APPLE VARIETIES IN THE CENTRAL CHERNOZEM REGION (RUSSIA)

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 9, Issue 12, December 2018, pp. 1291 1300, Article ID: IJMET_09_12_130 Available online at http://www.ia aeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype= =9&IType=12 ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359 IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed THE SYSTEM FOR STORING INDUSTRIAL APPLE VARIETIES IN THE CENTRAL CHERNOZEM REGION (RUSSIA) V. A. Gudkovsky Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Academician of the RAS FederalState Budget Scientific Institution "Federal Scientific Center n.a. I. V. Michurin" L. V. Kozhina Candidate of Agricultural Sciences FederalState Budget Scientific Institution, "Federal Scientific Center n.a. I. V. Michurin" V. L. Urnev Head of Technological Support Department, PhytomagInter, LLC ABSTRACT The authors performed a comprehensive assessment of the effect of varietal features, the degree of ripeness, method, and duration of storing, post-harvesting treatment with Phytomag on the efficiency of apple storage. A system has been developed for storing apples of the CCR (Central Chernozem Region) industrial varieties: common Antonovka, Zhigulevskoe, Martovskoye, SinapOrlovsky, Bogatyr, North Sinap of the early, optimum and late harvesting stored in the conditions of OA and RA with the use of the inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, and without it. The profit from introducing the developed system for storing six industrial apple varieties in the CCR with the use of the inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis reaches 8 25 thousand rub/t of the fruit (depending on the species, time of harvesting, the method and the duration ). Keywords: Solar Air Heater, Exergy Efficiency and Energy Efficiency. Cite this Article: V. A. Gudkovsky, L. V. Kozhina and V. L. Urnev, The System For Storing Industrial Apple Varieties In The Central Chernozem Region (Russia), International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(12), 2018, pp. 1291 1300. http://www.iaeme.com/ijme et/issues.asp?jtype=ijmet&vtype=9&itype e=12 http://www.iaeme.com/ IJMET/index.asp 1291 editor@iaeme.com

The System For Storing Industrial Apple Varieties In The Central Chernozem Region (Russia) 1. INTRODUCTION The value of apples as the most important source of biologically active substances determines the advisability of their uniform consumption throughout the year. With the existing technologies, the losses caused by physiological and fungal diseases reach 30% or more, dramatically reducing the quality and the duration of fruits storage. In this regard, an important task of the research is to develop an efficient system for storing apples that would ensure dramatic reduction of losses and prolong the duration with the maximum preservation of their initial quality. One of the factors that contribute to reducing the losses and maintaining the quality of the product is the post-harvest treatment of the fruits with an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP) (SmartFrech product, USA, Phytomag, Russia). The relevance of the research lays in an integrated approach to solving the problems of fruit storage with regard to the varietal characteristics, the degree of ripeness, the method of storage, the treatment with Phytomag. Many domestic and foreign scholars work on the problem of reducing the losses and maintaining fruit quality during storage. The authors [1 7] have proved that the key physiological role in the development of functional diseases is played by the ripening and aging hormone ethylene. The use of biosynthesis inhibitor ethylene in combination with storage in ordinary (OA) and particularly regulated (RA) atmosphere for reducing the losses and maintaining apple quality has been the subject of works of many researchers [6 15]. The results of the research performed by the scientists have provided a new, higher level of efficiency of fruit storage in all zones of the world's industrial horticulture. However, it is necessary to determine more precisely the elements of technical regulations of the postharvest fruit treatment with preparation Phytomag, with regard to the varietal characteristics, the degree of ripeness, method, and duration, which would increase the efficiency of the technology used for fruit storage. The research was aimed at developing a scientifically substantiated system for storage of commercial varieties of CCR apples after early, optimum and late harvesting in the conditions of ordinary (OA) and adjustable (RA) atmosphere with the use of biosynthesis