Research and development of winter malt barley varieties for the eastern US Carl A. Griffey, David Marshall, Wynse S. Brooks, Nicholas Meier, Mark E. Vaughn, and Wade E. Thomason Virginia Tech
Barley Production and Craft Beer Statistics by State in the mid-atlantic, 2015 data Mid-Atlantic States Winter Barley Planted Acreage #Craft Breweries /state Rank Annual Craft Beer Production (#barrels) Rank Economic Impact $ in millions Rank Impact per Capita $ Rank Pennsylvania 55,000 178 8 4,059,330 1 4,488 2 477 4 Maryland 50,000 60 20 258,926 21 652 23 151 23 Virginia 46,000 124 13 274,111 16 1,046 19 173 39 Delaware 32,000 15 49 248,742 22 264 42 389 9 North Carolina 19,000 161 9 675,469 11 1,200 16 168 40 New York 11,000 208 5 1,086,719 7 2,921 4 202 35 New Jersey N/A 51 24 799,942 35 1,236 15 190 37 Conneticut N/A 35 32 105,484 30 569 26 216 30 West Virginia N/A 12 48 14,161 49 211 46 152 45 Washington DC N/A 10 43 29,727 45 149 51 293 16 Total 213,000 854 6,832,610 12,736 2,412 N/A= Not available Sources: http://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/. & https://www.brewersassociation.org/statistics/by-state/ & http://barleycap.cfans.umn.edu/
Malt Barley Market Potential and Opportunities: Some Craft Malt & Micro Brewers in Eastern North America Craft Maltsters / Brewers Cooper Fox Distillery & Maltings Stone Brewing Co. Deer Creek Malthouse Double Eagle Mault Sierra Nevada Brewing Epiphany Craft Malt Dogfish Head Craft Brewery Flying Dog Brewery Peterson Quality Malt Cottrell Brewing Co. Pioneer Malting River House Brewing Co. Blue Ox Malthouse Maltarie Frontenac Inc. Deschutes Brewery Location Sperryville, VA Richmond, VA Glen Mills, PA Philadelphia, PA Asheville, NC Durham, NC Milton, DE Frederick, MD Monkton, VT Pawcatuck, CT Rochester, NY Ewing, NJ Lisbon Falls, ME Quebec, Canada Roanoke, VA
Source: https://www.brewersassociation.org/statistics/by-state/?state=va
Regional Brewing Operations 129+ Craft Breweries in Virginia 3 Macro Breweries within 4 hrs 4 Regional Craft Breweries in planning Deschutes Ballast Point Greenflash Stone 2 Regional Craft Breweries Sierra Nevada Brewing Co New Belgium Brewing Co
Malt Barley Development at Virginia Tech: Progress, Constraints and Challenges YIELD (Secretariat, Thoroughbred and Atlantic) GRAIN QUALITY and KERNEL SIZE (Thoroughbred and Violetta) FHB RESISTANCE (Nomini and Eve)) LEAF RUST RESISTANCE (VA92-42-46 and Secretariat) POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANCE (Wysor) NETBLOTCH RESISTANCE (Nomini)
Available Commercial Winter Malt Barley Varieties in the Eastern U.S. Charles, Endeavor, Wintmalt and Thoroughbred (AMBA recommended varieties) Charles and Endeavor, developed and released by the USDA-ARS in Idaho and available from Idaho Foundation Seed Program and Wintmalt was developed in Europe available from KWS Thoroughbred, developed and released from the Virginia Tech breeding program These varieties do not possess the required genetic resistance to all prevalent diseases in eastern regions of North America It is economically and environmentally beneficial that barley varieties developed for the eastern regions of North America be resistant to diseases (FHB, leaf rust, powdery mildew, net blotch and BYD Virus)
