Update of the Lobesia botrana program in California Lucia G. Varela University of California, Santa Rosa, CA Monica Cooper University of California, Napa, CA Andrea Lucchi University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Jack K Clark
1 st detected September 2009 in Napa Valley, California Legend Lobesia botrana pupae Lobesia botrana larvae Lobesia botrana males Lobesia botrana female collected 3 mile (4.8 km) buffer LBAM State interior quarantine
How did it enter the US? Investigated by USDA APHIS SITC. So far, the introduction pathway is unknown. Some possible entries: Machinery (pupa stage). Nursery stock (olives). Fruit?
Quarantine area: Detection Trapping In 2010/11: 5 mile radius (8 km) from a find. Traps deployed in vineyards: Quarantine area: 25 traps/mi 2 (~10 traps/km 2 ) Outside quarantine: 25 to 9 traps/mi 2 (~3.5 traps/km 2 ) Traps deployed in urban areas: 5 traps/mi 2 (~2 traps/km 2 )
Quarantine Areas Individual Moth Catches As of 10/08/2010 Mendocino 36 Napa 100,793 Sonoma 59 San Joaquin 2 Merced 4 Santa Cruz 1 Santa Clara 3 Fresno 11 Monterey 1 Male catches 1 st generation Male catches 2 nd generation Male catches 3 rd generation Total # moths caught per County in 2010
How did it spread in California? Infestations associated with: Movement of infested winegrapes. Movement of infested machinery. Movement of vineyard wooden stakes.
Treatment recommendations for 2010 Insecticide treatments: To Vineyards within 1000 meters of a find (Napa within 200 meters of a find). Applications: 1 st generation: 2 conventional or 3 organic insecticides. 2 nd and 3 rd generations: 1 conventional or 2 organic insecticides for each generation. Mating disruption: Napa vineyards only.
CDFA treated urban areas Treatment area: 500 meter radius from EGVM detection. Homeowner was given the following choices: Fruit/flower removal. Bt applications. Mating disruption in selected County locations. 2010: Majority chose fruit removal. 2011-2013: Bt applications & fruit removal.
2010/11 State quarantine area: ~2,334 sq. miles (6045 km 2 ) Male trap catches in 2010 Male trap catches in 2011
Populations decrease from 2010 to 2011 Number of male moths caught on pheromone traps per year 2010 100,83 1 Fresno Merced San Joaquin Santa Cruz Santa Clara Napa Sonoma Solano Mendocino Monterey Nevada 59 11 36 11 4 2 1 3 1 0 2011 113 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 19 0 4
Treatment recommendations for 2011-2013 Insecticide Treatments To Vineyards within 500 meters of a find. For the 1 st and 2 nd generations. Mating Disruption All vineyards within 500 meters of a find (except in counties slated for deregulation at the end of that year).
Conditions needed for deregulation (2011 and 2012) 5 consecutive generations without a find Insecticide treatments allowed and recommended for the 1 st and 2 nd generation NO mating disruption allowed Monitoring Trap density: 100 traps/mi 2 (36 traps/km 2 ) for at least 2 full generations (or two full generations followed by a partial third, where a proportion of the insects from the 2 nd are expected to enter diapause)
Deregulated Areas in 2012 Counties released from regulation: March 2012: Mendocino, San Joaquin, Merced, Fresno August 2012: Solano Revised quarantine area from 5 to 3 miles radius from finds, in the remaining six infested counties. ~ 50% reduction quarantine area
2012 State quarantine area ~1,302 sq. miles (3372 km 2 )
Populations decreased substantially from 2010 to 2013 Number of male moths caught on pheromone traps per year Fresno Merced San Joaquin Santa Cruz Santa Clara Napa Sonoma Solano Mendocino Monterey Nevada 2010 100,831 59 11 36 11 4 2 1 3 1 0 2011 113 9 0 0 0 0 0 1 19 0 4 2012 77 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2012 Traps caught 77 moths in 5 areas in Napa County Napa 77 moths At the end of 2012 the following counties were released from regulation: Nevada, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz and portions of Solano and Sonoma
2013 State quarantine area: ~687 mi 2 (1780 km 2 ) Counties under regulation: Napa Border: Sonoma & Solano Male catches 2012
2012 trap density 10 traps/km 2 2013 trap density 36 traps/km 2 Traps 10 traps/km 2 2012 Mating disruption ~23,000 acres Traps 36 traps/km 2 2013 Mating disruption around 2012 & 2013 finds ~2,800 acres
2013 Mating disruption only 500 m from a 2012 and 2013 find (~2,800 acres). Trapping density increased to 39 traps/km 2 Napa 40 moths 40 moths caught: 34 in 1 st flight 6 in the 2 nd flight All other counties continue to be monitored with traps: No moths caught
Alternative hosts in California Daphne gnidium Only detected in the flower of olives during 2010 first generation Olive flower Photo: JF Gaffard Daphne gnidium
Are traps accurately measuring Up to now, for deregulation: Trap density: 36 traps/km 2 = 1 trap/2 vineyard ha population? 322 m 162 m If on average traps pull moths from ~ 50 meters To cover the area, you need ~1 trap/1 ha Or continue trapping through time 10 traps/km 2 36 traps/km 2 km 2 vineyard
Thank you