inhibitor ethylene, and without it. The tasks of the research have been as follows: Identification of the main diseases of apple varieties Ordinary Antonovka, Zhigulevskoye, Martovskoye, SinapOrlovsky, Northern Sinap, Bogatyr, which form the basis of commercial stock of apples in the CCR when stored in OA and RA and delivered to the consumer; Studying the effect of the time of harvesting (early, optimum, late), the treatment with Phytomag and combinations thereof on the quality of the studied apple varieties (hardness), susceptibility to physiological diseases (storage scald, underskinspottiness, CO2 damage, etc.) when stored in OA and RA; Determining the optimal periods of storing apples of the studied varieties using various methods (reference+oa, 1-MCP+OA, reference+ra, 1-MCP+RA), with regard to their degree of ripeness; Determining the effect of ethylene and oxygen content in the storage atmosphere on the quality and storability of the studied apple batches treated and not treated with Phytomag; and Economic assessment of various technologies of storing fruit of the studied varieties in various degrees of ripeness. http://www.iaeme.com/ IJMET/index.asp 1292 editor@iaeme.com

V. A. Gudkovsky, L. V. Kozhina and V. L. Urnev 2. METHODS The objects of the study were six apple varieties of the CCR ordinary Antonovka, Zhigulevskoe, Martovskoye, SinapOrlovsky, Bogatyr, Northern Sinap with different time of ripening and susceptibility to physiological diseases during storage. The degree of ripeness was determined by the index of the iodine-starch test, IST (5-point scale, Tseluiko, 1965). The fruits were harvested depending on the tasks of the research at early (IST = 1 2 points), optimum (IST = 2.5 3.5 points) and late time (IST = 4 5 points). The hardness of the fruit, kg/cm2 was determined by the Fruit Tester FT-327. A part of the fruits was treated one day after the removal with preparation Phytomag (concentration of 1-MCP one ppm, exposure time 24 hours). The reference and treated fruits were laid for storage into chambers with ordinary (O 2 =21 %, CO 2 =0.03 %) and regulated atmosphere (O 2 =1.2 1.5%, CO 2 =1.2 1.5%). temperature for varieties ordinary Antonovka, Martovsky was maintained at +2 +30 C, for varieties Zhigulevskoye, SinapOrlovsky, Northern Sinap, and Bogatyr at 0+10 C. Physiological diseases of apples (storage scald, decay, underskin spotting, soft scald, CO 2 skin damage, pythium rot) were determined visually [16]. Losses from the diseases in % were determined by weighing the affected fruits and the total weight of products, their ration being expressed in percent. 2.1. Materials Variants of the experiment included: four storage technologies: OA reference, OA+Phytomag, RA reference, RA+Phytomag,three times of harvesting (early, optimum, late), making the total of 12 variants for each variety. 1. OA(1)R ordinary atmosphere, early, reference; 2. OA(1)I ordinary atmosphere, early, 1-MCP; 3. OA(2)R ordinary atmosphere, optimal, reference; 4. OA(2)I ordinary atmosphere, optimal, 1-MCP; 5. OA(3)R ordinary atmosphere, late, reference; 6. OA(3)I ordinary atmosphere, late, 1-MCP; 7. RA(1)R regulated atmosphere, early, reference; 8. RA(1)I regulated atmosphere, early, 1-MCP; 9. RA(2)R regulated atmosphere, optimal, reference; 10. RA(2)I regulated atmosphere, optimal, 1-MCP; 11. RA(3)R regulated atmosphere, late, reference; and 12. RA(3)I regulated atmosphere, late, 1-MCP. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION As a result of the research, the main diseases and other causes of loss of commercial apples quality in the CCR were determined (Figure 1): storage scald (the following varieties are affected in descending order: ordinary Antonovka, Martovskoye, SinapOrlovsky, Bogatyr, Northern Sinap); underskin staining (SinapOrlovsky); decomposition from aging (ordinary Antonovka, Zhigulevskoe); soft scald (ordinary Antonovka, Martovskoye); CO 2 skin damage in RA (Zhigulevskoye, SinapOrlovsky, Bogatyr); fungal diseases (all studied varieties), and http://www.iaeme.com/ IJMET/index.asp 1293 editor@iaeme.com

