H '= "# p i. ln( p i. Successional changes in diversity. Species richness. Quantifying diversity - Species richness and relative abundance

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Successional changes in diversity Species richness Quantifying diversity - Species richness and relative abundance Species abundance distribution Shannon-Weiner diversity: Rank abundance curve S H '= "# p i ln( p i ) i =1

Bishop s Backbone Forest 2 ha surveyed 2006-2007 Sasha Lodge 07 Ellen Thompson 08 Amy Kessler 09 Kaleb Keyserling 09 S H '= "# p i ln( p i ) i =1 sp count p_i ln p_i p_i * ln p_i Acer saccharum 813 0.422337662-0.861950137-0.364034006 Ostrya virginiana 326 0.169350649-1.775783865-0.300730151 Fagus grandifolia 231 0.12-2.120263536-0.254431624 Prunus serotina 137 0.071168831-2.642700321-0.188077893 Carya cordiformus 60 0.031168831-3.468336684-0.108104001 Liriodendron tulipifera 60 0.031168831-3.468336684-0.108104001 Cornus florida 50 0.025974026-3.650658241-0.094822292 Ulmus rubra 39 0.02025974-3.899119601-0.07899515 Quercus alba 37 0.019220779-3.951763334-0.075955971 Celtis occidentalis 21 0.010909091-4.518158809-0.049289005 Fraxinus americana 21 0.010909091-4.518158809-0.049289005 Crataegus spp. 18 0.009350649-4.672309489-0.043689128 Ailantus altissima 17 0.008831169-4.729467903-0.04176673 Carya ovata 10 0.005194805-5.260096154-0.027325175 Acer negundo 9 0.004675325-5.365456669-0.025085252 Carya tomentosa 9 0.004675325-5.365456669-0.025085252 Rosa multiflora 8 0.004155844-5.483239705-0.02278749 Ligustrum ovalifolium 6 0.003116883-5.770921777-0.017987289 Quercus rubra 6 0.003116883-5.770921777-0.017987289 Quercus velutina 6 0.003116883-5.770921777-0.017987289 Vitis spp. 6 0.003116883-5.770921777-0.017987289 Juglans nigra 5 0.002597403-5.953243334-0.01546297 Ulmus americana 5 0.002597403-5.953243334-0.01546297 Carya glabra 4 0.002077922-6.176386886-0.012834051 Sassafras albidum 4 0.002077922-6.176386886-0.012834051 Acer rubrum 3 0.001558442-6.464068958-0.010073874 Magnolia acuminata 3 0.001558442-6.464068958-0.010073874 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 3 0.001558442-6.464068958-0.010073874 Prunus avium 2 0.001038961-6.869534066-0.007137178 Tilia americana 2 0.001038961-6.869534066-0.007137178 Aesculus glabra 1 0.000519481-7.562681247-0.003928666 Carya spp. 1 0.000519481-7.562681247-0.003928666 Cornus racemosa 1 0.000519481-7.562681247-0.003928666 Euonymus atropurpureus 1 0.000519481-7.562681247-0.003928666 sum 2.046325959

S H '= "# p i ln( p i ) i =1 sp count p_i ln p_i p_i * ln p_i Acer saccharum 813 0.422337662-0.861950137-0.364034006 Ostrya virginiana 326 0.169350649-1.775783865-0.300730151 Fagus grandifolia 231 0.12-2.120263536-0.254431624 Prunus serotina 137 0.071168831-2.642700321-0.188077893 Carya cordiformus 60 0.031168831-3.468336684-0.108104001 Liriodendron tulipifera 60 0.031168831-3.468336684-0.108104001 Cornus florida 50 0.025974026-3.650658241-0.094822292 Ulmus rubra 39 0.02025974-3.899119601-0.07899515 Quercus alba 37 0.019220779-3.951763334-0.075955971 Celtis occidentalis 21 0.010909091-4.518158809-0.049289005 Fraxinus americana 21 0.010909091-4.518158809-0.049289005 Crataegus spp. 18 0.009350649-4.672309489-0.043689128 Ailantus altissima 17 0.008831169-4.729467903-0.04176673 Carya ovata 10 0.005194805-5.260096154-0.027325175 Acer negundo 9 0.004675325-5.365456669-0.025085252 Carya tomentosa 9 0.004675325-5.365456669-0.025085252 Rosa multiflora 8 0.004155844-5.483239705-0.02278749 Ligustrum ovalifolium 6 0.003116883-5.770921777-0.017987289 Quercus rubra 6 0.003116883-5.770921777-0.017987289 Quercus velutina 6 0.003116883-5.770921777-0.017987289 Vitis spp. 6 0.003116883-5.770921777-0.017987289 Juglans nigra 5 0.002597403-5.953243334-0.01546297 Ulmus americana 5 0.002597403-5.953243334-0.01546297 Carya glabra 4 0.002077922-6.176386886-0.012834051 Sassafras albidum 4 0.002077922-6.176386886-0.012834051 Acer rubrum 3 0.001558442-6.464068958-0.010073874 Magnolia acuminata 3 0.001558442-6.464068958-0.010073874 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 3 0.001558442-6.464068958-0.010073874 Prunus avium 2 0.001038961-6.869534066-0.007137178 Tilia americana 2 0.001038961-6.869534066-0.007137178 Aesculus glabra 1 0.000519481-7.562681247-0.003928666 Carya spp. 1 0.000519481-7.562681247-0.003928666 Cornus racemosa 1 0.000519481-7.562681247-0.003928666 Euonymus atropurpureus 1 0.000519481-7.562681247-0.003928666 sum 2.046325959 S H '= "# p i ln( p i ) i =1 sp count p_i ln p_i p_i * ln p_i Acer saccharum 813 0.422337662-0.861950137-0.364034006 Ostrya virginiana 326 0.169350649-1.775783865-0.300730151 Fagus grandifolia 231 0.12-2.120263536-0.254431624 Prunus serotina 137 0.071168831-2.642700321-0.188077893 Carya cordiformus 60 0.031168831-3.468336684-0.108104001 Liriodendron tulipifera 60 0.031168831-3.468336684-0.108104001 Cornus florida 50 0.025974026-3.650658241-0.094822292 Ulmus rubra 39 0.02025974-3.899119601-0.07899515 Quercus alba 37 0.019220779-3.951763334-0.075955971 Celtis occidentalis 21 0.010909091-4.518158809-0.049289005 Fraxinus americana 21 0.010909091-4.518158809-0.049289005 Crataegus spp. 18 0.009350649-4.672309489-0.043689128 Ailantus altissima 17 0.008831169-4.729467903-0.04176673 Carya ovata 10 0.005194805-5.260096154-0.027325175 Acer negundo 9 0.004675325-5.365456669-0.025085252 Carya tomentosa 9 0.004675325-5.365456669-0.025085252 Rosa multiflora 8 0.004155844-5.483239705-0.02278749 Ligustrum ovalifolium 6 0.003116883-5.770921777-0.017987289 Quercus rubra 6 0.003116883-5.770921777-0.017987289 Quercus velutina 6 0.003116883-5.770921777-0.017987289 Vitis spp. 6 0.003116883-5.770921777-0.017987289 Juglans nigra 5 0.002597403-5.953243334-0.01546297 Ulmus americana 5 0.002597403-5.953243334-0.01546297 Carya glabra 4 0.002077922-6.176386886-0.012834051 Sassafras albidum 4 0.002077922-6.176386886-0.012834051 Acer rubrum 3 0.001558442-6.464068958-0.010073874 Magnolia acuminata 3 0.001558442-6.464068958-0.010073874 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 3 0.001558442-6.464068958-0.010073874 Prunus avium 2 0.001038961-6.869534066-0.007137178 Tilia americana 2 0.001038961-6.869534066-0.007137178 Aesculus glabra 1 0.000519481-7.562681247-0.003928666 Carya spp. 1 0.000519481-7.562681247-0.003928666 Cornus racemosa 1 0.000519481-7.562681247-0.003928666 Euonymus atropurpureus 1 0.000519481-7.562681247-0.003928666 sum 2.046325959

