in Plnt Growth Regultor Advnced Fruit Mngement Technicl Mnul Asi Pcific No. bins picked 8 6 -Feb 8-Feb 7-Mr -Mr -Mr 8-Mr Dte
A WORD ABOUT VALENT BIOSCIENCES CORPORATION Vlent BioSciences Corportion ws creted when Sumitomo Chemicl Compny Ltd, cquired the Ag Specilities Business of Abbott Lbortories. The mission of our new compny is to provide vlue-dded products tht improve productivity for griculture, public helth nd forestry customers worldwide. Our focus is on science nd technology...bringing the power of nturlly occurring nd chemicl derived, environmentlly comptible pesticides nd plnt growth regultors to ber on solving problems - nd creting vlue - for our customers round the world. And to do so in mnner tht is sustinble for both the environment nd the industry. Mny fruit growers will be fmilir with some of the products in Vlent BioSciences s rnge of Plnt Growth Regultors (PGRs). ProGibb, Berelex nd Activol brnds re used round the world to increse the yield nd qulity of tble grpes, citrus, cherries nd vegetble crops. Other PGRs include: Promlin (Cytolin ), to enhnce qulity nd yield of pples; ProVide nd Regulex, to suppress skin russeting nd improve fruit finish in pples; nd Accel nd Cylex, fruit thinners tht increse pple size. Growers of stonefruit depend on Rlex for thinning their crops. For crops such s rice, cotton nd turf, Vlent BioSciences produces Ryzup nd Relese. Ecolyst increses the degrees Brix of processing ornges. Now, the subject of this Technicl Mnul, controls the mturtion nd ripening processes in fruit by inhibiting ethylene biosynthesis. ids growers by mnging the hrvest nd mximising the qulity nd vlue of their crop. IMPORTANT NOTE: THIS MANUAL CONTAINS INFORMATION ON THE USE AND EFFICACY OF RETAIN FROM MANY DIFFERENT COUNTRIES ON DIFFERENT CROPS AND CULTIVARS. IN SOME COUNTRIES RETAIN MAY NOT BE REGISTERED FOR SOME OF THE USES OUTLINED HERE (EG. CROPS, TIMINGS, RATES, ETC). ADDITIONALLY, THERE CAN BE REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE USE RECOMMENDATIONS OF RETAIN. ALWAYS READ THE RETAIN LABEL SPECIFIC TO YOUR COUNTRY AND FOLLOW THE SPECIFIC USE AND SAFETY RECOMMENDATIONS. Vlent BioSciences Corportion, September Asi Pcific Office: Hed Office: 3 Hynds Rod 87 Technology Wy Box Hill, NSW 76 Suite Austrli Libertyville, IL 68 USA Tel. +6 9679 73 Tel. + 87 968 7 Fx. +6 9679 73 Fx. + 87 968 8
Advnced Fruit Mngement Tble of contents A Word bout Vlent BioSciences... inside front cover Plnt Growth Regultor Technicl Informtion I. Introduction... II. Ethylene Chrcteristics... III. AVG Bckground nd Mode of Action... IV. nd Ethylene Inhibition... 6 Mesuring Fruit Qulity...7 Bsic Principles of Fruit Qulity Mngement with I. Firmness decline (fruit softening) is slowed... 8 II Strch conversion is delyed... 9 III. Fruit drop t hrvest is gretly reduced... IV. Hrvest of optiml qulity fruit is more esily mnged through the Dely in Hrvest... V. Fruit size is incresed becuse of the hrvest dely... VI. Overll fruit qulity is mintined or incresed. 3 VII. Incresed returns to growers through lrger qulity fruit... VII. Enhnced storge potentil... 6 IX. Reduced physiologicl disorders in storge... 7 Pome Fruit Apples Vriety specific exmples I. Gl, Royl Gl, Imperil Gl, Brookfield, etc.. 8 II. Red Delicious... III. Golden Delicious, Firmgold, etc... IV. Pink Ldy... V. Breburn... 3 VI. Fuji... VII. Cox s Ornge Pippin... VII. Jongold... 6 IX. Tsugru... 7 X. Southern Snp... 8 XI. Pcific Rose... 8 XII. Grnny Smith... 9 Apples Criticl fctors with pplictions I. Appliction Timing... 3 II. Surfctnt Use... 3 III. nd fruit colour... 3 IV. nd reflective films/foils/mulches... 3 V. nd use with other PGR s... 3 Pers... 36 Stone Fruit Peches I. Fruit firmness dvntges t hrvest... 37 II. Reduction in fruit drop nd increse in brix... 39 III. Increse in brix... 39 IV. Hrvest Dely nd Mngement... V. Incresed Fruit Size... VI. Better Fruit Qulity nd Storge Potentil... Nectrines I. Fruit firmness dvntges t hrvest... II. Better Fruit Qulity nd Storge Potentil... Peches nd Nectrine Criticl fctors with pplictions.6 Apricots I. Fruit firmness nd Hrvest Mngement... 7 II. Hrvest nd Storge Qulity... 8 Plums...9 References... NOTE: UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED, FOR ALL EXAMPLES IN THIS MANUAL, RETAIN APPLICATIONS WERE MADE USING THE TIMING, DOSE RATE AND WATER VOLUMES RECOMMENDED ON THE PRODUCT LABEL APPLICABLE TO THE COUNTRY FROM WHICH THE EXAMPLE WAS TAKEN. FOR EXAMPLES FROM COUNTRIES WHERE RE- TAIN IS NOT YET REGISTERED, APPLICA- TIONS FOLLOWED THE CURRENT GENERAL USE RECOMMENDATIONS: APPLES - 83 g/h in L wteer/h pplied weeks before first pick STONEFRUIT - 83 g/h in - L wter/h pplied - weeks before first pick Surfctnt: must be used with the recommended surfctnt t the lbel rte 3
Plnt Growth Regultor Technicl Informtion I. Introduction Plnt growth nd development is complex process which depends on bsolute coordintion of multitude of events. Tightly controlled inter nd intrcellulr communiction is essentil. To chieve this level of orgnistion nd responsiveness, plnts, like nimls, rely on hormones s their chemicl messengers. Hormones llow one prt of the plnt to communicte with nother prt nd re typiclly ctive t very low concentrtions (i.e., prts per billion, or ppb). Generlly speking, there re five different clsses of plnt hormones, with ech clss possessing its own unique biologicl profile (Tiz & Zeiger, 99). These clsses re: uxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, bscisic cid, nd ethylene. Vlent BioSciences lredy hs considerble knowledge nd expertise in the mnufcture nd mrketing of gibberellins (GroCel, ProVide, Regulex), gibberellin/ cytokinin mixtures (Promlin/Cytloin/Accel) nd cytokinins (CyLex). We ve been in the plnt growth regultor (PGR) business for over 3 yers, nd tke gret pride in the contributions we hve mde to commercil griculture., the subject of this technicl report, represents brnd new chemistry, both for commercil griculture nd for Vlent BioSciences. The ctive ingredient in, minoethoxyvinylglycine hydrochloride (minoethoxyvinylglycine; AVG; Figure ), is nturlly occurring fermenttion product tht blocks ethylene production in plnts. As such, it is unique molecule tht possesses tremendous promise for the commercil pple industry. However, before we discuss the detils of AVG, it is importnt to review some bsic informtion bout ethylene. II. Ethylene Chrcteristics Ethylene (C H ), the only known plnt hormone which exists s gs t physiologicl tempertures, is simple, colourless nd essentilly odourless hydrocrbon tht is ubiquitous in nture (Liebermn, 979; Tiz & Zeiger, 99). In rurl res, ethylene levels in the tmosphere rnge from 3 to ppb, wheres in more urbn res, mbient ethylene levels my be considerbly higher. Ethylene is produced in combustion processes (cr engine exhust cn contin 6 to ppm of ethylene; cigrette smoke cn contin to ppm of ethylene) nd lso by plnts themselves ( ripe pple cn produce nywhere from to 6 ppm of ethylene) (Abeles, 98; Grell, 987; Kder, 98). The effect of ethylene on plnts ws first noted in 86 by Girrdin who observed lef bscission from trees growing ner leking gs lines (Ainscough, et l., 99). Then, in 9, Neljubow demonstrted tht the ethylene present in ir could rdiclly ffect plnt development. However, it ws not until l9l tht plnt tissues themselves were shown to produce ethylene (Tiz & Zeiger, 99). Reserch, nd subsequent elucidtion of the role ethylene plys in plnt growth nd development, did not relly tke off until 99 when gs chromtogrphy technology ws introduced to the field of plnt science. Tody, ethylene is recognised s being highly potent plnt hormone tht is intimtely involved in such bsic plnt processes s seed germintion,