The System For Storing Industrial Apple Varieties In The Central Chernozem Region (Russia) loss of hardness (all studied varieties after prolonged storage, in the conditions of delivery to the consumers). It is known that in the conditions of commercial production, the "harvesting window" for the fruit of the same variety is 14 days or more, which determines the different initial physiological state of the fruit and the potential resistance to the storage-related diseases. As a rule, it is impossible to collect all harvested fruits in the optimal time, but it is possible to define the efficient technologies and duration for each homogeneous batch, ensuring profit from selling the product. Figure 1.Main diseases of commercial apples in the CCR Obviously, in the early time of harvesting, compared to the optimal time of harvesting, the initial quality of the fruit is lower (size, color), the yield is 10 15% lower (due to the lower average fruit weight); in case of late harvesting, the loss from fruit drop significantly increases (20% or more) mainly in the prime and the first commercial grades. The authors have found that during storage of early harvested batches (in the varieties susceptible to diseases), the losses from storage scald and underskin spottiness increased abruptly; in the batches harvested late, the losses from soft scald, decomposition increased, firmness of the fruits decreased, compared to the batches harvested in the optimum period. Consequently, the efficiency of storing the fruit harvested early or late under the action of preharvesting and post-harvesting factors markedly decreased, which was confirmed by the data in Figure 2. It has been found that the conditions of OA ensure short preservation of the product quality and significant actual deterioration after 1 3months (all studied varieties) due to physiological and fungal diseases, loss of commercial quality (hardness, juiciness, freshness); the only factor of active influence on the physiological state of the fruit was the decreased temperature. http://www.iaeme.com/ IJMET/index.asp 1294 editor@iaeme.com

V. A. Gudkovsky, L. V. Kozhina and V. L. Urnev Figure 2.The effect of the variety, storage method (OA, RA), time of harvesting (early, optimum, late), and treating with an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor on the losses from apple fruit diseases Compared to OA, the conditions of RA ensure a higher level of maintaining commercial qualities of the fruits harvested in all periods (hardness, juiciness, freshness), prolong the storage periods for 1 2 months due to the joint effect of low temperatures, ultra-low content of O 2 (1.2 1.5%) and high content of CO 2 (1.2 1.5%) in the storage atmosphere, the joint effect of which reduces the fruit respiration rate and delays ripening. The authors have shown that the secluded atmosphere RA (a hermetical chamber), in addition to the compelling advantages in maintaining the quality of the fruit, increased the losses and the degree of diseases manifestation in the susceptible varieties: in the batches of early harvesting storage scald (in varieties ordinary Antonovka, Martovskoye, SinapOrlovsky, Bogatyr, North Sinap), and CO 2 skin scald (varieties Zhigulevskoye, SinapOrlovsky, Bogatyr), in the batches harvested later soft scald (varieties ordinary Antonovka, Martovskoye), which was also associated with the accumulation of volatile exogenous compounds in the storage atmosphere, which caused and stimulated the appearance of disorders, compared to storage in OA, which had been confirmed by the data shown in Figure 3. The authors have found that post-harvest treatment of the batches of fruits of the studied varieties with Phytomag reduced or eliminated losses from storage scald, soft scald, and other http://www.iaeme.com/ IJMET/index.asp 1295 editor@iaeme.com

The System For Storing Industrial Apple Varieties In The Central Chernozem Region (Russia) diseases in the conditions of OA and RA, but did not reduce, or increased the degree of manifestation of CO 2 skin scald in RA. The mechanism of preparation action is as follows: 1- MCP, by blocking ethylene receptors, inhibits its synthesis, synthesis of α-farnesene and products of its oxidation, causing the development scald. As a result of the research, it has been found that the treatment with Phytomag in the conditions of OA ensured the preservation of quality and protection of the fruits of the studied varieties from storage scald up to 4 6months in case of optimum time of harvesting (for ordinary Antonovka up tothree months). It has been found that the duration of efficient storage and the efficiency of treating the batches harvested late, and especially early, with Phytomag is markedly lower, compared to the optimal time of harvesting. The differences are more noticeable in the varieties that are susceptible to storage scald, and become more significant in the conditions of delivery to the consumers. The low efficiency of the treatment with Phytomag of the fruits harvested early and late is due to the appearance of new ethylene receptors in course of ripening, and formation of active complexes yet before treatment of the fruits, respectively [12], which