Potential malt barley cultivars: Violetta and Flavia recommended for production in eastern U.S. Violetta LCS is a European high yielding two row winter malt barley variety developed by Limagrain with very good disease resistance package. Flavia also is a European high yielding two row winter malt barley variety develop in Germany (Ackerman) with very good leaf rust and net blotch resistance. Over two years (2014 and 2015), Violetta and Flavia performed very well in the WMBT in Virginia and were recommended for production. In the WMBT, Violetta out yields current two row winter malt barley check varieties Endeavor and Charles and has overall better disease resistance Malting quality in Virginia for Flavia and Violetta is good with high test weight, plump seed and bright kernels. Contact information: Seed Source Limagrain Cereal Seeds North American Office 2040 SE Frontage Road Fort Collins, CO 80525 Telephone: 970-498-2200 Virginia Crop Improvement Association P.O. Box 78 Mt. Holly, VA 22524 Telephone: 804-472-3500 email: bbeahm@rivnet.net
Production of two and six-rowed winter malt barley for the eastern U.S. regions Currently involved in cooperative testing of winter malt barley lines in 13 states (WA, OR, ID, UT, NE, ND, MN, WI, MT, NY, TX, VT, and VA) via: Winter Malt Barley Trial (WMBT). Crosses made between Virginia elite lines and varieties with superior malt barley varieties from the WMBT to develop high yielding, disease resistant varieties with superior malt quality. In collaboration with OSU, Double Haploid Method being used to accelerate malt variety development. In 2016, we evaluated malt barley lines in yield tests at 1-2 locations in Virginia: - 28 lines in the WMBT - 48 DH malt barley lines
Table 1. Winter Malt Barley Germplasm being developed and evaluated in the Virginia Tech Breeding Program in 2015-2016 Tests/Year 2015 2016 2017 Total POPULATIONS New Malt Barley Crosses (F1) 45 60 159 264 New Double haploid (DH) Crosses 1 3 4 8 Populations (F2 and higher generations) 48 57 68 173 Progeny Rows 660 627 450 1737 DH Progeny Rows* (New DH lines 2018) 60 640 0* 700 YIELD TESTS VA-Malt Observation Test 0 61 31 92 Facultative Malt Barley Observation Test 0 0 31 31 VA-Preliminary Malt Test 0 0 39 39 Winter Malt Barley Trial (WMBT) 29 28 30 87
Table 2. Summary of performance of barley entries versus check varieties in the WMBT at Blacksburg and Warsaw, VA in 2016 Line Row # Yield (bu/ac) Yield Rank Test weight (Lb/bu) Date headed (Julian) Leaf rust (0-9) Net blotch (0-9) Powdery Mildew (0-9) BYD V (0-9) Winter Survival (0-100%) Hirondella 6 107 1 42.6 117 1 5 0 0 95 Calypso 2 94 4 43.5 120 1 3 0 1 99 10/069/1 2 93 5 41.1 115 2 6 2 3 96 SU Mateo 2 85 6 43.8 118 1 5 0 2 96 Thoroughbred (chk) 6 100 2 44.9 111 5 6 5 0 98 McGregor (chk) 6 96 3 40.8 116 4 3 5 1 98 Endeavor (chk) 2 75 9 42.6 113 7 4 1 2 96 Wintmalt (chk) 2 66 12 43.6 120 4 3 2 5 98 Charles (chk) 2 65 14 37.3 113 8 5 0 3 96 Mean (n=28) 65 40 116 4 5 3 4 94 LSD (0.05) 8 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.1 1 1.2 3.8 CV 13 4.1 1
Table 3. Summary of Malt Quality of Entries versus Check varieties in the WMBT at Blacksburg and Warsaw, 2016 harvest Parameter Score Lo-Hi Flavia Calypso Hirondella Violetta Endeavor (Chk) Thoroughbred (Chk) McGregor (Chk) Malt Extract [%] 78-81+ 80 81 80 81 81 78 77 80 Protein Content [% dm] 11-13+ 12 11 12 12 12 11 11 12 Charles (Chk) Diastatic Power [ ASBC] 110-150 183 174 164 192 165 138 93 154 Alpha amylase[20 DU] 40-70 64 53 54 67 108 54 55 112 Beta glucan [ppm] 100-120 181 217 388 178 169 466 425 167 Fan 140-210 199 181 156 195 273 160 162 278 Overall quality score 43 38 35 42 48 29 27 34 Row type 2 2 6 2 2 6 6 2 *All analyses performed by the USDA Cereal Crops Research Unit, Madison, WI