Advnced Fruit Mngement seedling development, flowering, fruit development, bscission, disese resistnce, nd senescence. For further informtion on ethylene, including its uses in commercil griculture, the following resources re recommended: Kende, 993; Liebermn, 979; Lurssen, 99; Mttoo & Ahroni, 988; Mttoo & Suttle, l99; Moore, 989; Morgn, 97; Roberts & Tucker, 98; Yng, 98; nd Yng & Huffmn, 98. The biosynthesis of ethylene (Figure ; Miyzki & Yng, 987; Yng, 98) occurs vi reltively simple enzymtic pthwy found only in plnts. The key regultory enzyme in this biosynthetic pthwy is ACC synthse (S-denosyl-L-methionine methylthio-denosinelyse: EC...) nd it is influenced by such things s other plnt hormones, stress conditions (e.g., drought), invsion by plnt pthogens, nd wounding (e.g. insect dmge nd brnch pruning). For further informtion on ACC synthse, the following resources re recommended: Acster & Kende, 983; Imseki, 99; Kende, 989; Kende, et l., 98; Tsi, et l., 988; Yu, et l., 979. Figure. Ethylene Biosynthesis Pthwy III. AVG Bckground nd Mode of Action AVG is nturlly occurring mino cid tht ws first discovered by scientists t Hoffmn LRoche in the erly 97s. Over the pst + yers, considerble reserch hs been conducted with the molecule by both university nd industry reserchers, nd substntil dtbse now exists on its mode of ction nd physiologicl effects in plnt tissues. In terms of its mode of ction, AVG competitively inhibits the ctivity of ACC synthse (Boller, et l., 979; Yu, et l., 979), thereby blocking ethylene biosynthesis in plnt tissues (see Figure ). AVG is very potent inhibitor of this unique plnt enzyme. For instnce, the K i -vlue for AVG with ACC synthse from tomto fruit tissue ws found to be. µm (Boller, et l., 979). With respect to its physiologicl effects on plnt tissues, mny interesting effects hve been documented. However, if there is one re of plnt reserch with AVG tht hs generted more interest thn ny other, it is the use on pple trees for prevention of prehrvest fruit bscission nd incresed storge bility. For exmple, Bngerth (l978) reported tht AVG, when pplied one month before hrvest, ws very effective t reducing prehrvest pple drop. It ws comprble to nphthlenecetic cid (NAA) in stop-drop ctivity, but offered the distinct dvntge tht it did not stimulte ethylene production nd subsequently ccelerte fruit ripening. In terms of fruit qulity, Willims (98) showed tht AVG significntly incresed fruit firmness when pplied s prehrvest spry. Studies by Autio nd Brmlge (98), Brmlge, et l., (98), nd Hlder-Doll & Bngerth (l987) hve ll shown tht AVG, when pplied s prehrvest spry, will suppress ethylene biosynthesis in pple fruit. Thus, AVG cn be viewed s promising new mngement tool tht
Ethylene (ppm) Ethylene (ppm) Ethylene (ppm) cn be used to control prehrvest drop nd improve (compred to NAA, the current industry tretment) fruit qulity (e.g., firmness). Although AVG ws discovered more thn yers go, it ws never commercilly registered for use on food crops until 997 by Vlent BioSciences (then the Ag. Products Divison of Abbott Lbortories). This remrkble chievement is due, in lrge prt, to the fct tht the use of represents blending of our core strengths in three importnt g-relted res, nmely: () fermenttion technology (b) technicl knowledge nd expertise in the pple mrketplce, nd (c) nturlly occurring PGRs. IV. nd Ethylene Inhibition Suppression of ethylene production llows for greter flexibility in hrvest mngement nd llows fruit to continue to increse in size while mintining fruit qulity. Fruit qulity in storge cn lso be enhnced by using. is very effective hrvest mngement tool for commercil fruit production. cn help growers relize the mximum potentil of their fruit crop by llowing them to mnge fruit mturtion nd ripening for optimum hrvest, qulity nd storge. Improved qulity coming out of the orchrd mens better fruit for pckers, shippers nd consumers. The mjor benefits of cn vry from cultivr to cultivr nd from region to region, but cn include the following: Hrvest Mngement Incresed Fruit Size Fruit Qulity Improved Storge Potentil All these benefits re due to the suppression of ethylene by. Exmples of this supression re given on this pge. Note the different scles of the ethylene xes for the different vrieties. These nturl differences in ethylene production my explin in prt why some vrieties of fruit re more responsive to thn other vrieties. Exmple. Inhibition of ethylene in Gl pples in Hwkes By, New Zelnd (S. Tustin et l., Hort+Reserch, 996) 3.8.6... Treted 3 6 Treted 3 6 Treted Hrvest Hrvest+w Hrvest Week Exmple. Inhibition of ethylene in Fuji pples in Hwkes By, New Zelnd (M. White et l., Hort+Reserch, 998) Hrvest Week Exmple 3. Inhibition of ethylene in Golden Delicious pples in Villiersdorp, South Afric (E. Lotz, INFRUITEC, 996) Hrvest+w Hrvest Week Hrvest+3w 6