increased the receptivity to storage scald, degradation and loss of hardness, respectively, and limited the duration. Thus, even with using OA+ Phytomag and the influence of two factors that inhibit ripening: reduced temperature + ethylene inhibitor, the duration of efficient storage of the studied varieties is limited to 4 5 months. The treatment with Phytomag in combination with storage in RA compensated for the disadvantages of this method, which was manifested by increasing the risk of storage scald in the varieties susceptible to the disease, reduced losses from physiological diseases and the longest hardness preservation (Table 1) of the fruits of all studied varieties harvested in all periods, which also resulted in prolonging the duration of efficient storage for varieties SinapOrlovsky, Bogatyr, North Sinap, Zhigulevskoye by 1 3 months, compared to the OA+Phytomag technology and RA-reference. With that, the maximum (6 8 months) duration of efficient storage was ensured for the batches harvested in the optimal time for the reasons noted earlier. High efficiency of using thera+phytomag technology is determined by the joint effect of RA conditions (low temperature, low oxygen content 1.2 1.5%, increased level of carbon dioxide 1.2 1.5%, and the treatment with Phytomag) on inhibition of the disease development, maximum preservation of the initial quality of the batches of fruits of the studied varieties harvested in all times. There are exceptions. http://www.iaeme.com/ IJMET/index.asp 1296 editor@iaeme.com

V. A. Gudkovsky, L. V. Kozhina and V. L. Urnev Table 1The effect of the variety, storage method (OA, RA), time of harvesting (early, optimum, late), and the treatment with Phytomag on fruit hardness (kg/cm 2 ) technology Time of harvesting, variants Ordinary Antonovka 4 months Zhigulevskoye 5 months Martovskoye 5 months SinapOrlovsky 5 months Bogatyr 6 months Northern Sinap 6 months OA-reference OA + 1-MCP RA + reference RA+ 1-MCP Early OA(1)R Optimal, OA(2)R Late OA(3)R Early OA(1)I Optimal, OA(2)I Late OA(3)I Early RA(1)R Optimal, RA(2)R Late RA(3)R Early RA(1)I Early RA(1)A-I Optimal, RA(2)I Late RA(3)I 5.7 4.0 5.8 4.9 6.6 4.4 6.7 5.3 6.5 5.9 7.9 6,4 7.3 5.3 4.7 4.5 6.6 5.6 6.1 5.5 5.9 5.5 6.3 5,8 6.0 4.7 4.8 4.5 5.8 4.4 4.7 4.6 6.7 5.1 7.0 5,5 6.8 5.0 7.5 6.7 7.6 5.9 7.1 5.8 7.9 6.9 9.1 8,0 8.1 6.4 6.9 6.0 7.3 6.1 7.1 6.5 7.1 6.2 7.7 6,6 7.0 5.9 5.4 4.6 6.6 5.4 6.1 4.4 6.9 6.2 9.0 7,3 6.9 5.1 6.2 5.9 8.9 7.0 7.8 7.4 7.7 6.8 8.9 8,1 7.6 5.7 6.7 5.4 8.1 6.5 7.7 6.6 7.5 6.3 8.2 7,3 7.2 5.0 5.6 4.5 7.0 5.7 8.0 7.4 8.1 6.7 9.3 7,3 8.3 6.1 7.8 6.2 9.2 6.9 8.9 8.1 9.6 7.9 10.8 10,6 7.9 6.3 8.9 8.4 8.3 7.1 8.7 7.3 8.9 7.8 9.5 7.7 9.7 8,4 7.5 6.8 6.7 5.2 8.2 7.0 9.3 7.9 10.0 8.2 9.5 9,3 LSD 05 0,6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.7 0.6 The treatment with Phytomagensured not only the reduction of losses from physiological diseases, but also higher level of preservation of one of the most important indicators of commercial quality of fruits hardness in the conditions of OA and RA in all tested varieties at all levels of ripeness, compared to the reference, which fact has been confirmed by the data shown in Table 1. It should be noted that in the conditions of delivery to the consumers, the fruits treated with Phytomag had a distinct competitive advantage over the untreated fruits, due to their better hardness, juiciness, freshness, high potential resistance to storage scald and loss of hardness. The research revealed the peculiarities of Phytomag treating of the fruits of varieties Zhigulevskoye, SinapOrlovsky harvested early with initially low content of antioxidants in http://www.iaeme.com/ IJMET/index.asp 1297 editor@iaeme.com

The System For Storing Industrial Apple Varieties In The Central Chernozem Region (Russia) the conditions that inhibit their biosynthesis (RA with ultra-low oxygen content, treatment with the ethylene inhibitor), which contributed to the sharp increase in the losses from CO 2 damages (up to 45% and more). In this case, the treatment was an additional stressor for the fruits, which triggered the development of the disease. The use of the RA+adaptation+Phytomag technology developed at the FSBSI "Federal Scientific Center n.a. I. V. Michurin" for the fruits harvested in early period ensures protection from from CO 2 damages and storage scald within 5 6 months, with high values of hardness during storage and delivery to the consumer. The result of the work is a system for efficient fruit storage, which determines the efficient time in the conditions of OA and RA with the use of biosynthesis inhibitor ethylene, and without it, for batches