment Evaluatins The results shwed that nne f the prestrage treatments affected perfrmance f the flwers during the first 8 weeks f strage. Initially, hydrating the flwers with water gave the lngest vase life, but after 2 weeks f strage, it gave the shrtest. At 4 weeks bth the cntrl and the water gave the lngest vase life, whereas, n differences ccurred amng the treatments at 6 and 8 weeks. At 10, 12, and 14 weeks, the sucrse slutin cnsistently gave the best vase life. Althugh mst f these differences were significant statistically, the sucrse slutin and the flral preservative treated flwers shwed vase lives a day r mre lnger that flwers in ther treatments nly at the end f the evaluatin. Brwning f the guard petals and mld first appeared at 8 weeks f strage fr the water treatment. These prblems were nt prevalent n all treatments until 12 weeks f strage. 11
Table 11. Vase life f fresh-cut Shawnee Chief peny flwers after prestrage treatments (cntrl, water, flral preservative and sucrse slutin) and strage treatments (0-14 weeks at 1 C), 1996. Treatment Strage Time Vase Life(days)* (weeks) Cntrl Water Flral Preservative 10% Sucrse Slutin 0 5.1 B a 6.0 A a 5.2 Ba 5.4 Ba 2 5.0 A a 4.3 Bbc 5.0 Aab 4.9 Aa 4 4.3 A b 4.1 ABbc 4.0 Bc 4.0 Bb 6 3.7 b 4.0bc 4.0 c 4.0b 8 4.2 b 4.3bc 4.5bc 4.3 b 10 4.3 B b 4.5 Bb 4.3 Bc 5.0 Aa 12 1.7 B c 3.7 Ac 4.5 Abc 4.0 Ab 14 0.8 C d 1.6 Bd 2.8 A d 3.0 Ac * Vase life is the mean f three replicatins f five flwers each. Fr cmparisns amng treatments within each strage time, the means fllwed by different capital letters ging hrizntally acrss are different at the 5.0% level f prbability. Fr cmparisns f the different strage times within a treatment, the means fllwed by different lwercase letters ging dwn vertically are different at the 5.0% level f prbability. Acknwledgments Thanks and appreciatin g t the fllwing peple fr their assistance in plant care and maintenance, in data cllectin, and in manuscript preparatin; Melinda McMillan; Efstratia Papaniku, Jerry Lngren and the crew at the Hrticulture Research Center-Manhattan; Jennifer Neujahr and Jane Welch Cntributin N 98-13-S frm the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Statin. Trade names are used t identify prducts. N endrsement is intended, nr is any criticism implied f similar prducts nt mentined. These materials may be freely reprduced fr educatinal purpses. All ther rights reserved. In each, case, credit ( authr, name f wrk, name f university, date). 12
Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Statin and Cperative Extensin Service, Manhattan 66506 SRP 791 August 1997 Kansas State University is cmmitted t a plicy f nn-discriminatin n the basis f race, sex, natinal rigin, disability, religin, age, sexual rientatin, r ther nn-merit reasns, in admissins, educatinal prgrams r activities, and emplyment, all as required by applicable laws and regulatins. Respnsibility fr crdinatin f cmpliances effrts and receipt f inquiries, including thse cncerning Title IX f the Educatin Amendments f 1972 and Sectin 504 f the Rehabilitatin Act f 1973, and the Americans with Disabilites Act, has bean delegated t Jane D. Rwlett, Ph.D., Directr, Unclassified Affairs and University Cmpliance, Kansas State University, 112 Andersn Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-0124 (913/532-4392). 600