Advnced Fruit Mngement Mesuring Fruit Qulity Fruit mturtion, qulity nd storge-bility depend on the internl nd externl chrcteristics of the fruit. For most fruit severl of the chrcteristics listed below re importnt determinnts of qulity: Strch Pttern Index (SPI) Flesh Firmness Bckground Colour Soluble Solids Ethylene Production All of these chnge differently depending on the growing seson. It is therefore importnt to use them s stble of mturity indictors rther thn in isoltion. Mny mrketing or extension services round the world issue recommendtions on hrvest timing bsed on these mturity indices. Strch Pttern Index (Pome Fruit) This prmeter hs proven to be the most relible prmeter of the rte of mturtion in pipfruit nd is considered the key prmeter. The dul effect of strch brekdown is the ltertion of tste (incresing sugrs) nd the chnge in textures. Incresing sugrs renders the fruit much sweeter nd therefore more cceptble, while the texturl chnge is brought bout through the degrdtion nd wekening of the cell wll. Initilly, this cell wll brekdown leds to the texture becoming more pltble, but with further brekdown the fruit becomes mely nd senescent. The rte of degrdtion is directly correlted with the rte of softening of fruit. Flesh Firmness Flesh firmness is not true indictor of mturity s it cn vry with seson, orchrd, tree vigour, fruit size, nitrogen sttus of the fruit nd the use of growth regultors. It should be used in conjunction with other indices. It is useful however, s it is mesure of internl condition nd potentil shelf life of fruit. It is importnt to pick fruit t the highest possible firmness level for storge life, s the firmest fruit going into storge re usully the firmest fruit fter storge. The grdul decline in firmness over the hrvest period mens it is importnt to monitor the decline nd set limittions thus ensuring tht firmer fruit re segregted from softer fruit nd pproprite storge times re used. Bckground Colour Chnge in bckground colour is one of the first visul indictions of the onset of fruit mturity, nd lthough not completely relible, is probbly the best visul guide to mturity nd therefore useful guide for pickers. It is more relible in the erly phse of the hrvest nd less relible for lst or lte hrvest. Soluble Solids ( o Brix) In most ripe fruit, sugr forms the min component of soluble solids. Since the mount of sugr in fruit usully increses s the fruit mtures nd ripens, the soluble solids content of the fruit is useful index of the fruit s mturity nd stge of ripeness. Secondly, sugrs contribute to the nutritionl nd sensory qulities of pples nd pers. Ethylene Production The production of the ripening hormone ethylene indictes tht fruit is strting to ripen. Mesurement of Internl Ethylene Concentrtions is undertken by commercil nd reserch lbortories to correlte dvncing mturity (e.g. high SPI levels with respirtion rtes). Conclusion Assessment of qulity is the key to providing consistent qulity to the mrket plce. Consistency in fruit qulity is the predominnt requirement of the customer. Consistent qulity equls continuing sles which equls incresed returns to growers. Text ws extrcted with permission from ENZAFRUIT New Zelnd (Interntionl) publictions: Mturity Progrmme, Guidelines nd Procedures Hndbook, Fifth Edition, November 998 Mturity Resource Notes, Mturity Trining - Jnury 999. 7
Flesh Firmness (kg/cm ) Flesh Firmness (kg/cm ) Bsic Principles of Fruit Qulity Mngement with The inhibition of ethylene production by (Exmples -3) result in dely in mturity (s determined by the indices detiled on pge 7 - Mesuring Fruit Qulity. Tht is, the following nine benefits my result: I. Firmness decline (fruit softening) is slowed b Treted 9 8 7 6 b b b Exmple. Fruit Firmness differences in Royl Gl pples Resercher: Collett & Okes, Agriserch Site - Ornge, NSW, AUSTRALIA pplied 9 Jn. 999 (6 dys prior to first pick) Feb Mr 3 Mr Mr 7 Hrvest Dte Exmple. Fruit Firmness differences in Arctic Rose nectrines Resercher: Dr. Peter Jerie (ISIA) Site - Cobrm Est, Vic., AUSTRALIA pplied 3 Dec. 999 (6 dys prior to first pick) Fruit Firmness (kg/cm ) 7 6 3 Treted Jn Jn Hrvest Dte 9 8 Treted Exmple 6. Fruit Firmness differences in Cox s Ornge Pippin pples Resercher: White et l. (Hort+Reserch) Site - Whkrew, Nelson, NEW ZEALAND pplied Jn. 998 (6 dys prior to first pick) 3 Hrvest Dte 8
% Strch Conversion Strch Pttern Index (-6 scle) Strch Pttern Index (-6 scle) Advnced Fruit Mngement II. Strch conversion in pome fruit is delyed 3 Treted b 6 Jn Feb 9 Feb 6 Feb 3 Feb Mr 9 Mr b Hrvest Dte Exmple 8. Strch Progression in Red Delicious pples Resercher: R. Beudry et l., Michign Stte University, 999 Site - Michign, USA b b Strch Pttern Index (-8 scle) 8 6 3 Aug Exmple 7. Strch Progression in Royl Gl pples Resercher: Volz et l., Hort+Reserch Site - Averge of 6 ENZA ESP Monitoring sites in Hwkes By, NEW ZEALAND pplied - Jn. 999 (-3 dys prior to first pick) Note: ESP = Export Submission Profile ( grding system for export NZ pples developed by ENZA mjor mrketer of NZ pples) Hrvest 3 Aug treted Hrvest 6 Sep 3 Sep Dte of Smple Sep Treted 7 Sep 3 Treted Exmple 9. Strch Progression in Pink Ldy pples Resercher: Jim Wrgo, Vlent BioSciences Site - Commercil orchrd, Wndin (Yrr Vlley re), Vic, AUSTRALIA pplied Mr. to. H (3 dys prior to first pick) 3 Apr Apr 7 Apr 3 My My Hrvest Dte Treted Exmple. Strch Progression in Golden Delicious pples Resercher: J. Moelich, HORTEC, 999 Site - Averge of 6 H in Elgin nd Ceres, SOUTH AFRICA pplied w/c Feb. 999 3 8 Feb Feb Feb Mr 8 Mr Mr Hrvest Dte 9
Number Fllen Fruit t Hrvest % Cumultive Fruit Drop % Fruit Drop III. Fruit drop t hrvest is gretly reduced 8 Exmple. Fruit Drop Control in Tsugru pples Resercher: Kng et l. NAIST, RDA, SOUTH KOREA pplied Weeks Before Hrvest; Hrvest dte - August 998 6 3 Treted b b b b% Fruit Drop t Norml Hrvest 7 6 3 b b Dichlorprop (3 mg/l) (7 mg/l) ( mg/l) Exmple. Fruit Drop Control in Tylor Queen peches Resercher: Mitchell, Agriserch Site: Commercil Orchrd, Cobrm, Vic, AUSTRALIA pplied Weeks Before Hrvest; First Hrvest dte - 9 Mrch 998 b 9 Mr 3 Mr 8 Mr Apr 6 Apr Hrvest Dte 8 7 6 Treted Exmple 3. Fruit Drop Control in Golden Delicious pples Resercher: Greg Clrke, Vlent BioSciences Site: Pennsylvni, USA, 999 pplied Weeks Before Hrvest 3 Oct Oct 9 Oct Hrvest Dte Treted ( ppm) b Exmple. Fruit Drop Control in Goldrich pricots Resercher: G. Brown, Scientific Horticulture Site: Commercil Orchrd, Dulcot, Ts, AUSTRALIA pplied 7 Dec 999 First Hrvest dte - 6 Jn
% Bins Picked No. bins picked Advnced Fruit Mngement IV. Hrvest of optiml qulity fruit is more esily mnged through the dely in hrvest Mnging your hrvest mens mnging the picking of fruit t optiml qulity. Orgnising picking crews, pcking bins nd trnsporttion while monitoring dvncing fruit mturity to ensure hrvests of fruit of the highest possible grde becomes hectic. Delying the mturity of prt of your orchrd with mens tht you hve longer period over which to mke the right decisions. Monitoring fruit mturtion is crucil to ensure pick dtes on both untreted nd treted blocks re optimlly set to mximise high qulity fruit. treted 8 6 -Feb 8-Feb 7-Mr -Mr -Mr 8-Mr Dte Exmple. Hrvest Mngement of Royl Gl pples Site - Vlim Orchrd Ltd, Hope, Nelson, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: Meliss Fisch, Vlent BioSciences pplied 7 Jn. 999 Block -.3 H; First Pick: 8 Feb. 999 -treted Block -. H; First Pick: Mr. 999 Exmple 6. Hrvest Mngement of Golden Queen peches Site - Commercil Orchrd, Goulburn Vlley, Vic., AUSTRALIA Resercher: Jim Wrgo, Vlent BioSciences pplied Feb. Block -.7 H; First Pick: 8 Feb. -treted Block -.6 H; First Pick: 3 Mr. 3 [Numbers bove columns = Flesh Firmness (kg)].8... Feb-6 Feb-7 Feb-8 Mr- Mr- Mr-3 Mr- Mr- Mr-6 6 treted Hrvest Dtes No. bins picked/h 3 Exmple 7. Hrvest Mngement of Royl Gl pples Resercher: Jim Wrgo, Vlent BioSciences Site - Yrr Vlley, Vic., AUSTRALIA pplied 3 Jn. Feb 8 Feb 6 Mr 3 Mr Hrvest Dte