of fruit of the six studied varieties harvested early, in the optimum time and late (Figure 3). The developed "System" substantiates the inadvisability of storing fruits of the reference batches of varieties Ordinary Antonovka and Martovskoye harvested in all times in the conditions of OA and RA, and determines the possibility of increasing the shelf life of these batches by the treatment with Phytomag. However, the OA+Phytomag technology with the optimum time of harvesting minimizes the risk scald and maximizes the duration of efficient storage for these varieties. The results of commercial storage of varieties Bogatyr, Zhigulevskoye, SinapOrlovsky, Northern Sinap confirm the reliability of determining the duration of fruit efficient storage suggested by the " System". In using the OA+Phytomag technology, RA-reference, it is 4 6 months, for the RA+Phytomag 6 8 months in case of the optimal time of harvesting. Figure 3.A system for storing apples of six varieties: Ordinary Antonovka, Zhigulevskoe, Martovskoye, SinapOrlovsky, Bogatyr, North Sinap of the early, optimum and late harvesting stored in the conditions of OA and RA with the use of the inhibitor of biosynthesis ethylene, and without it http://www.iaeme.com/ IJMET/index.asp 1298 editor@iaeme.com

V. A. Gudkovsky, L. V. Kozhina and V. L. Urnev The results of the economic calculations confirm the possibility of obtaining a high level of profitability for batches of the studied varieties of early, optimum and late periods of harvesting with the use of the " System" and observation of the duration of efficient storage. High efficiency of the using the RA+Phytomag technology has been confirmed by the maximum level of profitability after 4 6 months of storing batches of fruits of the studied varieties harvested in the optimal period: Bogatyr 151.6, SinapOrlovsky 133.2, Zhigulevskoye 120.2, Martovskoye 113.9, North Sinap 103.7, and Antonovka 44.0 %. The profit from the implementation of the developed "Fruit System" is 8 25 thousand rubles/ton of fruit (depending on variety, the method, and the duration of storage). 4. CONCLUSION An efficient system has been developed for storing apples of six commercial varieties of the CCR (common Antonovka, Zhigulevskoe, Martovskoye, SinapOrlovsky, Bogatyr, Northern Sinap) harvested in the early, optimal and late periods in ordinary and regulated atmosphere (i.e. with various contents of ethylene and oxygen), which determines the efficient storage time for the fruits with the use of the studied technologies. The maximum efficiency of short-term fruit storage (2 3 months) and the guarantee of quality preservation until the delivery to the consumers in the varieties with high susceptibility to storage scald (ordinary Antonovka, Martovskoye) are ensured by using the OA+1-MCP technology; high efficiency of long-term storage (5 6 months or more) of the varieties with low susceptibility to storage scald (Zhigulevskoye, SinapOrlovsky, Bogatyr, Northern Sinap) is ensured by the use of the RA+1-MCP technology and the batches of fruit harvested in the optimal period. The main diseases and other causes of loss of apples commercial quality in the CCR during storage and delivery to the consumers have been determined: storage scald (the following varieties are affected in descending order: ordinary Antonovka, Martovskoye, SinapOrlovsky, Bogatyr, Northern Sinap); underskin staining (SinapOrlovsky); decomposition from aging (ordinary Antonovka, Zhigulevskoe); soft scald (ordinary Antonovka, Martovskoye); CO 2 skin damage in RA (Zhigulevskoye, SinapOrlovsky, Bogatyr); fungal diseases (all studied varieties), and loss of hardness (all studied varieties after prolonged storage, in the conditions of delivery to the consumers). The physiological state of the fruits (degree of ripeness) is one of the main factors of their resistance to storage diseases: harvesting fruits of all studied varieties in the optimal period ensures the preservation of higher commercial qualities (size, color), and reduces the losses from storage scald in the conditions of OA and RA, compared to harvesting in the early period. Harvesting of variety Zhigulevskoye in late period may result in an abrupt increase in the losses associated with aging (decomposition, abrupt loss of firmness, pythium rot), variety Martovskoye an increase in the losses from soft scald, compared to harvesting in the optimal period. The duration of efficient storage depends on the variety and is often1 2 months longer for the fruits harvested in the optimal period than for the batches of fruits harvested in early and late periods. The use of the OA+1-MCP, RA+1-MCP