Table 4. 2016 Warsaw Malt Quality Data Variety or Selection Row # Kernel Weight (mg) on 6/64" (%) Malt Extract (%) Wort Clarity Barley Protein (%) Wort Protein (%) S/T (%) DP (ASBC) Alpha- Amylase (20 DU) Betaglucan (ppm) FAN (ppm) Quality score Overall Rank DH14BDH 12-81 DH14BDH 12-82 2 41.8 98.7 82.3 2.0 12.4 5.0 40.5 121.7 71.5 94.5 296.0 68 1 2 34.5 91.1 81.6 1.0 12.0 4.8 41.8 160.5 90.7 228.9 230.3 58 4 Wintmalt 2 32.8 83.4 81.4 2.0 12.1 4.7 41.5 171.9 76.1 128.4 211.5 55 7 Flavia 2 34.2 84.2 81.4 2.0 12.3 5.1 43.4 167.7 71.2 136.9 248.3 55 7 Violetta 2 38.0 94.6 83.4 1.0 10.2 4.7 47.9 144.8 70.9 131.6 190.7 53 12 VA16B-82 2R 2 41.1 97.9 82.8 3.0 10.8 4.8 49.0 125.9 66.3 120.9 212.6 53 12 Calypso 2 38.9 90.6 83.4 1.0 9.8 4.3 45.6 151.2 57.9 209.3 187.8 49 18 DH14BDH 12-94 VA16B-81 2R 2 42.7 96.0 82.8 1.0 11.2 6.4 57.8 113.1 105.1 156.7 350.0 48 25 2 37.6 97.0 83.5 3.0 10.8 3.9 37.0 167.8 82.8 57.0 205.8 46 33 Endeavor 2 29.7 79.0 83.3 3.0 11.0 5.5 53.7 111.1 97.9 138.9 269.6 46 33 Charles 2 28.4 82.1 83.1 3.0 10.4 5.4 52.8 105.0 102.9 167.7 260.2 38 47 Thoroughbred 6 28.2 83.3 78.8 1.0 10.3 3.4 33.9 128.1 59.6 522.9 161.2 32 64
Small Grains Breeding Nursery, May 2016, Raleigh, NC
Winter Malting Barley Breeding Scheme USDA-ARS, Raleigh, NC Introduction of Variation Segregation & Selection Parent genotyping & identification 70 new crosses made in November 2010-January 2011 F1s grown in New Zealand April 2011-November 2011 F2s grown in North Carolina November 2011-May 2012 100 spikes/f2 population selected for agronomics, disease resistance, and plump kernels Selected F3s sorted on a gravity-table F4s planted in field Single heads selected for improved type F5 head rows grown and selected for yield trials Steps repeated each year and material recycled from late to early generations Evaluation and Release First year yield trials (organic and conventional) evaluation for multiple traits in screening nurseries for agronomic, biotic stress characteristics, and grain quality Second (2015-16) and third year (2016-17) yield trials at multiple locations (organic and conventional), and throughout the U.S.; multiple trait screening nurseries Purity, multiplication, and release of new varieties in 2018 or 2019
Barley Breeding Challenges for Malt Production Quality & Yield Disease & Insect Resistance Winter Hardiness Lodging Resistance Preharvest Sprouting Tolerance Non-Traditional Traits: Terroir Sensory Climate (CO2, O3, temp, vpd)
Progress in Malting Barley Variety Development - 2016 Began malting barley development in 2010. Provided information to Riverbend Malt House (Asheville), Epiphany Malt (Durham); and Carolina Malt House (Statesville). The number of craft breweries (micro, regional, and brewpubs) has doubled in North Carolina, going from 60 in 2011 to 122 in 2015. In the U.S. as a whole, there were 3,464 craft breweries in 2014. This is the highest number since 1873, when there were 4,131 breweries; all-time low was in 1920 (Prohibition). In 2016, for barley, had 38 elite lines, 153 advanced lines, 620 preliminary lines, 18,000 head rows, and 420 segregating populations. In house, agronomic, disease, grain quality (protein, falling numbers, germination, 6/64 sieving); USDA-ARS lab in Madison, WI. Germplasm development and exchange with the USDA-ARS Winter Malting Barley breeding program in Aberdeen, ID.
