ational Sunflower Survey: An Overview

ational Sunflower Survey: An Overview

Survey Format 1. Yield components (Plant population, head diameter, seed seed, % good seed, % center set, bird damage) = six components 2. Agronomic info (eight components) 3. Weed assessment (30 weeds ) 4. Diseases - incidence and severity on 10 diseases 5. Insect and bird damage = In-field assessment and lab exam of seed samples 10 components 6. Two sites examined per field THUS. (6 + 8 + 30 + 10 + 10 ) x 2 = 128 observations /field x 201 fields = 26,000 data points in one survey 14 surveys = > 325,000 pieces of data

Sunflower Helianthus annuus L. Properties Confectionary varieties Striped hulls Larger Lower oil content Oil varieties Black Smaller Up to 50% oil Conoil

% Oil and Confection Confection vs Oilseed (%) Sunflower 2017 Survey Confection Oilseed 100 80 60 40 20 0 ND SD MN MB All

Variation In Sunflower Hybrids Short and long season Short and tall plants Disease packages Higher oil content Standability Head erectness Stay green gene

Plant Spacing Within Row

2017 #1 Yield Limiting Factors - North Dakota (78 Fields) Disease 17 % Plant spacing 10 % Lodging 3% Weeds 12% Birds 9 % Insects 1 % Drought 32 % Hail 3% Uneven plant growth 3 % Other 6 % No Problem 5 %

2017 #2 Yield Limiting Factors - North Dakota (78 Fields) Disease 10 % Plant spacing 18 % Lodging 4 % Drought 10 % Weeds 6 % Insects 3 % Birds 4 % Uneven plant growth 8 % Other 10 % No Problem 22 %

Yield Limiting Factors South #1 Factor Disease 9 % Plant Spacing 24 % Lodging 4 % Weeds 0 % Birds 0 % Insects 2 % Drought 40 % Hail 4 % Uneven growth 4 % No problem 7 % Dakota (55 Fields) #2 Factor Disease 6 % Plant spacing 18 % Lodging 7 % Weeds 6 % Birds 0% Insects 6 % Drought 13 % Hail 7 % Uneven growth 6 % No Problem 29 %

Most # 1 Limiting Factors 2011-2017 Sunflower Surveys 2011 2012 2013 2015 2017 5 yr AV. --------Percent of the surveyed fields------ Plant Spacing 18 18 26 13 32 21 Diseases 18 7 17 24 19 17 Drought 8 29 15 11 53 23 No Problem 14 13 11 11 16 13 Weeds 8 8 4 8 13 8 1 Based on 155 fields in 2011, 211 (2012), 209 (2013 ), 201 (2015) and 172 (2017) = 948 total over five years.

Sunflower Observations: August 10, SW. North Dakota April 26 Planting Date May 10 Planting Date May 23 Planting Date June 7 Planting Date

Sunflower Date of Planting- Carrington, ND. (4 yr. Ave). 1/3/2019 15

TX High Plains Yield Goals Initial Soil H 2 O No Irrigation ------------ Limited Irrigation -- Lbs./A --- Full Irrigation ------------ Poor 600-800 1000-1600 1400-2000 Good 1000-1200 1600-2200 2000-2600 Abundant soil moisture in 2007 would lift each category by a couple hundred lbs./a over Good.

Sunflower and Avail. Water 1 water = ~140 lbs. yield /A in normal year; first 5 inches needed to get sunflower to point of seed production Example-- ~5 soil water at planting, 8 of rainfall during physiological growth ~13 total available - 5 for vegetative growth = 8 for seed production Potential = 140 X 8 = ~1,120 lbs./a

Average Crop Rooting Depth Root depth sunflower corn wheat soybean 0 2 4 6 Feet 1/3/2019 18

PRODUCTION PRACTICES Planting Rates Lower populations in drier soils, higher under irrigation North/South vs East/West rows? NS probably better, heads hang between rows Harder for birds to feed Less damage and shattering during storms 1/3/2019 19