% Crop in Ech Size Grde % Crop in Ech Size Grde Crtons (%) Averge Fruit Weight (g) V. Fruit Size is Incresed becuse of the hrvest dely Exmple 8. Averge Size Increse of nd treted Royl Gl fruit over the Hrvest Period in Commercil Orchrds involved in the Experimentl Use Progrm in NEW ZEALAND in 999. 9 8 7 6 Approx. Strt of Norml Hrvest 3 Count Size Exmple. Fruit Size nd Yield of Processed Ttur peches Site - Goulburn Vlley, Vic. AUSTRALIA Resercher: Jim Wrgo, VBC pplied 9 Jn. Block - H; First Pick: 9 Jn. -treted Block - H; First Pick: Feb treted 7 8 9 3 6 8 3 Treted Feb- Feb- Feb-9 Mr-7 Mr- Mr- Dte Exmple 9. Count Size of Pcked Royl Gl pples Site - WiWest Horticulture Nelson, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: Meliss Fisch, VBC pplied 9 Jn. 999 Block - H; First Pick: 9 Feb. 999 -treted Block - H; First Pick: Mr. 999 Tiny 8 6 6 6 68 7 76 8 8 88 9 96 Fruit Size (mm) Treted Yield bsed on equl crop lod on H blocks: =. tonne =. tonne 7 8 88 3 38 63 7 98 Count Size Exmple. Count Size of Pcked Royl Gl pples Site - Commercil Pcking Opertion, CHILE Bins of fruit processed in this study: :,63 bins -treted: 3,9 bins
% Crop in Ech Size Grde Crtons Pcked (%) VI. Overll fruit qulity is mintined or incresed Advnced Fruit Mngement Fruit qulity of untreted fruit vries from seson to seson nd is dependent on number of fctors including the seson-long growth conditions, nutrition, wter vilbility, culturl prctices, pest mngement progrmmes nd the wether conditions t hrvest. The sme is true for treted fruit. However, by using you cn mximise the potentil for hrvesting optimum qulity fruit. 8 6 treted A B C Exmple. Pckout Qulity of Royl Gl pples of Export Grde Site - Kelston Orchrds, Hwkes By, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: Meliss Fisch, VBC pplied Jn. 999 Block -.66 H; First Pick: 6 Feb Block -.33 H; First Pick: Feb Note: Fruit grdes - A (long term storge; B (mid-term storge); C (short-term storge or immedite mrketing) ESP Grde 8 7 6 Treted Exmple 3. Pckout Qulity of Imperil Gl pples of Export Grde Site - Commericl Pcking Opertion CHILE 998 3 Premium Extr Fncy Export Grde Fncy % Export Totl Exmple. Golden Queen pech qulity fter processing into cns of 8 g slices Site: Goulburn Vlley, Vic., AUSTRALIA Resercher: Jim Wrgo, Vlent BioSciences, Treted Qulity Grde No. Cns Percent No. Cns Percent Upper Choice % % Choice 6 33% 83% Stndrd 6 33% 3 3% Irregulr 6 33% % Number of cns rndomly removed from the production line t timed intervls during the processing of mny tonnes of fruit nd ssessed in the lbortory for qulity 3
Revenue (NZ$)/h - nett of Posthrvest nd Costs VII. Incresed returns to growers though lrger qulity fruit Exmple. Historiclly, Gl pricing hs rewrded the grower for bigger fruit more so thn ny other ttribute. The dt below shows sized-bsed pricing for the vrious grdes of Gl in Wshington stte USA in 999/ (Grdes: Premium = highest; WAXF/Wshington Extr Fncy = mid grde; USXF/US Extr Fncy = lower grde). The sme trends re true for ll exporting countries. Averge Price(USD) Per Box $. $. $. $. $. $. $.8 $. $.7 $9.7 $6. $6. $.7 $3.37 $.8 $. $.6 $9.89 Premium WAXF USXF Qulity Grde Fruit Size (No. Fruit/Box) 8's 88's 's 3 Exmple 6. Economic Performnce of on Royl Gl pples Site - Commercil Orchrd Hwkes By, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: John Wilton, AgFirst Consultnts, Note: In this exmple, there were two blocks - one untreted the other treted. The estimted without hs been clculted bsed on crop loding nd the smller fruit size tht would hve been pprent if hd not been used to dely the hrvest. block - ctul block - estimted without block - ctul 8 6 8 6 Tretment
% Crop in Ech Size Grde Advnced Fruit Mngement Property Property Exmple 7. Economic Performnce of on Royl Gl pples Site - Commercil Orchrds Nelson, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: Crig Hornblow, AgFrist Consultnts, t 83 g/h + Freewy orgnosilicone surfctnt t.% Gross crtons 36 7 339 Shed Pckout 88% 8% 78% Export Pcked 78 88 6 % High Grde Colour 36% 3% % ESP Differentl from Ntionl -.% -.8% -.8% Averge Size 8 3 6 7+ Count Fruit % % % 8- Count Fruit 8% 63% % + Count Fruit % 37% 8% Averge NZ$/Export Crton $.77 $6. $.8 (%) 333 79% 63 9% -.6% 9 % 68% 3% $7.68 (6%) Treted 3 Exmple 8. Economic Performnce of on Southern Snp pples Site - Commercil Orchrds Hwkes By, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: Mnning & Wilton, AgFirst Consultnts, t 83 g/h + Freewy orgnosilicone surfctnt t.% 8 9 3 6 8 Count Size Gross crtons/h 396 %Pckout 7% Pcked Crtons 7 Averge NZ$ per crton $6.6 Gross NZ$ per H $,8 less Picking (per crton) $. Pcking (per crton) $3.9 Pckging (per crton) $.78 Coolstore & Freight (per crton) $.9 Totl Costs (Tree to Ship) $9.7 Treted 379 7% 66 $.86 $8,8 $. $3.8 $.78 $.9 $9.66 Picking (per H) $,93.88 Pcking (per H) $8,3.68 Pckging (per H) $6,87.99 Coolstore & Freight (per H) $,696.69 Totl Costs (Tree to Ship) $,6. $,63. $9,6.9 $7,399. $,6.9 $7,3. Gross NZ$ per H less Tree to Ship $6,3 $3,8
Flesh Firmness (kg) Bckground Colour (-) Weight Loss (%) Flesh Firmness (kg) Soluble Solids (%) VIII. Enhnced storge potentil Exmple 9. ENZA New Zelnd mturity monitoring blocks In the 998/99 seson, Vlent BioSciences, ENZA nd Hort+Reserch undertook joint progrm to investigte the t hrvest nd post hrvest effects of. Six Royl Gl orchrds in Hwkes By were chosen. The orchrds formed prt of ENZA s mturity monitoring progrm. ENZA stff took smples over the hrvest period nd recorded ll mturity chrcteristics. Fruit ws stored in ENZA cold stores (. o C) nd smpled t -3 dy intervls for up to dys. Hort+Reserch compiled nd nlysed the dt. Site - Averge 6 ENZA Monitoring Monitoring Blocks, Hwkes By - Fruit Grde: ESP C Resercher: Volz et l., Hort+Reserch Appliction Dtes: vrious (- Jnury); -3 dys before first pick 7. 3. 7... 6.. 6..... 3 6 9 3 6 9 9. 8. 8. 7. 7. 6. 6........ 3. 3....... 3 6 9 Dys of Storge 3 6 9 Dys of Storge Exmple 3. Tylor Queen peches sty firmer for longer Site - Goulburn Vlley, Vic, AUSTRALIA Resercher: Jim Wrgo, Vlent BioSciences, t 83 g/h + Freewy orgnosilicone surfctnt t.% 3 Treted 3 Dys of Cold Storge 6