Virginia Tennessee Georgia South Carolina Small Grain Testing Locations in North Carolina. Eight locations in all, spanning from the Appalachian Mountains to the Atlantic coast.
Kernel on Barley Malt Barley Wort Alpha- Beta- Mills River Weight 6/64" Color Extract Wort Wort Protein Protein S/T DP amylase glucan FAN QualityOverall yield pro twt (mg) (%) (Agtron) (%) ColorClarity (%) (%) (%) ( ASBC) (20 DU) (ppm) (ppm) Score Rank ARS14B01 91.93 10.24 54.8 40.0 97.8 34 78.3 2.3 1 12.5 4.07 33.6 98 40.4 541 153 32 16 ARS14B02 85.29 12.74 49.2 39.2 96.2 32 77.7 2.2 1 13.2 4.17 33.6 95 38.2 517 141 17 34 ARS14B06 109.16 10.20 51.9 38.6 95.5 29 78.9 3.4 1 11.9 4.23 36.1 87 39.9 443 169 26 21 ARS14B07 113.73 12.24 47.4 39.4 96.4 34 78.3 2.9 1 12.0 4.19 35.4 82 38.6 708 123 26 21 ARS14B08 107.83 11.68 50.3 38.6 96.0 35 78.3 2.9 1 12.0 4.02 33.8 81 36.2 682 141 26 21 ARS14B15 90.47 11.13 55.5 37.7 95.9 34 77.7 2.6 2 12.1 3.77 33.3 81 36.4 614 170 16 36 ARS14B22 93.06 9.78 47.7 37.0 92.8 27 80.3 3.0 1 11.9 5.16 45.9 129 88.2 521 268 55 1 ARS14B23 85.68 12.77 53.5 38.9 96.3 33 77.0 2.3 1 12.9 3.98 31.3 92 41.5 691 137 23 28 ARS14B25 135.44 8.69 49.6 34.5 86.9 30 81.7 2.9 1 10.9 4.79 47.4 114 88.3 281 282 43 14 ARS14B26 119.13 9.65 55.0 33.8 89.0 30 82.3 3.2 1 9.8 4.82 52.1 132 87.1 264 291 46 10 ARS14B27 139.55 10.41 54.2 33.8 86.5 32 81.3 3.1 1 10.6 4.92 47.2 145 76.5 309 298 46 10 ARS14B29 122.53 10.17 49.8 34.0 89.0 29 81.7 3.3 1 10.5 4.86 49.2 132 76.0 401 255 46 10 ARS14B30 83.85 9.49 55.8 37.0 94.9 32 78.6 2.8 2 11.4 3.97 36.0 81 42.8 655 170 24 26 ARS14B31 99.09 10.08 56.2 39.7 96.1 27 78.3 2.7 1 11.8 3.99 34.0 80 37.5 754 213 28 19 ARS14B32 98.03 10.20 56.2 39.2 95.9 33 78.2 2.6 1 12.5 4.08 34.1 83 38.4 896 218 31 17 ARS14B33 133.04 10.94 35.1 34.3 89.1 26 80.5 3.1 1 11.8 4.64 42.3 150 62.4 439 259 53 4 ARS14B34 146.40 9.01 39.1 34.2 89.7 23 80.8 3.0 1 11.0 4.59 42.6 148 67.2 373 269 48 6 ARS14B35 122.67 8.33 50.5 35.3 92.0 32 82.9 2.5 1 10.0 4.88 52.1 141 90.8 246 284 48 6 ARS14B36 144.66 10.25 49.2 34.6 91.1 30 82.0 3.0 1 10.2 4.79 49.2 152 80.2 302 218 48 6 ARS14B37 124.09 10.29 56.6 35.3 90.5 30 82.5 2.8 1 10.5 5.05 51.2 153 92.0 259 278 48 6 Harrington 38.8 95.8 73 82.1 2.2 1 11.5 4.65 40.6 118 91.3 162 245 57 Endeavor 98.81 9.77 51.3 Thoroughbred 106.80 10.44 49.7
USDA-ARS Raleigh Small Grains Researchers: David Marshall Wheat and Barley Breeding & Pathology Christina Cowger Small Grains Pathology Gina Brown-Guedira Small Grain Genetics David Livingston Small Grains Physiology Alan Franzluebbers Soil Scientist
