THE NECESSITY TO HAVE NATIONAL DRIFT CURVES: EXAMPLE OF DRIFT CURVES FOR VINEYARDS IN NORTHERN ITALY Paolo Balsari,, Paolo Marucco DEIAFA University of Torino Italy paolo.balsari@unito.it
ray drift is the quantity of plant protection duct that is carried out of the sprayed ated) area by the action of air currents INTRODUCTION t is drift? inition according to ISO 22866 standard:
INTRODUCTION pray drift assessment is more and more important ew EU Directive (128/2009 EC) on tainable use of pesticides is coming into force cessity for all EU countries to adopt measures aimed at minimising
INTRODUCTION VIRONMENTAL RISKS CONCERNING SPRAY DRIFT NTAMINATION OF WATER COURSES NTAMINATION OF SENSITIVE AREAS (e.g. tural parks, wetlands, etc.) NTAMINATION OF ADJACENT CROPS
Giving preference to the most efficient application techniques such as the use of low-drift pesticide application equipment especially in vertical crops such as hops and those found in orchards and vineyards. INTRODUCTION AIN REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO SPRAY DRIFT LUDED IN EU DIRECTIVE 128/2009 ON SUSTAINABLE USE OF PESTICIDES Article 11 Specific measures to protect the aquatic environment and drinking water
INTRODUCTION AIN REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO SPRAY DRIFT UDED IN EU DIRECTIVE 128/2009 ON SUSTAINABLE USE OF PESTICIDES Article 11 Specific measures to protect the aquatic environment and drinking water Use of mitigation measures which minimise the risk of off-site pollution caused by spray drift, drain-flow and run-off. These shall include the establishment of appropriately-sized buffer zones for the protection of non-target aquatic organisms and safeguard zones for surface and groundwater used for the abstraction of drinking water, where pesticides must not be
INTRODUCTION ASURES TO PROTECT ENVIRONMENT FROM DRIFT DIRECT INDIRECT educing drift at source Reducing exposure to drift Use of Spray Drift Reduction Technology (SDRT) No spray zones, buffer zones Natural vegetative strips Windbreaks, hail nets, etc. Fixed buffer zones
INTRODUCTION In several EU countries legislative easures are already in force establishing buffer zone widths to be respected for reducing spray drift contamination risks BUFFER ZONE Sprayed crop NOT SPRAYED n metres Sensitive area (or water course)
LE iteria for LERAP (UK) for determination of buffer zones width (m), for field crop sprayers PPP full dose PPP half dose er course width Nozzle type Nozzle type S S 3 m 5 4 2 1 2 1 1 1 6 m 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 m 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Standard
THE PROBLEM p to now, most of the models adopted in urope to define buffer zone widths are based on Ganzelmeier drift curves rapolated on the basis of hundreds of drift ts carried out in Germany by BBA (now I) in some typical contexts (arable crops, eyards, orchards, hops) according to ISO 22866 methodology. Are these reference drift curves
anzelmeier drift curves (ground sediment) Arable crops 10 ( del of volume distribuito) applied) 1 0.1 3.4 0.36 0.04 0.01 1 10 100 1000
anzelmeier drift curves (ground sediment) Vineyard 10 6.78 Early growth stages ( of volume applied) 1 0.1 3.6 1.36 0.55 Full vegetation 0.16 0.05 0.01 1 10 100
anzelmeier drift curves (ground sediment) Orchard ( ( del of volume distribuito) applied) 100 10 1 25.98 14.41 12.04 5.05 Early Primi stadi growth vegetativi stages Piena Full vegetation vegetazione 2.88 0.97 0.3 0.1 0.11 1 10 100
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY (funded by AGROFARMA) To assess spray drift measured ording to ISO 22866 methodology Italian vineyards using different air-assisted sprayers and o compare results obtained with
MATERIALS AND METHODS ISO 22866 METHODOLOGY Wind direction = 90 ± 30 Wind speed > 1 m/s 20 m Drift collectors Sprayed area 1000 m 2 50 m 1 5 10 15 20 m
MATERIALS AND METHODS 2866 METHODOLOGY Samplers for airborne drift Wind direction 15 10 7.5 5 3 1 m Downwind distances Samplers for Application of water based solution of yellow
MATERIALS AND METHODS ts were made in Tuscany region: Azienda Scienza
MATERIALS AND METHODS TWO VINEYARD TYPES Syrah trained at Guyot, out 1.8 x 0.7 m (7800 nts/ha), LAI max. 1.6 Cabernet Sauvignon ined at Guyot, layout 1.8.8 m (6850 plants/ha)
LAI = 1.6 MATERIALS AND METHODS ah vineyard TWO GROWTH STAGES nd of flowering CH 69) LAI = 0.5 ajority of berries ching (BBCH 79)
MATERIALS AND METHODS TWO GROWTH STAGES bernet Sauvignon eyard nd of lowering CH 69) LAI = 0.3 ajority of berries ching (BBCH 79)
EUMATIC MATERIALS AND METHODS 3 TYPES OF SPRAYERS TESTED NVENTIONAL AIR- SISTED (AXIAL FAN) ROSS FLOW AIR- STED
volume MATERIALS AND METHODS CONVENTIONAL AIR-ASSISTED SPRAYER Dragone Athos 200 low rates (8000 1000 m 3 /h) zle types ventional hollow cone, pressure, VMD 180 µm nduction flat fan, 5 bar re, VMD 420 µm SPRAYERS TESTED
volume MATERIALS AND METHODS SPRAYERS TESTED CROSS FLOW AIR-ASSISTED SPRAYER Dragone K 2 500 low rates (14000 0000 m 3 /h) zle types ventional hollow cone, pressure, VMD 180 µm nduction flat fan, 5 bar re, VMD 420 µm