S H '= "# p i ln( p i ) i =1 sp count p_i ln p_i p_i * ln p_i Acer saccharum 813 0.422337662-0.861950137-0.364034006 Ostrya virginiana 326 0.169350649-1.775783865-0.300730151 Fagus grandifolia 231 0.12-2.120263536-0.254431624 Prunus serotina 137 0.071168831-2.642700321-0.188077893 Carya cordiformus 60 0.031168831-3.468336684-0.108104001 Liriodendron tulipifera 60 0.031168831-3.468336684-0.108104001 Cornus florida 50 0.025974026-3.650658241-0.094822292 Ulmus rubra 39 0.02025974-3.899119601-0.07899515 Quercus alba 37 0.019220779-3.951763334-0.075955971 Celtis occidentalis 21 0.010909091-4.518158809-0.049289005 Fraxinus americana 21 0.010909091-4.518158809-0.049289005 Crataegus spp. 18 0.009350649-4.672309489-0.043689128 Ailantus altissima 17 0.008831169-4.729467903-0.04176673 Carya ovata 10 0.005194805-5.260096154-0.027325175 Acer negundo 9 0.004675325-5.365456669-0.025085252 Carya tomentosa 9 0.004675325-5.365456669-0.025085252 Rosa multiflora 8 0.004155844-5.483239705-0.02278749 Ligustrum ovalifolium 6 0.003116883-5.770921777-0.017987289 Quercus rubra 6 0.003116883-5.770921777-0.017987289 Quercus velutina 6 0.003116883-5.770921777-0.017987289 Vitis spp. 6 0.003116883-5.770921777-0.017987289 Juglans nigra 5 0.002597403-5.953243334-0.01546297 Ulmus americana 5 0.002597403-5.953243334-0.01546297 Carya glabra 4 0.002077922-6.176386886-0.012834051 Sassafras albidum 4 0.002077922-6.176386886-0.012834051 Acer rubrum 3 0.001558442-6.464068958-0.010073874 Magnolia acuminata 3 0.001558442-6.464068958-0.010073874 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 3 0.001558442-6.464068958-0.010073874 Prunus avium 2 0.001038961-6.869534066-0.007137178 Tilia americana 2 0.001038961-6.869534066-0.007137178 Aesculus glabra 1 0.000519481-7.562681247-0.003928666 Carya spp. 1 0.000519481-7.562681247-0.003928666 Cornus racemosa 1 0.000519481-7.562681247-0.003928666 Euonymus atropurpureus 1 0.000519481-7.562681247-0.003928666 sum -2.046325959 Proportional abundance Frequency Octave (log 2 Abundance) S Rank H '= "# p i ln( p i ) = 2.04 Richness = 34 species i =1

Heterogeneity and MacArthur s Warblers Competitive dominants only Stress Tolerators? Ruderals only

Scale-dependence of Diversity (Whittaker)!-diversity (alpha): local site "-diversity (beta): between sites #-diversity (gamma): regional (across all sites) Note: alpha and gamma diversity can just be measured as number of species, but beta diversity represents the turnover of species based on the distance between sites.

Alpha diversity Local Diveristy

Alpha diversity Alpha diversity

Beta diversity How diversity changes over geographic space Beta diversity How diversity changes over geographic space 2 spp. in common of 6 total

Gamma diversity Diversity within a region

Gamma diversity or Alpha diversity? Beta diversity

Gamma diversity

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