PRODUCTION PRACTICES Planting Rates Rows: Oil types 18,000 to 22,000 Confection types 15,000 to 18,000 Solid Seeded: Oil types 24,000 to 28,000 Confection types 18,000 to 22,000 1/3/2019 20

Sunflower Yield & Plant Population: 2017 Yield Plant Pop 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 ND SD MN MB All Yield (lb/a) and Plant Population (1/10)

Yield vs. Plant Population

Sunflower Yield Vs. Plant Population 6 Locations, 12 Trials - Minnesota Plants/A Yield, Lbs/A Head Dia. Inches Head Moisture 7,000 1644 11 43 10,000 1987 10 34 15,000 2278 8 25 20,000 2513 8 22 25,000 2630 7 20

Sunflower Yield (lb/a) 2011-2017 2011 2012 2013 2015 2017 1800 1750 1700 1650 1600 1550 ND Yield (lb/a)

% of Fields Surveyed Row Spacing in Sunflower - 2017-20 inches +20 inches 100 80 60 40 20 0 ND SD MN MB All

Sunflower Row Spacing Trial

2017 Sunflower Yield & Plant Population with Row Spacing 1900 1850 1800 1750 1700 1650 1600 1550 1500 1450 Yield Plant Pop <30 inch 30 inch All

Sunflower yield in lb/a across two oil hybrids 1/3/2019 Source ARS Mandan, 1996. 28

Considerations for Narrow row sunflower production Narrow row seeding may be susceptible to crusting because of the distance between seeds is larger Best to consider 12 to 18 inch rows Full season hybrids have worked well. No need for short season hybrids (unless under late planting conditions)

Checking Seed-placement Planter Preparations Adjust seed drop Check and adjust for seed depth Adjust seed monitor for spacings Repeat when changing hybrids, lots, seed sizes, etc. 1/3/2019 30

Oilseed Hybrid 894 Seeding Depth (Inches) % Emergence (2 Yr Average) 1 inch 88.0 3 inch 89.0 4-1/2 inch 82.7

Poor crop establishment Poor water conditions at planting High intensity rain causing surface crusting High temp causing rapid soil drying and hypocotyl damage Insect pest in the soil Inappropriate planting technique Poor seed quality

Incidence of Weeds ND/MN 2012-2017 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2012 2013 2015 2017

Incidence of Weeds South Dakota 2012-2017 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2012 2013 2015 2017

PRODUCTION PRACTICES Reproductive Stages R1 Starts with the appearance of bud 1/3/2019 35

PRODUCTION PRACTICES Reproductive Stages R2 Stage starts when the neck starts to elongate 1/3/2019 36

R3 Stage immature bud elongates more than 2.0 cm above nearest leaf

R5.1 Reproductive Stages R5 Beginning of flowering One of the more important stages for insect control Broken down into percent of head that is flowered 1/3/2019 38

Sunflower Moth Start scouting at R-5.3 stage thru R-5.9 Scout early morning or late evening when moths are active 1/3/2019 39

Red Seed Weevil Emerges from soil early July to mid August Scout from R5.0 to R5.7 Red Seed Weevil Larva Red Seed Weevil Adult 1/3/2019 40

Banded Sunflower Moth (Mid-season pest) Banded Sunflower Moth Larva Banded Sunflower Moth Adult Scout early morning or late evening when moths are active 1/3/2019 41

Sunflower Seed Maggot Injury Seed sterility Tunneling through ovaries (seeds) No webbing (webbing indicates banded sunflower moth or sunflower moth) 1/3/2019 42

Sunflower seed maggot damage Photo: Dr. J. Knodel

Percent Sunflower Seed Maggot Incidence & Severity - 2017 50 40 % Incidence Plants infected 30 20 10 0 ND SD MN All

Bud Moth Damage in Sunflower Photo: Dr. J. Knodel

Percent Sunflower Bud Moth Incidence & Severity 2017 50 40 % Incidence Plants infected 30 20 10 0 ND SD MN MB All

Instructions were examine upper 4 leaves on 5 consecutive plants and determine illustration that best fits average of all plants. 0.1% Sunflower Rust Diagrams 1% 5% 1/3/2019 47

Rust in Sunflower Instructions were examine upper 4 leaves on 5 consecutive plants and determine % of the leaf area covered with rust.