Gresy Fruit (%) IX. Reduced physiologicl disorders in storge Advnced Fruit Mngement 8 6 Exmple 3. Reduction in gresiness fter storge in Royl Gl pples Site - ENZA ESP Monitoring Tril in Hwkes By, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: Volz et l. Hort+Reserch, 999 3 6 9 Dys of Storge Exmple 3. Post-hrvest effects of on storge disorders in peches nd nectrines Site - Commercil pplictions in Goulburn Vlley, Vic, AUSTRALIA Resercher: In Wilkinson, Institute for Horticulturl Development Yer: Note: Dt shows the verge response from the number of growers listed. Number of Growers % Rots Treted % Stone Cvity Browning Treted Elegnt Ldy pech 3..8.. Pullr's Cling pech 3 9. 3..8 8.7 August Red nectrine.8... Fntsi nectrine. 3.8 3..7 Treted Scld Incidence (%) 7 b Scld Score (-3)..8 b Exmple 33. Reduction in Superficil Scld in Cox s Ornge Pippin pples Site - Hwkes By NEW Zelnd Resercher: Volz et l. Hort+Reserch, 998 ( ) Fruit held for 9 dys t 3 o C followed by 7 dys t o C ( ) Scld score ( = no scld; = scld on -% surfce re; = scld on -33% surfce re; 3 = scld on >33% surfce re) Vlues with different letters within row re significntly different (P<.) 7
Flesh Firmness (kgf) SPI (-6) Flesh Firmness (kgf) SPI (-6) % Bins Picked POME FRUIT Apples - vriety specific exmples I. Gl, Royl Gl, Imperil Gl, Brookfield, etc. Gl, Royl Gl nd other Gl-type vrieties re mong the most responsive pples to pplictions. Hrvest dely is round - dys nd pple growth is round g per dy for ech dy of dely. treted Gl pples cn store better thn untreted pples when picked t pproprite physiologicl mturity for storge. 8 Exmple 3. Hrvest dely in Royl Gl pples (see lso Exmples nd 7) Site - Btlow, NSW, AUSTRALIA Resercher: Jim Wrgo, Vlent BioSciences, pplied Jn., to 7 yer old Royl Gl on M9 Spy rootstock 7 6 3 Treted 6 Feb Mr 6 Mr Mr 7 Mr Hrvest Dtes Exmple 3. Firmness decline nd Strch progression over the hrvest period in Imperil Gl pples (see lso Exmples nd 7) Site - Yrr Vlley, Vic, AUSTRALIA Resercher: Jim Wrgo, Vlent BioSciences, pplied 8 Jn., to yer old Imperil Gl on M7 rootstock Treted 9. 9. 8.7 8. Firmness SPI 6 9. 9. 8.7 8. 6 8. 3 8. 3 8. 7.7 7. 8. 7.7 7. 7. Apr 3 Apr Apr 7 My 3 My 7. Apr 3 Apr Apr 7 My 3 My Hrvest Dte Hrvest Dte 8
Bckground Colour Flesh Firmness (kgf) Crtons (%) Exmple 36. Incresed fruit size in Royl Gl pples (see lso Exmples 8, 9 nd ) Site - Kelston Orchrds, Hwkes By, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: Meliss Fisch, Vlent BioSciences, 999 pplied Jn., 999 Block -.66 H; First pick 6 Feb., Av. Count Size =. Treted Block -.33 H; First pick Feb., Av. Count Size = 8.3 Note: Count size = No. fruit/8 kg crton 8. 7.8 7.6 7. Advnced Fruit Mngement 7 8 9 3 6 8 Count Size treted 7. 7. 6.8 6.6 6. 6. 6. 7. 6. 6.... Treted - ESP C* - ESP C* Exmple 37. Bigger, Firmer Fruit with better Bckground Colour. Royl Gl pples (see lso Exmples, 6 nd 7 for Economic Performnce nlysis) Site - Vlim Orchrds, Hope, Nelson, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: Meliss Fisch, Vlent BioSciences, 999 pplied 7 Jn., 999 Block -.3 H; First pick 8 Feb. Treted Block -. H; First pick Mr. Note: Count size = No. fruit/8 kg crton * ESP C is the lowest NZ export grde. 7 8 9 3 6 Count Size Exmple 38. Improved Fruit Qulity t Hrvest, After Storge nd After Room Temperture Storge of Royl Gl (see lso Exmples 9 nd 3) This exmple compres ESP C librry fruit on untreted nd treted blocks. Site - WiWest Horticulture, Nelson NEW ZEALAND; pplied 9 Jn. 999 Block - h; First Pick: 9 Feb. 999; This fruit picked on Mrch (7 Bins) -treted Block - h; First pick: Mr. 999; This fruit picked Mrch (6 bins) Evlution At Hrvest. dys hr Firmness (kg) Difference Bckground Colour Difference 7 6.9 -.9. 6. 8 -. 8 +.9 6.37 +. 6. 7. 3 -. 3 dys + 7 dys.87 6.9 +. - - - ( ) dys cold store followed by ( ) hours or ( 3 ) 7 dys t mbient. ( ) Anlysis undertken by Vlent BioSciences on Mrch. ( ) Anlysis undertken by Vlent BioSciences on Mrch Bckground Colour scle : - 9
Firmness (kg) % Wtercore Mturity Index (Firmness x Soluble Solids x Strch) II. Red Delicious Red Delicious nd relted vrieties re very responsive to pplictions. Hrvest dely is round 7- dys. Fruit continues to grow while on the tree nd treted Reds store better thn untreted pples when picked t pproprite physiologicl mturity for storge. 8 Exmple 39. Mturity dely in Red Delicious pples (see lso Exmple 8) Site: Wpto, WA, USA Dt from Orchrd (of the Wshington Stte Apple Mturity Progrmme) 7 6 3 Treted Sep Sep 8 Sep Sep Oct Hrvest Dtes Treted 3 6 Oct Oct Exmple. Reduction in wtercore in Red Delicious pples Site: Wentchee, Wshington, USA Resercher: Guy Whitney, Vlent BioSciences Corportion pplied Sept. 999 hrvest: 8 Oct. 999 hrvest: Oct. 999 Hrvest Dtes 8. 7. Treted Exmple. Better firmness fter Controlled Atmosphere storge in Red Delicious pples Site: orchrds in the Wshington Apple Mturity Progrmme, USA pplied nd pples hrvested 996, storge dt 996/97 7. 6. 6.... Hrvest 9 Storge Period (Dys)
Skin Colour Fruit Firmness (kg) Strch Pttern Index (-6) III. Golden Delicious, Firmgold, etc Advnced Fruit Mngement Golden Delicious nd relted vrieties re less responsive to pplictions thn vrieties like Gl, however, benefits my include good delys in hrvest (incresing fruit size), reduced fruit drop nd better skin colour fter storge. 3 Treted Exmple. Hrvest mngement s shown by dely in strch conversion in Golden Delicious pples (see lso Exmples nd 3) Site: Yrr Vlley, Vic, AUSTRALIA Resercher: Jim Wrgo, VBC pplied 7 Feb. re:. H treted re:.3 H 9 Mr 6 Mr Hrvest Dte Exmple 3. Fruit Firmness in Golden Delicious pples Site: Lncster, Pennsylvni, USA Resercher: Greg Clrke, Vlent BioSciences Corportion pplied Sept. 999 hrvest: Oct. 999 9 Treted 8 b 7 6 3 b b Oct Oct 9 Oct Hrvest Dtes. 3.9 3.8 Treted 3.7 3.6 3. 3. 3.3 3. 3. 3.. Exmple. Greener skin colour fter storge in Golden Delicious pples Site: Averge of 6 H in Elgin nd Ceres, SOUTH AFRICA Resercher: J. Moelich, HORTEC 998 Note: Higher skin colour mens the fruit is more yellow.. 3 Storge Durtion (months)
% Bins Picked Flesh Firmness (kgf) SPI Flesh Firmness (kgf) SPI IV. Pink Ldy TM Pink Ldy pples treted with re delyed in strch conversion nd bckgound colour nd hve mintined firmness. Exmple. Reduction in Firmness decline nd Strch progression over the hrvest period in Pink Ldy pples Site - Yrr Vlley, Vic, AUSTRALIA Resercher: Jim Wrgo, Vlent BioSciences, pplied Mr., to 8 yer old Pink Ldy on M7 rootstock; Reflective foil.mulch used Treted 9. 9. 8.7 8. Firmness SPI 6 9. 9. 8.7 8. 6 8. 3 8. 3 8. 7.7 7. 8. 7.7 7. 7. Apr 3 Apr Apr 7 My 3 My 7. Apr 3 Apr Apr 7 My 3 My Hrvest Dte Hrvest Dte 7 6 3 Treted Exmple 6. Hrvest Mngement of Pink Ldy pples Site: Yrr Vlley, Vic., AUSTRALIA Resercher: Jim Wrgo, Vlent BioSciences. pplied 6 Apr., to 6 yer-old Pink Ldy on M6 rootstock nd under hil netting My 7 My My 3 My 6 My 9 My Hrvest Dtes Hrvest Dte Exmple 7. Firmness, Strch nd Brix of Pink Ldy pples t Hrvest Site: Dwellingup, WA, AUSTRALIA Resercher: Les Mitchell, Agriserch,. pplied Apr., to 9 yer-old Pink Ldy 8 My My Mturity Indictor Treted Treted Firmness (kg) 8.98 9. 8.78 9.66 Strch (SPI -6 rting).6.8 b 3.3. b TSS (Brix) 6.36 7. b 6. 7.