Identification of Informative Malt Quality Molecular Markers for MAS to Facilitate the Development of High Yielding, Superior Quality Winter Malt Barley Cultivars for eastern North America 2 Double Haploid Mapping Populations; Each with ~150 individuals (Endeavor x VA09B-34) & (Violetta x VA09B-34) Will be genotyped with Illumina Micro-Array 50k SNP chip Phenotyping of malt quality traits (i.e. malt extract, β glucan, α-amylase, FAN, DP, etc.) will take place at the Center for Craft Food and Beverage at Hartwick College, New York Informative markers at specific QTL that positively influence malt quality traits will be integrated into the program for use in MAS to facilitate highthroughput selection of superior quality winter malt barley cultivars By: Nicholas Meier; PhD student
Winter Malt Barley and Wheat Flavor Study Grow, malt, and brew 50 kg of 4 malt cultivars (Flavia, Violetta, Endeavor, and Thoroughbred), 2 soft red and 1 soft white winter wheat cultivars (AgriMaxx 444, Hilliard, and MCIA Venus), and 1 Triticale cultivar (Trical 498) in Blacksburg and Warsaw; planted Fall 2016 Use Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and VT s trained sensory panel to analyze aroma compounds of barely, malt, and wort to identify unique flavors which are genetically and environmentally (terroir) influenced All activities to take place on campus in Virginia Tech s Pilot Malt and Brew house in collaboration with the Department of Food Science and Technology (Dr. Sean O Keefe & Brian Weirsma) By: Nicholas Meier; PhD Student
SUMMARY: FUTURE WORK PLAN Continue to participate in the national collaborative Winter Malt Barley Trial. Initiate a regional mid-atlantic and Eastern Uniform Winter Malt Barley Trial. Continue to select and use superior germplasm from the WMBT as parents in crosses with elite material from our program.
SUMMARY: FUTURE WORK PLAN Accelerate the development of superior, widely adapted, high yielding two and sixrow winter malt barley varieties using double-haploid breeding. New winter malt barley varieties must have advantages either in yield, disease resistance, or quality performance in Malt houses and Breweries. Evaluate yield, disease resistance and FHB resistance of lines in Virginia state variety trial and the WMBT in a Scab nursery at Mount Holly, VA.
Acknowledgements Research Funds Provided by: Virginia Small Grains Board Kentucky Small Grain Growers Association Maryland Grain Producers Utilization Board The U.S. Wheat and Barley Scab Initiatives American Malt Barley Association (AMBA) Brewers Association
Nicholas Meier: namvf6@vt.edu Wynse Brooks: wybrooks@vt.edu Carl Griffey: cgriffey@vt.edu Dave Marshall: David.Marshall@ars.usda.gov THANKS!