THERE ARE TWO TYPES ONES WE CAN CHANGE By Dr Richard Smart vinedoc@bigpond.net.au ONES WE CANNOT (VERY EASILY) 1 REGION = CLIMATE, mainly temperature TEMPERATURE determines phenology, so rate of plant development This in turn determines climate at critical stages, like flowering, veraison and ripening TO WHAT EXTENT DOES CLIMATE EXPLAIN WHERE THE WORLD S GREAT PINOTS ARE GROWN? There are only a few regions in the Old and New World with a reputation for growing great Pinot Noir Do they have any climate features in common? I have selected a few to examine. All the following graphs are presented relative to Southern Hemisphere growing season 3 1,300 sites world-wide available for analysis AVERAGE MAX AND MIN TEMPERATURES 830 of these are places where grapes are grown Not at all similar 6 1
RAINFALL IS MORE SIMILAR DAYLENGTH (LATITUDE) IS QUITE SIMILAR 18 16 1 1 8 6 0 J A S O N D J F M A M J DAYLENGTH (Hours) Burgundy Martinborough Gippsland Mornington Willamette Coal River White Hills 7 8 LATITUDE IS SIMILAR, WHERE ARE TEMPERATURE HOMOCLIMES IN AUSTRALIA AND USA? Using heat degree days and mean temperatures gives spurious results Matching maximum and minimum temperature curves is more reliable Can use gridded data for each approx km by km cell. Have data for Australia and Western USA 9 BURGUNDY 8 months Max-Min matches (Sept Apr) Country State/Region Max index Min index Av Index Max match Min match MJT (0C) Station France Dijon 0.000 0.000 0.000 Ideal Ideal 19.8 Burgundy France Val de Loire 0.009 0.008 0.009 Extr. Good Extr. Good 19. Bourges Romania 0.008 0.01 0.0 Extr. Good V.Good 19.7 Deva Yugoslavia Croatia 0.007 0.01 0.011 Extr. Good V.Good 0. Zagreb (Agram) Germany 0.01 0.0 0.01 V.Good Extr. Good 19. Lahr France Val de Loire 0.016 0.009 0.013 V.Good Extr. Good 18.9 Poitiers Czeckoslovakia 0.016 0.011 0.01 V.Good V.Good 0. Bratislava Ivanka Hungary 0.016 0.01 0.01 V.Good V.Good 19. Nagykanizsa France Alsace-Lorraine 0.003 0.0 0.01 Ideal Good 19. Colmar-Meyenheim Yugoslavia Croatia 0.013 0.018 0.016 V.Good V.Good 0. Slavonski France Val de Loire 0.0 0.01 0.016 V.Good Good 19. Tours-St.Symphorien France Val de Loire 0.03 0.0 0.016 Good V.Good 18.6 Orleans Saran France Val de Loire 0.00 0.013 0.017 Good V.Good 18.6 Orleans Bricy Hungary 0.0 0.03 0.01 Extr. Good Fair 0. Debrecen Ap Germany Wurttenberg 0.01 0.0 0.01 Good Good 18.9 Ohringen Romania 0.011 0.037 0.0 V.Good Fair 0. Oradea Hungary Pannonhalma-Sokorgalja 0.0 0.06 0.0 Good Good 0.0 Gyor Hungary 0.017 0.03 0.0 V.Good Fair 0. Budapest (Ferihegy) France Alsace-Lorraine 0.0 0.00 0.0 Accept. Ideal 19.1 Strasbourg/Entzheim Germany 0.07 0.00 0.0 Accept. Ideal 19. Sollingen Romania 0.09 0.0 0.07 Good Good 0.6 Arad 1 France Champagne 0.08 0.07 0.07 Good Good 18.9 Reims-Champagne Hungary Gyongyos Estate 0.03 0.033 0.08 Good Fair 0.6 Eger Romania 0.018 0.037 0.08 V.Good Fair 19. Tigu Mures/Vidrasa Hungary Burgenland 0.07 0.0 0.03 Accept. V.Good 19. Szombathely Australia NSW 0.0 0.06 0.03 Accept. Good 19. Orange (agric. Inst) Switzerland Vaud 0.0 0.013 0.03 Accept. V.Good 19. Geneva USA Oregon 0.0 0.0 0.03 Accept. Good 0.1 Portland WSFO Ap USA Oregon 0.0 0.016 0.03 Accept. V.Good 0.1 Portland WSFO Ap Austria 0.09 0.0 0.036 Accept. Good 19.8 Vienna Australia NSW 0.0 0.08 0.037 Accept. Good 19. ORANGE AGRIC 30 0 1 0 - - BURGUNDY 8 months Max-Min matches (Sept Apr) MAX MIN J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J Burgundy Bourges Deva Zagreb (Agram) Lahr Poitiers 11 1
BURGUNDY 8 months cumulative HDD matches (Sept Apr) Matches to Australian Grid BURGUNDY WEST COAST USA 8 months Max/min matches (Sept Apr) 13 1 IMPACT OF GLOBAL WARMING ON CALIFORNIA Santa Maria 17.3 becomes Napa Co 19.3 St Helena 1.7..Stockton 3. Healdsburg.0..Modesto. Modesto... Madera 6.3 Fresno 7.8..Bakersfield 8.8 +1 Cellar door location Soils, are never homogeneous, need moderate water holding capacity, good drainage, good irrigation 1 16 How do you decide clone?? How do you decide rootstock?? 17 18 3
Clones studied: French, ENTAV 11, 39, 373, 6, 1, 83,777 Others Bests, MV6, DV Wadenswil, DV Pommard, DV1 French?, GV1 Wadenswil, G8v7 Martini 19 0 Clone Anthocyanin Total ionization % antho mg/l Colour Colour Density Density SO corr Hue Total Tannin (g/l)total Phenolics pigment 11 A 17.39 169.0 3.9. 0.70 8.8 0.66 13.18 9 A 17.3 07..6.60 0.67 3.0 0. 11.9 373 A 17.87 1.97 3.37 3.89 0.7 6.91 0.73 8. 6 A 0.31 1. 3.91.39 0.67 30.07 0.89 9.06 1 A 18.13 3.78.3 6. 0.66 3. 0.9 13.6 83 A 17.38 167.66.03.8 0.7 30.61 0.78 9.89 777 A 17.6 1.31 3.3.9 0.6 3.73 0.6 9.01 BEST A 17.6 17.90 3.83.60 0.70 3.8 0.9 9.9 DV A 1.88 18.76 3. 3.90 0.70 3.00 0.6 9.01 DV A 19.9 19.3.7 6.60 0.6 36.9 0.96 1.60 GV1 A 18. 19.19.83.7 0.68 3.7 0.86 16.1 G8V7 A 1.6 89.6.06 6.36 0.63 37.6 0.97.77 MV6 A 17.67 160.3 3.60. 0.71 9.87 1.0 13.6 the preferred clones were DV, 1, 11, 6, DV1, MV6, 9 and GV1. 1 Row and vine spacing Row orientation Post height, wire location Irrigation system, water supply 3
Capture sunlight Avoid shade Avoid temperature excess Avoid excess water supply, do not irrigate too early Avoid excess water stress 6 Avoid excess nutrient supply, especially nitrogen Avoid nutrient deficiencies Avoid pests and diseases Prune and thin to maintain vine balance 7 8