technology, where the inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis is Phytomag, ensures the reduction or elimination of losses from storage scald, decomposition, soft scald, preservation of hardness, juiciness, freshness during storage and delivery to the consumers, prolongs the period of efficient storage by 1 3 months for all studied varieties harvested in the early, optimum and late periods. The use of the RA+1-MCP technology for the batches of varieties Zhigulevskoye, SinapOrlovsky harvested in the early period increased the losses from CO 2 damage (up to 45% and more), and the use of the RA+adaptation+1-MCP technology ensured the efficient protection from CO 2 damage and preservation of commercial quality within 4 6 months. http://www.iaeme.com/ IJMET/index.asp 1299 editor@iaeme.com

The System For Storing Industrial Apple Varieties In The Central Chernozem Region (Russia) The profit from introducing the developed system for storing six industrial apple varieties in the CCR with the use of the inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis reaches 8 25 thousand rub/t of the fruit (depending on the species, time of harvesting, the method and the duration ). REFERENCES [1] Metlitsky, L. V. Osnovybiokhimiiplodoviovoshchei [Basics of fruits and vegetable biochemistry]. Moscow: Economics, 1976, pp. 442. [2] Rakitin, V. Y., Rakitin L. Y.Opredeleniegazoobmenaisoderzhaniiaetilena, dvuokisiuglerodaikisloroda v tkaniakhrastenii [Determination of gas exchange and ethylene content, carbon dioxide and oxygen in plant tissues]. Plant Physiology, 33(2), 1986, pp. 403 413. [3] Dilley, D. R. Manipulation of the postharvest atmosphere for the preservation of food crops. In: Lieberman M., ed., Post-Harvest Physiology and Crop Preservation. Boston, MA: Springer, 1983, pp.383 397. [4] Gudkovsky, V. A. Sistema sokrashcheniiapoterisokhraneniiakachestvaplodovivinograda: metodicheskierekomendatsii [The system of reducing losses and preserving the quality of fruits and grapes: methodical recommendations]. Michurinsk, 1990, pp. 120. [5] Kulaeva, O. N. Etilen v zhiznirastenii [Ethylene in plant life].soros Educational Journal, 11, 1996, pp. 78 84. [6] Grichko, V. Novyeletuchievodorastvorimyeantagonistyetilena [New volatile water soluble ethylene antagonists]. Plant Physiology, 53(4), 2006,pp. 583 591. [7] Sisler, E.C., Serek, M. Compounds controlling the ethylene receptor.bot. Bull. Acad. Sin., 40, 1999, pp. 1 7. [8] Sisler, E.C., Serek, M. New developments in ethylene control-compounds interacting with the ethylene receptor.acta Hortic,543, 2001. [9] Silvia, M., Blankenship J. M. Dole 1-Methylcyclopropene.Post harvest Biology and Technology, 28, 2003, pp. 1 25. [10] Zanella, A. Control of apple superficial scald and ripening -a comparison between 1- methylcyclopropene and diphenylamine postharvest treatments, initial low oxygen stress and ultralow oxygen storage. Postharvest Biol. Technol., 27, 2003,pp. 69 78. [11] Tsantili, E. Ethylene and α-farnesene metabolism in green and red skin of three apple cultivars in response to 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment.journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 55(13), 2007, pp. 5267 5276. [12] Moggia, C. Effect of DPA [Diphenylamine] and 1-MCP [1-methylcyclopropene] on chemical compounds related to superficial scald of Granny Smith apples. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 8(1), 2010, pp. 178 187. [13] Lurie, S., WatkinsC. B. Superficial scald, its etiology and control.postharvest Biology and Technology,65, 2012, pp.44 60. [14] Gudkovsky, V. A., Kozhina L. V., Balakirev A. E., Nazarov Y. B., Urnev V. L.Vliianieusloviikhraneniia na porazhaemostzagaromikachestvoplodoviablonisredneizonyrossii [The effect of the storage conditions on susceptibility to storage scald and apple quality in the middle zone of Russia]. Fruits and vegetables as the base of healthy human nutrition: Materials of the international scientific and practical Conference (September 7 8 2012 in Michurinsk, Tambov region. Gardener's day) Michurinsk Science City of the Russian Federation, 2012, pp. 105 136. [15] Gudkovsky, V. A., Kozhina L. V., Nazarov Y. B.Sovremennyetekhnologiikhraneniiaiikhvliianie na kachestvoplodoviabloni [Modern technologies and their effect on apple quality]. Achievements of agricultural science and technology, 30(9), 2016, pp. 105 108. [16] Dementieva, M. I., Vygonsky, M. I.Bolezniplodov, ovoshcheiikartofeliaprikhranenii: albom [Diseases of fruits, vegetables, and potatoes during storage: album]. Moscow: Agropromizdat, 1988, pp. 231. http://www.iaeme.com/ IJMET/index.asp 1300 editor@iaeme.com