Biological background of fruit growing

Practical groups of fruits Pome fruits Stone fruits Nuts Soft fruits apple pear quince medlar Cherry Sour cherry apricot peach plum walnut hazelnut chestnut almond raspberry blackberry strawberry currants gooseberry blueberry cranberry

Pome fruits Apple (Malus domestica) Pear (Pyrus communis)

Quince (Cydonia oblonga)

Medlar (Mespilus germanica)

Stone fruits Plum (Prunus domestica)

Cherry (Cerasus vulgaris) Sour/tart cherry (Cerasus avium)

Apricot (Armeniaca vulgaris) Peach (Persica vulgaris)

Nuts Hazelnut (Corylus avellana )

Walnut (Juglans regia)

Almond (Amygdalus communis)

Chestnut (Castanea sativa)

Soft fruits Strawberry (Fragaria ananasa)

Mulberry (Morus alba/nigra)

Redcurrant (Ribes rubrum)

Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum)

Gooseberry (Ribes uvacrispa)

blackcurrant + gooseberry = JOSTA Johannisbeere + Stachelbeere = JOSTA

dewberry (Rubus caesius) Raspberry (Rubus idaeus)

blueberry (Vaccinium spp.)

Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas)

elderberry (Sambucus nigra)

Rosehip (Rosa spp.)

Black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa)

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)

Strawberry - herbaceous plant

Raspberry - suffrutescent plant 2 years old canopy system, perennial rootsystem

Hazelnut - shrub

Fruit trees (apple, pear, plum, etc.) - Tree

Sprout morphology 2017.03.20. 14:36 SZIE MKK Kertészeti Technológiai Tanszék - Kassai Tamás - 2005

Species position Bud type lateral Flower bud Mixed bud terminal single twin triplet group With leaf bud Apple O O O Quince O O + Sweet Cherry O + O Walnut O male O female O O O O Aronia O O Elderberry O O Blackcurrant O O Sweet chestnut O O Apricot O + O + + + Pear O O + Gooseberry O O O Almond O O O O O O Raspberry O O O Tayberry O O O Tart Cherry O + O Hazelnut O male O female OO +O Medlar O O + Peach O O O O + O Redcurrant O O O O Yosta O O Rosehip O O Blackberry O O O Plum O + O + +

APPLE

Pear

Quince

Cherries spears with flower bouquet

triplets of peach

Accessory buds

almond

walnut

Hazelnut

Life cycle of a fruit plantation yield (t/ha) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 phase of top yields increasing yields decreasing yields transition phase (juvenile period) 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 year

Lentgh of life span of a plantation depends on the species (the cultivar) the intensity of the cultivation the training system (the rootstock) the environmental factors the economical and market factors

Phenological stages of fruits (yearly cycle) primer fruit set fruit set cell fruit division growth phase - tissue differentiation - cell enlargment phase bud differentiation continuous sprouting to end of Aug., or two flowering phase 1. to beggining of June, 2. from Flowering time: Hazel, Almond, Currant, János day (26th June) to end of Peach, Cherry, Apple, medlar, I. quince, Vegetative phase August. 8-10 chestnut, degree budbreak C raspberry, blackberry, (pollination) fruit ripening leaf fall II. Rest phase (queiscent) imposed dormancy by external conditions imposed by internal conditions (vernalization deep rest chilling requirement)

2017.03.20. 14:36

fenologycal stages

2017.03.20. 14:36 SZIE MKK Kertészeti Technológiai Tanszék - Kassai Tamás - 2005

Flower and fruit development Floral initiation Floral organization Floral maturation Anthesis (flowering) Pollination Fruit set Bud/Flower/Fruit drop Fruit development cell division phase - tissue differentiation - cell enlargment phase Fruit ripening

Ripening Mature fruit it will ripen following harvest optimal maturity Ripe fruit can not be stored for a long time Processes during ripening: Fresh weight slightly increases Soluble solid content increases Starch content decreases Sugar content increases Acidity decreases Fruits become tender and juicy