PowerPoint Presentation Materials For Instructor s Online Learning Center Traditions and Encounters A Global Perspective on the Past 5th Edition Jerry H. Bentley Herbert F. Ziegler PowerPoint Presentations Prepared by Henry Abramson 1
Chapter 1 Before History 2
Forming the Complex Society Basic development: Hunting and foraging Agriculture Complex society Key issue: surplus capital Major development of first complex societies 3500 B.C.E. 500 B.C.E. 3
Prehistory What is history? Documentation Written records Archaeological discovery Requisite human presence (or natural history) 4
Development of Hominids Animals adapt themselves to environment Hominids adapt environment to themselves Use of tools Language Complex cooperative social structures 5
Australopithecus The southern ape despite name, a hominid Discovery of skeleton AL-288-1, north of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Nicknamed Lucy 3 5, 55lb., bipedal, brain 500 cc (modern human: 1400 cc), limited speech but opposable digit 6
Later Hominids Homo erectus, upright walking human Larger brain capacity (1000 cc), improved tool use, control of fire, ability to communicate complex ideas Homo sapiens, consciously thinking human Largest brain, esp. frontal regions Most sophisticated tools and social organization; flexible language Migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens 7
Global Migrations of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens 8
The Natural Environment By 13,000 B.C.E., Homo sapiens in every inhabitable part of the world Archaeological finds: Sophisticated tools Choppers, scrapers, axes, knives, bows, arrows Cave and hut-like dwellings Use of fire, animal skins Hunted several mammal species to extinction Climatic change may have accelerated process 9
Paleolithic Era ( Old Stone Age ) Evidence: Archaeological finds Extrapolation from modern hunter-gatherer societies Nomadic existence precludes advanced civilization Division of labor along gender lines 10
Relative Social Equality Nomadic culture precludes accumulation of land-based wealth Relatively egalitarian existence More likely determinants of status: age, hunting skill, fertility, personality Possible gender equality related to food production Men: protein from hunting Women: plant gathering 11
Big-Game Hunting Evidence of intelligent coordination of hunting expeditions Development of weaponry Animal-skin disguises Stampeding tactics Lighting of fires, etc., to drive game into kill zones Required planning, communication 12
Paleolithic Settlements Natufian society Modern Israel and Jordan Wild wheat, herding Jomon society Japan Wild buckwheat, fishing Chinook society Pacific northwest Berries, acorns, salmon runs Groups of 1000 or more 13
Neandertal Peoples Neander valley, western Germany Flourished in Europe and southwest Asia, 200,000 to 35,000 years ago Also found in Africa, east Asia Evidence of spirituality: ritual burial Inhabited some of the same areas as Homo sapiens 14
Creativity of Homo sapiens Constructed flexible languages for communication of complex ideas Increased variety of tools stone blades, spear throwers, sewing needles, barbed harpoons Fabricated ornamental beads, necklaces and bracelets The bow and arrow a dramatic improvement in humans power over nature Venus figurines Cave paintings 15
Neolithic Era ( New Stone Age ) Distinction in tool production Chipped vs. polished Relied on cultivation for subsistence Men: herding animals rather than hunting Women: nurturing vegetation rather than foraging Spread of agriculture Slash-and-burn techniques Exhaustion of soil promotes migration Transport of crops from one region to another 16
Origins and Early Spread of Agriculture 17
Agriculture and Population Growth 18
Early Agricultural Society Emergence of villages and towns Discoveries at Çatal Hüyük a prominent village located in Turkey, occupied 7250-5400 B.C.E. Pots, baskets, textiles, leather, stone, metal tools, wood carvings, carpets, beads, and jewelry Development of crafts pottery, metallurgy, and textile production 19
Social Distinctions Accumulation of landed wealth initiates development of social classes Individuals could trade surplus food for valuable items Archaeological evidence in variety of household decorations, goods buried with deceased members of society at Çatal Hüyük 20
Neolithic Culture Farmers closely observed the natural world an early kind of applied science Elements of natural environment essential for functioning Archaeological evidence of religious worship: thousands of clay figurines, drawings on pots, tool decorations, other ritual objects Fertility: Venus figurines 21
The Origins of Urban Life Craft specialization Social stratification Governance Cultural workers Development of the city a gradual process 22