Flesh Firmness (kgf) SPI Flesh Firmness (kgf) SPI Advnced Fruit Mngement V. Breburn Less testing of hs been conducted on Breburn. It ppers tht Breburn is generlly less responsive to thn Gl or Red Delicious pples. However, there cn be useful dely in strch conversion which ids in hrvest mngement nd fruit size. Benefits in storge include reduced wter loss nd less shrivel. Exmple 8. Hrvest mturtion (firmness decline & strch progression) of Breburn pples Site: Motuek, Nelson, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: Cynthi Christie, Nufrm Limited, 999. pplied Mr., 999 to yer-old Breburn trees on MM9 Treted 8.7 8. 8. Firmness SPI 8.7 8. 8. 8. 7.7 7. 3 8. 7.7 7. 3 7. 7. 7. 7. 6.7 Apr 7 Apr Apr Apr 9 Apr 6.7 Apr 7 Apr Apr Apr 9 Apr Hrvest Dte Hrvest Dte Exmple 9. Reduction in Shrivel nd Weight Loss fter storge in Breburn pples Site: Hwkes By, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: Volz et l. Hort+Reserch. Cold Storge =. o C Within row, vlues follwed by the sme letter re not significntly different (P=.) Hrvest Dte Mesurement Treted 7 Mrch Permence (3 nmoles/s/m /P). %Fruit with Permence >3 nmoles/s/m /P Induced Shrivel fter dys storge Weight Loss fter dys storge. 3. April Permence (3 nmoles/s/m /P) 6. %Fruit with Permence >3 nmoles/s/m /P 6.3 Induced Shrivel fter dys storge Weight Loss fter dys storge. 3.3 7 April Permence (3 nmoles/s/m /P) 36. %Fruit with Permence >3 nmoles/s/m /P. Induced Shrivel fter dys storge Weight Loss fter dys storge.7...6 b 3. 3. b. 3. 8.9 b 6.7 7.9 b 3. b 3
Firmness (kg) Flesh Firmness (kgf) SPI Flesh Firmness (kgf) SPI VI. Fuji Fuji pples produce little ethylene nd typiclly mintin their firmness during hrvest nd in storge., by suppressing the smll mount of ethylene tht is produced cn result in smll dely the hrvest by severl dys giving hrvest mngement benefits s well s firmness nd physiologicl benefits in storge. Exmple. Hrvest mturtion (firmness decline & strch progression) of Fuji pples Site: Nelson, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: Crig Hornblow, AgFirst Consultnts,. pplied 6 Mr., Treted 8.7 8. 8. Firmness SPI 8.7 8. 8. 8. 7.7 7. 3 8. 7.7 7. 3 7. 7. 7. 7. 6.7 6 Apr 3 Apr Apr 7 Apr 6.7 6 Apr 3 Apr Apr 7 Apr Hrvest Dte Hrvest Dte Treted Exmple. Firmness of Fuji pples t hrvest nd fter 6 months segregted CA storge Site: Sprt, Michign, USA pplied Sep. 996 9 8 7 6 Hrvest 6 Months CA Hrvest Dtes Treted % Incidence of Wtercore 7 Averge severity of Wtercore (-6 scle: =low).3 3 Exmple. Reduction in incidence nd severity of wtercore in the lst pick (6 Apr. ) of Fuji pples Site: Nelson, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: Crig Hornblow, AgFirst Consultnts,. pplied 6 Mr.,
Flesh Firmness (kg/cm ) Flesh Firmness (kg) SPI Advnced Fruit Mngement VII. Cox s Ornge Pippin treted Cox in both NZ nd the UK show considerble dvntges during nd fter storge. Cox s grown in New Zelnd nd the United Kingdom re picked t very different stges of physiologicl mturity. In the UK, fruit re picked closer to physiologicl mturity. Consequently, cn give excellent hrvest dely, together with firmness dvntges however, in NZ the fruit is picked physiologiclly immture - with ethylene not being produced until few weeks fter hrvest. Under these culturl prctices gives little t hrvest benefits but cn still give improved storge nd shelf-life. 8. 7. 7. 6. 6..... Ex-store firmness trget Treted 8 Sep Sep Sep 9 Sep Exmple 3. Flesh Firmness in Queen Cox fter storge (CA store t 3. o C) for pproximtely months (ssessed Jn. 998). Site: West Kent, UK Resercher: Dvid Johnson, HRI. (Reserch performed by HRI on behlf of APRC but this does not men tht APRC endorses ). pplied Aug. 997 Hrvest Dte Exmple. Firmness nd SPI of untreted nd treted Cox s Ornge Pippin pples (see lso Exmple 6) Site: Hwkes By, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: White et l., Hort+Reserch, 998. pplied Jn, 998 8. 8. 7. 7. 6. 6...... Feb 8 Feb Feb Mr Mr 8 Mr Hrvest Dte treted 6 3 Feb 8 Feb Feb Mr Mr Hrvest Dte 8 Mr Evlution Firmness (kg) Treted Difference Hrvest 8. 8. +. dys + hr 7.6 7.9 +.3 dys + 7 dys 7. 7.8 +.8 6 dys + hr 6.6 7. +.6 6 dys + 7 dys.3 6. +.7 8 dys + hr.8 6. +. 8 dys + 7 dys.. +.3 Exmple. Enhnced storge nd shelf-life of treted Cox s Ornge Pippin pples (see lso Exmple 33) Site: Hwkes By, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: Volz et l., Hort+Reserch, 999. pplied 8 Jn, 999 ( ), 6 or 8 dys cold store followed by hours or 7 dys t mbient
Flesh Firmness (kg) SPI (- scle) Flesh Firmness (kg) % Gresiness (fter mo. CA store) VIII. Jongold cn provide hrvest benefits through delyed firmness decline, retention of bckground colour nd strch progression. Jongold continue to grow during this delyed hrvest. Gresiness is reduced in storge. Exmple 6. Hrvest firmness differences nd reduced gresiness in Jongold pples Site: New York Stte, USA Resercher: From Wrgo et l.,. New York Fruit Qurterly, 8 (), -7 Cornell Coopertive Extension tril, 998. Note: Gresiness determined fter months CA storge followed by 7 dys t mbient. 6. treted 6.. 3... 3. 3.... Sep 9 Sep 6 Oct 3 Oct Sep 9 Sep 6 Oct 3 Oct Hrvest Dte Hrvest Dte Exmple 7. Hrvest firmness nd strch differences in Jongold pples Site: Fruit Reserch Centre of Gorsem, BELGIUM Resercher: T. Deckers. pplied Sept., 7. treted. 9.8 6. 9.6 9. 6. 9.. 9. 8.8.... 3 Oct Oct 9 Oct Oct 8.6.. 3 Oct Oct 9 Oct Oct Hrvest Dte Hrvest Dte 6
% Fruit Drop Fruit Firmness (kg/ mm ) Advnced Fruit Mngement IX. Tsugru Tsugru pples re renown for prehrvest drop problems. is very effective in preventing fruit drop nd t the sme time mintining fruit qulity (unlike other drop control gents). The delyed hrvest cn result in gretly incresed fruit size. 3. b b b. Exmple 8. Hrvest firmness differences Tsugru pples Site: NIAST, RDA, SOUTH KOREA Resercher: Kng et l. 998 tretment t 7 ppm Note: Firmness mesured using mm penetrometer tip...... Control Dichlorprop WBH WBH 3 WBH Tretment th August 3rd September 8 6 WBH 3 WBH WBH WBH Exmple 9. Reduction in Fruit Drop in treted Tsugru pples (see lso Exmple ) Site: Degu, SOUTH KOREA Resercher: Kng In-Kyu, Degu Apple Reserch Institute, NHRI, RDA 999 tretment t 7 ppm Tretment Exmple 6. effects on Drop, Firmness, Hrvest dely, Fruit growth, etc in Tsugru pples Site: Degu, SOUTH KOREA Resercher: From Prk et l. (999) J. Koren Soc. Hort. Sci. (): 77-8 tretment t 7 ppm Treted Hrvest Dte August August September Prehrvest Drop (%) 7. c.3 b 7.8 Fruit Weight (g) 93 9 33 b Flesh Firmness (kg/ mm tip).7 b.33.8 b Soluble Soilds (Brix).9.6 3.3 Anthocynnin (O.D.).8 b.8.9 c Ethylene Production (ul/kg/hr).8 c.3.3 b 7
