Clonal research of black wine grape cultivars in different Serbian localities

Branislava EXPERT PAPER SIVČEV, Zorica RANKOVIĆ-VASIĆ, Dragan NIKOLIĆ, Dragoslav IVANIŠEVIĆ, Clonal research of black wine grape cultivars in different Serbian localities Branislava SIVČEV 1, Zorica RANKOVIĆ-VASIĆ 1, Dragan NIKOLIĆ 1, Dragoslav IVANIŠEVIĆ 2, Ivana RADOJEVIĆ 3, Zoran ATANACKOVIĆ 1, Nada KORAĆ 2 1 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia (e-mail: zoricarv@agrif.bg.ac.rs) 2 University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture,Trg Dositeja Obradovića 8, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia 3 Centre of Viticulture and Enology, EI kolonija 6, 18000 Niš, Serbia Abstract The production and usability values of the introduced clones of black wine grape cultivars have been analyzed in the wine growing region of Serbia. In the period between 2009 and 2010, the clonal research of black wine grape cultivars was performed at three localities (Sremski Karlovci, Radmilovac and Niš). The wine grape cultivars Pinot Noir (clones 115, 828) and Cabernet Sauvignon (685, 153 and isv 117) were analyzed with the aim of investigating their principle economic-technological properties. Based on the results from this research it can be concluded that the investigated clones exhibit positive properties and that they can be grown successfully under the same or similar agroecological conditions. Key words: clone, cultivar, introduction, locality, wine growing region. Introduction The biological property of a cultivar, based on which high quality grape and wine can be produced, is the potential which, together with the ecological characteristics of the region and combination of agrotechnical measures, represents the most important factors of success in the viticulture production. Therefore, the adequate choice of suitable cultivar/clone is highly important in the process of vineyard establishment. Enrichment of the existing grape varieties with new improved genotypes of better quality and higher level of resistance to different abiotic and biotic stress factors is performed in accordance with the requirements of modern viticulture (Nikolić, 2006). The methods of introduction, hybridization and individual clone selection were used for the improvement of cultivars by more qualitative and valuable genotypes of grapevine (Korać et al., 2005). The most important aspect of the improvement process is the clone selection which represents the way of eliminating negative influence of mutation changes in the future vineyards, as well as preventing the propagation of plants infected with viruses (Cindrić, 2003). Some of the basic aims of modern clone selection are to have newly created clones free from viruses, to enhance the resistance to downy mildew, powdery mildew and gray mould, and to have higher yield (Rühl et al., 2004). The clone selection of grape wine cultivars has been performed successfully in many wine producing countries. Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir have been most frequently cloned cultivars in the world (Creasy and Creasy, 2010). The largest number of clones from the wine grape Burgundy cultivar has been selected in France, Italy and Germany. The created clones have contributed to the improvement of agrobiological properties of cultivars and wine quality (Avramov, 1998). The beginning of more intense growing of Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot Noir cultivars in Serbia started before the Second World War (Garić et al., 2007, 2010). At the end of the 19th century Pinot Noir became one of the most common cultivars grown in Burgundy. The researches conducted in Serbia demonstrate that, from a financial aspect, this type of cultivar was suitable only for the production of fine wines (Savić, 1880). The yield and quality of the black wine grape cultivar Pinot Noir vary considerably under the influence of agroecological conditions, applied agrotechnics, rootstock, and grapevine training system. This was also confirmed by the reasearches conducted by Nakalamić et al. (2000), Garić et al. (2007), Paprić et al. (2008). Also, agrobiological properties of Cabernet Proceedings.. Opatija. Croatia (778 782) 778