single sprayer iguration tested diffusors with four ts each) 100 µm MATERIALS AND METHODS d air flow rate (6500 ) SPRAYERS TESTED PNEUMATIC SPRAYER Cima Blitz 45T
RESULTS yrah vineyard, end of flowering (BBCH 69) Conventional ATR nozzles Conventional ID nozzles Cross flow ATR nozzles Cross flow ID nozzles Pneumatic 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
RESULTS yrah vineyard, end of flowering (BBCH 69) Detail over 5 m downwind distance Conventional ATR nozzles Conventional ID nozzles Cross flow ATR nozzles Cross flow ID nozzles Pneumatic 5 10 15 20 Downwind distance (m)
RESULTS yrah vineyard, majority of berries touching (BBCH 79) Conventional ATR nozzles Conventional ID nozzles Cross flow ATR nozzles Cross flow ID nozzles Pneumatic 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
RESULTS yrah vineyard, majority of berries touching (BBCH 79) Detail over 5 m downwind distance Conventional ATR nozzles Conventional ID nozzles Cross flow ATR nozzles Cross flow ID nozzles Pneumatic 5 10 15 20
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 RESULTS Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard, end of flowering (BBCH 69) 5 0 5 0 5 Conventional ATR nozzles Conventional ID nozzles Cross flow ATR nozzles Cross flow ID nozzles Pneumatic 0 5 0 5
RESULTS 6 4 2 0 8 Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard, end of flowering (BBCH 69) Detail over 5 m downwind distance Conventional ATR nozzles Conventional ID nozzles Cross flow ATR nozzles Cross flow ID nozzles Pneumatic 6 4 2 0 5 10 15 20
RESULTS Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard, majority of berries touching (BBCH 79) Conventional ATR nozzles Conventional ID nozzles Cross flow ATR nozzles Cross flow ID nozzles Pneumatic
RESULTS Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard, majority of berries touching (BBCH 79) Detail over 5 m downwind distance Conventional ATR nozzles Conventional ID nozzles Cross flow ATR nozzles Cross flow ID nozzles Pneumatic 5 10 15 20
Thanks to the use of Spray Drift Reducing EIGHT OF THE DIFFERENT VARIABLES XAMINED ON THE AMOUNT OF DRIFT REGISTERED OVER 5 m FROM THE SPRAYED AREA E OF AIR INDUCTION NOZZLES NEYARD TYPE AND GROWTH STAGE PRAYER TYPE IR FLOW RATE
Example of results of tests made in Syrah vineyard at end of flowering (BBCH 69) using the cross flow sprayer ATR nozzles ID nozzles 0 5 10 15 20 25 Downwind distance (m)
MPARISON WITH BBA DRIFT CURVES yrah vineyard, end of flowering (BBCH 69) 5 0 5 DEIAFA average DEIAFA maximum DEIAFA minimum BBA reference 0 5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
MPARISON WITH BBA DRIFT CURVES yrah vineyard, majority of berries touching (BBCH 79) 2 0 8 DEIAFA average DEIAFA maximum DEIAFA minimum BBA reference 6 4 2 0
MPARISON WITH BBA DRIFT CURVES Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard, end of flowering (BBCH 69) 0 5 0 DEIAFA average DEIAFA maximum DEIAFA minimum BBA reference 5 0 5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
MPARISON WITH BBA DRIFT CURVES Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard, majority of berries touching (BBCH 79) DEIAFA average DEIAFA maximum DEIAFA minimum BBA reference
MPARISON WITH BBA DRIFT CURVES BBCH 69 (early growth stage) 16 ese first nal results dicated age curves rally over he BBA ence ones. Drift ( of applied) Drift ( of applied) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 DEIAFA Syrah vineyard DEIAFA Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard BBA reference 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Downwind distance (m) BBCH 79 (late growth stage) DEIAFA Syrah vineyard DEIAFA Cabernet Sauvignon vineyard BBA reference
CONCLUSIONS EIAFA drift curves are different from BBA curves (higher drift values) POSSIBLE REASONS her canopy density of the German eyards (different layout, training system, rieties, etc.) fferent environmental conditions (wind eed and air temperature)
CONCLUSIONS build reference drift curve for Italian vineyards more experimental data are eeded considering several different vine aining systems and application scenarios. A specific research project is needed
THE ITALIAN SITUATION RE THAN 1000 VINE TRAINING SYSTEMS USED DONE GUYOT CASARSA ALBERELLO xamples of main vine training systems adopted in Italy RE THAN 100 TYPES OF SPRAYER MODELS USED
CONCLUSIONS tional reference drift curves are necessary lso to allow authorities to modulate buffer zone size in function of the SDRT used prayers classification in function of drift O 22866 methodology is too complicated for this purpose and provides limited
A complete test may require even some days of work. Costs are proportional to LIMITS OF ISO 22866 METHODOLOGY WIND DIRECTION WIND VELOCITY Average = 102 CV = 31 MAX = 225 min = 16 200 400 600 800 1000 TIme (s) Wind velocity (m/s) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Average = 3.8 m/s CV = 33 MAX = 7.9 m/s min = 1.2 m/s 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Time (s)
CONCLUSIONS EIAFA is developing a system to measure and are potential drift generated in absence of wind by ferent sprayer models using ad hoc test benches. 0.5 m 0.5 m 13 m 1.0 m
And thank you to AGROFARMA (National Crop Protection