Flesh Firmness (kgf) SPI Flesh Firmness (kgf) SPI X. Southern Snp TM Southern Snp is highly responsive to offering hrvest dely of to 3 weeks. Southern Snp is lso sensitive to the orgnosilicone wetters used with nd the use of non-ionic such s Regulid is recommended. Exmple 6. Hrvest firmness, SPI nd Brix differences in Southern Snp pples Site: Commercil orchrd, Hwkes By, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: Mnning & Wilton, AgFirst Consultnts, pplied 7 Jn. with ml/ L of Regulid non-ionic surfctnt Hrvest Dte 3 Februry Mrch 9 Mrch Treted Treted Treted Flesh Firmness (kg) 8. 8.3 8.3 8. - 8. Strch Pttern Index (-6).6.8 3.. -. Soluble Solids (Brix).. 3. - 3. XI. Pcific Rose TM Pcific Rose pples re somewht responsive to giving round -7 dys dely in hrvest (bsed on SPI). Exmple 6. Hrvest firmness nd strch over the hrvest period in Pcifc Rose pples Site: Hort+Reserch, Clrk s Reserch Orchrd, Hwkes By, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: White et l., Hort+Reserch, 998 pplied 9 Mr. 998 8. 7. Firmness SPI 6 8. 7. Treted 6 7. 6. 3 7. 6. 3 6. 6.. Apr Apr Apr 8 Apr My My 9 Hrvest Dte. Apr Apr Apr 8 Apr My My 9 Hrvest Dte 8
Flesh Firmness (kg/cm ) %Strch Conversion Advnced Fruit Mngement XII. Grnny Smith Grnny Smith is firm pple with excellent storge qulities. Even though Grnny Smith pples produce little ethylene (like Fuji pples), cn be used to dely hrvest nd provide fruit with better qulity fter storge. Exmple 63. Flesh firmness nd strch conversion over the hrvest period in Grnny Smith pples Site: SOUTH AFRICA Resercher: J. Stone, Hortec 9. Treted 8. 8. 7. b 7. 6. 6.... 8 7 6 3. Norml Hrvest NH+ week NH+ weeks NH+3 weeks NH+ weeks Hrvest Dte Averge Norml Hrvest NH+ week NH+ weeks Hrvest Dte NH+3 weeks NH+ weeks Exmple 6. Flesh firmness nd brix fter 3 months storge in Grnny Smith pples Site: SOUTH AFRICA Resercher: J. Stone, Hortec, Treted Flesh Firmness fter storge 7.3 7. Flesh firmness fter storge nd week shelf-life 7. 7.7 Soluble Solids (Brix) fter storge.3 6. 9
Apples - Criticl fctors with pplictions I. Appliction Timing Importnt Note: The lbel recommendtions re result of extensive reserch nd development nd commercil experience. Timing (nd dose recommendtions) hve been selected in order to give consistent, beneficil effects. Use of other rtes, ppliction timing, spry volumes re not recommended nd my result in inconsistent nd/or less thn desired product performnce. Red lbel crefully. Do not exceed the pproved rte nor hrvest the treted crop before the expirtion of the pproved withholding period. Exmple 6. Appliction timing recommendtions for on pples Notes:. -8 dys before expected first pick of untreted fruit is the generl recommendtion for ll vrieties. 83 g of /H in 8- L wter/h is the recommended rte. Use of other rtes nd timings my result in reduced efficcy. Alwys follow the directions for use on your product lbel.. Breburn pplictions re best mde t dys before first pick of untreted fruit. 3. Cox s Ornge Pippin pplictions in New Zelnd re best mde t - dys before first pick of untreted fruit. This timing gives the gretest storge benefits in Cox.. Apply when drying conditions re slower such s in the erly to mid-morning period inorder to ensure dequte bsorption Do not pply in the lte fernoon or erly evening if fruit is still wrm. READ AND FOLLOW THE RECOMMENDATIONS ON YOUR RETAIN LABEL Dys Before First Hrvest 3 8 7 Most Vrieties Breburn, Cox's (NZ only) 3
Mturity Dely (Dys) Advnced Fruit Mngement Exmple 66. Effect of ppliction timing on the benefits to growers of Royl Gl pples Site: Lwn Rod Hort+Reserch Orchrd, Hwkes By, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: Volz et l., Hort+Reserch, NOTE: This reserch tril only exmined the effects of ppliction timing on hrvest mngement nd fruit qulity t hrvest. The effect on storge qulity ws not exmined. pplictions t -8 dys before hrvest hve given very good improvements in fruit qulity fter storge (see Exmples 9, 3 nd 38). Note: pplictions closer to hrvest thn detiled on product lbels is not pproved nor recommended Treted (ppliction timing - Dys Before First Pick) 8 7 Hrvest Dely (dys) 9 9 Fruit weight (g) 3 36 37 33 3 % High Colour Fruit (>8% blush) 37 3 9 3 %Export Fruit 8 9 8 7 98 99 Fruit vlue/tree (NZ$) 39.3 7.7 8.66.9 9.6 8.7 Exmple 67. Appliction timing nd mturity dely in Royl Gl pples Note: This grph shows tht ppliction to Royl Gl pples t timings between nd 3 dys give the sme hrvest dely Site: 9 Commericl Orchrds in Nelson region, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: Meliss Fisch, Vlent BioSciences, 999 6 8 6 3 3 Appliction Timing (Dys before untreted "Go" Dte) Importnt Note: You must follow the recommendtions on your lbel. Some ppliction timings detiled in exmples in this mnul hve implictions on Withholding Periods, Re-entry Intervls nd Residues. 3