Not Rust 1/3/2019 49

Percent of fields Red Rust Incidence in Sunflower 2013 2015 2017 80 60 40 20 0 ND State

% Leaf area with Pustules Red Rust Severity in Sunflower 2012 2013 2015 2017 5 4 3 2 1 0 ND SD MN MB Rust Severity Estimated for Fields Where Incidence Reported

Sclerotinia Head Rot Skeletonized heads Large sclerotia covering the face of the head 1/3/2019 52

% fields reported with Sclerotinia head rot Sclerotinia Head Rot Incidence in Sunflower 2017 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ND SD MN MB All ND SD MN MB All

% Plants Infected Sclerotinia Head Rot Severity 2010-2017 2010 2011 2012 2013 2015 2017 25 20 15 10 5 0 ND

Percent Sclerotinia Stalk Rot Incidence & Severity - 2017 % Incidence Plants infected 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ND SD MN MB All

Percent Phomopsis Incidence and Severity 2017 % Incidence Plants infected 100 80 60 40 20 0 ND SD MN All

% Plants Infected Phomopsis Severity 2010-2017 2010 2011 2012 2013 2015 2017 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 ND

New CONCERN Multiple species of PHOMOPSIS! Phomopsis helianthi identified as cause of new stem canker in Yugoslavia in mid-1980s. Two competing groups of pathologists in Yugoslavia: one claiming multiple species, other saying ONLY ONE. With new molecular identification methods, 35 years later, two scientists in Australia (Sue Thompson) and the U.S. (Febina Mathew) have identified multiple NEW Phomopsis species causing disease on sunflower.

Phomopsis/Diaporthe Species Newly reported on Sunflower USA AUSTRALIA SF Soy Weeds SF Soy Weeds D. helianthi XX XX D. gulyae XX XX XX D. gulyae XX XX XX D. stewartii XX D. kongii XX XX D. kochmanii XX XX D. masirevici XX XX XX D. mirici XX XX XX D. goulteri XX XX D. sackstoni XX D. serafiniae XX Five more new species yet to be published XX

Phomopsis Species Identification via Survey-collected stalks Funded by NSA Grant to Febina Mathew, SDSU PCR assays (developed by Taylor Olson) done by Marina Johnson and Brian Kontz SDSU 100+ field samples hoped for, but with low Phomopsis in 2017, stalks from 31 fields received Phomopis helianthi and P. gulyae recovered from FOUR states (ND, MN, SD, NE)

% Crop Affected by Phomopsis 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

What trends over time do we see with major diseases? SCLEROTINIA WILT - Sclerotinia head rot - Phomopsis

Comparison of Sclerotinia Wilt & Head rot

Recording observations 1/3/2019 67

Percent Bird Damage Incidence and Severity in Sunflower 2017 % Fields % damage 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 ND SD MN MB All

Sunflower Survey Conducted every other year Provides estimated yield across sunflower growing regions Provide information on disease, insect and weed problems and trends that influence and affect sunflower performance. Help provide information to producers and industry on growing sunflowers successfully.

Hans s10 Steps to 2000 lb Sunflower Field Selection watch rotations and potential weed problems Tillage and seedbed preparation Hybrid selection Full season, high oil Adequate fertility Nitrogen is key Plant timely with adequate plant populations 1/3/2019 70

Hans s10 Steps to 2000 lb Sunflower Weed Control chemical, cultural and mechanical Monitor for insect problems and control Monitor for bird problems and control Timely harvest may reduce losses Proper drying, handling and storage 1/3/2019 71

Questions? 72