Clonal research of black wine grape cultivars in different Serbian localities Sauvignon cultivar are highly dependent upon agroecological conditions of the locality, applied ampelotechnics, rootstock and pruning styles (Mijatović et al., 2009). Meteorological data and climatic indices in wine growing regions of Serbia show that there are favorable conditions for satisfactory grape ripening and accumulation of sufficient amount of sugar, colored and aromatic matters. Thus, the recommended cultivars for growing are, among others, Pinot Noir and Cabernet Sauvignon (Avramov et al., 2000). This paper shows the comparison of some important economic-technological properties of five clones of Pinot Noir and Cabernet Sauvignon cultivars. The aim was to select the clones that were most suitable for growing in the proposed locality. Material and methods The investigated clones 115 and 828 of Pinot Noir cultivar, and clones 153, 685 and isv 117 of Cabernet Sauvignon were planted in 2006 at three localities in Serbia. The first locality was the experimental field Sremski Karlovci that belongs to the Department of Fruit growing, Viticulture, Horticulture and Landscape Architecture at the Faculty of Novi Sad, which is part of the wine growing region of Fruška Gora. The investigated clones were planted at the distance of 2.8 x 1 m in single Guyot training system. The second locality was the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture in Belgrade, University of Belgrade Radmilovac which belongs to the wine growing region of Grocka. Two-row support for vine growing was used with spacing at 3 x 1 m in single Guyot training system. The third locality for clone investigation was the experimental field of Center of Viticulture and Enology in Niš which belongs to the wine growing region of Kutina. The spacing between the grapevines was 3 x 1 m. The training system was Karlovački with mixedtype pruning system. During the two year long period (2009 and 2010), the following was determined for the investigated clones: grape yield (kg/m 2 ), cluster mass (g), sugar content (%) and total acid content in grape juice (g/l). By measuring the total mass of all clusters per grapevine, grape yield per grapevine was determined and the obtained values were used for the calculation of yield per unit of area. The cluster mass was obtained by measuring 10 sample grape clusters. Sugar content in grape juice was measured by Oechsle scale, and total acid content was measured by titration method with n/4 NaOH. The analysis of meteorological conditions during the observed two years was based on the data from weather and climate monitoring stations in Sremski Karlovci (H=150 m), Radmilovac (H=135 m) and Niš (H=200 m). Data were processed by applying linear regression (Stanković and Ralević-Ljubanović, 1992). Results and discussions The basic data on the weather conditions at the locality where the experiment was conducted are given in Fig. 1 and 2. Annual mean air temperature in 2009 was 13.7 o C at the locality of Sremski Karlovci. In 2010, annual mean air temperature was a bit lower and it was 12.0 o C. During the research the total amount of precipitation varied considerably and it was 521.5 mm in 2009, and 912.2 mm in 2010. Annual mean air temperature in 2009 was 13.4 o C at the locality of Radmilovac. Slightly colder was the year of 2010 when annual mean air temperature was 13.0 o C. Total amount of precipitation in 2009 was 854.6 mm, and in 2010 it was 710.6 mm. Slightly lower annual mean air temperatures of 12.7 o C were measured at the locality of Niš during the both research years. In 2009, the amount of precipitation was 710.6 mm and in 2010 it was 677.7 mm. Grape yield and cluster mass greatly depend on the cultivar/clone, climate factors, relief, exposure, temperatures, light conditions, physical and mineral soil properties (Van Leeuwen and Seguin 1994). From edaphic and climatic aspects, the differences between the localities have the grapes of different properties as a result. These differences are reflected in the wines that become typical of the region where cultivar/clone is grown and grape produced. During the both research years, the highest grape yield per unit of area was produced by all clones investigated in Sremski Karlovci, while the lowest yield was produced in Niš. The clone 828 of Pinot Noir cultivar gave the yield of 1.19 kg/m 2 in 2009, and 0.88 kg/m 2 in 2010 at the locality of Sremski Karlovci (Fig. 3 and 4). In 2009, the clone of Cabernet Sauvignon cultivar gave the grape yield of which ranged from 0.22 kg/m 2 (clone 153) in Niš, to 1.78 kg/m 2 (clone isv 117) in Sremski Karlovci. According to Cindrić et al. (1996), in the wine growing region of Fruška Gora, the grape yield of Cabernet Sauvignon cultivar was 0.60 kg/m 2, while in the wine growing region of Grocka, Polak (1996) and Nakalamić et al. (2000) recorded the yields of 0.99 kg/ m 2 and 0.89 kg/ m 2 respectively. Section 8. Viticulture and Enology 779

Branislava SIVČEV, Zorica RANKOVIĆ-VASIĆ, Dragan NIKOLIĆ, Dragoslav IVANIŠEVIĆ, Figure 1. Monthly mean air temperatures and precipitation amount in 2009 at three localities Figure 2. Monthly mean air temperatures and precipitation amount in 2010 at three localities Figure 3. Grape yield from clones 115 and 828 of Pinot Noir cultivar at three localities Figure 4. Grape yield from clones 685, 153, isv 117 of Cabernet Sauvignon cultivar at three localities Figure 5. Cluster mass of clones115 and 828 of Pinot Noir cultivar at three localities Figure 6. Cluster mass of clones 685, 153, and isv 117 of Cabernet Sauvignon cultivar at three localities Figure 7. Sugar content in the clones115 and 828 of Pinot Noir cultivar at three localities Figure 8. Sugar content in the clones 685, 153 and isv 117 of Cabernet Sauvignon cultivar at three localities 780

Clonal research of black wine grape cultivars in different Serbian localities Fig. 5 and 6 show the cluster mass of the investigated clones at all localities. During the first year of research, the smallest average grape cluster mass of 55 g was recorded for the clone 828 of the Pinot Noir cultivar at Radmilovac locality, while in the second research year the same clone had the largest mass (140 g) in Sremski Karlovci. Figure 9. Total acid content in the clones 115 and 828 of Pinot Noir cultivar at three localities Figure 10. Total acid content in the clones 685, 153 and isv 117 of Cabernet Sauvignon cultivar at three localities Figure 11. Linear regression of harvest date average vegetation temperature and mean September temperature for the clones of Pinot Noir cultivar Figure 12. Linear regression of harvest date average vegetation temperature and mean September temperature for the clones of Cabernet Sauvignon cultivar The sugar content and total acid content in grape juice (Fig. 7, 8, 9 and 10) varied depending on the cultivar clone, maturity degree, harvest time and climatic conditions in the phase of grape ripening, average vegetation temperature, and the temperature in September when the grape was harvested during the both research years (Fig. 11 and 12). Conclusions Besides the genetic, there are also agroecological factors that are important for the formation of yield elements and the quality of certain grape cultivar/clone. The investigated clones showed positive properties regarding the grape quality, which was determined based on the sugar and acid content, and it was concluded that they could be successfully grown at all three localities in Serbia, as well as in the wine growing regions with the same or similar climatic conditions. References Avramov L. (1998). Sortiment i potencijalni izbor klonova vinove loze grupe burgundaca. Poljoprivreda 388-389:119-124. Avramov L., Nakalamić A., Todorović N., Petrović N., Žunić D. (2000). Climate of the vineyard zones and the associated vine varieties of Yugoslavia. Journal of Agricultural Sciences 45(1):29-35. Section 8. Viticulture and Enology 781

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