II. Surfctnt Use % orgnosilicone surfctnts re necessry for the optiml response of. Not only re ordinry non-ionic surfctnts inferior in performnce to % orgnosilicone surfctnts, but the performnce of blends of orgnosilicones nd ordinry non-ionic surfctnts with re not equivlent to the perfomnce of % orgnosilicone surfctnts with (s shown in Exmple 68). Only use the surfctnts recommended on your lbel. The recommended surfctnt rte is. nd.%, nd my differ between vrieties. This is generlly becuse some vrieties of pple re susceptible to dmge with the orgnosilicone. Cution is urged with the use of orgnosilicone surfctnts with on senstive cultivrs such s Southern Snp. Only low orgnosilicone surfctnt rtes should be considered with under fvorble environmentl conditions. Use of with non-ionic surfctnt such s Regulid my void this orgnosilicone surfctnt sensitivity, but my not result in optiml responses Exmple 68. Effect of surfctnts on performnce in McIntosh pples Site: University of Msschusetts Horticulturl Reserch Center, MA, USA Resercher: Greene & Krup (), from Fruit Notes 6: -6. Tretment Strch rting (-8) % Fruit Drop (t first hrvest) % Fruit Drop ( weeks fter first hrvest). 8.7 7.3 + no surfctnt. 7.3 36. + Kinetic (.%). 6.7 33.3 + Silwet L-77 (.%). b. 6. III. nd Fruit Colour hs no direct effect on colour, however the use of to dely fruit mturtion hs n indirect effect of delying the progression of the bckground colour from green to yellow. Bckground colour is key mturity chrcteristic for most fruit vrieties. ENZA/Hort+Reserch studies hve shown tht the use of does not chnge the reltionship between bckground colour nd other mturity indictors such s Strch Pttern Index. This mens tht cn dely ll the mturity indices - llowing for mnged hrvest of high qulity fruit. treted fruit cn look fresher coming out of storge s the greener bckground colour cn be mintined in storge (See Exmples 9, 37 nd 38). 3 As prt of delying mturity, is lso likely to dely red blush colour development. In generl this dely is mde up s the fruit continues to mture. In some cses, red blush colour cn be enhnced s treted fruit is hrvested lter when night time tempertures cn be more fvourble to colour development. However, becuse this is wether dependent, this my not lwys be the cse. Lter seson vrieties such s Red Delicious, Pink Ldy, Fuji, etc re more likely to hve enhnced blush colour development becuse of the colder Autumn nights. Mid-seson vrieties such s Gl, Royl Gl nd Tsugru my hve less colour development t hrvest thn tht shown in untreted blocks given the wrmer wether conditions. Growers must continue to monitor ll fruit qulity chrcteristics in order to determine the optiml time for hrvest. It is importnt to note tht in generl the incresed fruit size tht occurs with use is economiclly more importnt thn high fruit colour (see Exmples nd 7). We do not recommend the use of on blocks which hve history of poor colour development.
Crtons (%) Crtons (%) Advnced Fruit Mngement A. Better Bckground Colour Exmple 69. Greener bckground colour in treted fruit Site: Vrious orchrds, Hwkes By, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: White et l., Hort+Reserch in 998. Note: Scle -; greener to yellower Hrvest Week Cox's Ornge Pippin Treted Royl Gl Treted Pcific Rose T M Treted Fuji Treted Grnny Smith Treted. 6. 6. 3. 3. 9 3.... 6. 6. 9.. 7.. 9.. 6.. 3. 3.. 6.. 3 6... 7.. 6. 6 3. 3 3. 7.. 7 6. 3. 8. 6.. 9. 6 3. 6 3. 7. 8 6. 9 7. 3 7.. 9.. 6. 7 6. 3. 8. 7 8. 7. 7.. 7 3. 3.. 8 B. Red blush Development Exmple 7. Blush Colour of Royl Gl Exmple 7 below shows tht blush colour development of treted fruit did not mtch the colour development of untreted fruit. The dt below is for the entire hrvest, nd does not quite tell the whole story. This grower hrvested ENZA B grde export fruit erly nd C grde fruit lter (there ws no A grde fruit hrvested). Exmintion of the B grde treted fruit shows tht this fruit ws more highly coloured thn untreted fruit (Exmple 7b). In conclusion, while it is possible to chieve better blush colour by using, growers should be wre tht sesonl fctors together with the dely in mturtion due to, my men tht this is not the cse (see lso Exmples 7 nd 66). Note: Fruit grdes - A (long term storge; B (mid-term storge); C (short-term storge or immedite mrketing) Site - WiWest Horticulture, Nelson, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: Meliss Fisch, Vlent BioSciences; pplied 9 Jn. 999; Block - H; First Pick Dte: 9 Feb. 999 -treted Block - H; First Pick Dte: Mr. 999, 8 8 A B 7 6 treted 7 6 treted 3 3 High Colour ENZA Grde Low Colour High Colour ENZA Grde Low Colour Colour Grde Colour Grde 33
% Bins Picked Strch Pttern Index (-6) IV. nd Reflective Films/Foils/Mulches Reflective films/foils/mulches re being used incresingly to enhnce the red blush colour development of pples. The films tend to dvnce mturity s well s increse colour nd this cn crete mturity conflict with, which is delying mturity. While ll the interction re not fully understood, recent studies suggest tht these films cn be used with to gin some benefit from both products. Applying the foil t -8 dys before the first untreted hrvest ppers to be optiml. Note tht these foils tend to mke Gl type pples lighter shde of red thn norml. Exmple 7. Effect of Reflective Film on dvncing strch conversion in both nd treted blocks of Royl Gl pples on 8 Feb (just prior to first pick) Site: Commercil orchrd Site #, Nelson, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: Hornblow, AgFirst Consultnts pplied 8 dys before first hrvest (DBH). Extendy TM reflective cloth pplied full row width 3 Foil DBH Foil 8 DBH ReT+Foil DBH ReT+Foil 8 DBH 3 Foil + Foil 6 Feb 6 Mr 8 Mr 3 Mr 8 Mr Hrvest Dtes Exmple 7. Effect of Reflective Film on dvncing hrvest picks (due to both dvncing mturity nd incresed blush colour) of Royl Gl pples Site: Commercil orchrd, Site #, Nelson, NEW ZEALAND Resercher: Hornblow, AgFirst Consultnts, pplied 8 dys before first hrvest (DBH). Extendy TM reflective cloth pplied full row width Note: nd 8 dy results combined for both nd treted Exmple 73. Effect of Reflective Film on blush colour nd mturity of Gl pples Site: Wtsoni, Monett, South Crolin, USA Resercher: Lyne et l. Clemson University, South Crolin, 999; (from http://virtul.clemson.edu/groups/hort/pech/film%trils/sld7.htm) pplied 8 dys before first hrvest, Film lid Jul. 999; First hrvest Aug. 999 Tretment Colour rting (-) Fruit Dimeter (cm) Flesh Firmness (kg) Soluble Solids (%) Strch (-6).8 c 6.88 7.7 b 3. bc. + Foil.7 6.9 7.7 b 3.7 b.7. d 6.99 8.8.6 c 3.9 b + Foil. b 6.88 8.8 3.9. b 3