Chuck Chimera Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 12

Famil: Poaceae Taxo: Leptochloa paicea Som: Eleusie filiformis Pers. Eleusie mucroata Michx. Festuca filiformis Lam. Leptochloa atteuata (Nutt.) Steud. Leptochloa filiformis (Pers.) P. Beauv. Leptochloa filiformis var. atteuata (Nutt.) Ste Leptochloa mucroata auct. Commo Name: Mississippi spragletop red spragletop thread spragletop Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: H(HPWRA) Data Etr Perso: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 12 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, =-1 103 Does the species have weed races? =1, =-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0? 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, =-1 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 Prit Date: 8/30/2011 Leptochloa paicea (Poaceae) Page 1 of 9

409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, =-1 603 Hbridizes aturall =1, =-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic =1, =-1 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, =-1 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 1 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, =-1 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, =-1 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, =-1 705 Propagules water dispersed =1, =-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed =1, =-1 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, =-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, =-1 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, =-1 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, =-1 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, =-1 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 12 Prit Date: 8/30/2011 Leptochloa paicea (Poaceae) Page 2 of 9

Supportig Data: 101 2006 (owards). Clato, W.D./Harma, K.T./Williamso, H.. Grassbase - The Olie [Is the species highl domesticated? No] No evidece 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 201 2005. Australia Biological Resources Stud. CSIRO Publishig, Colligwood, Australia 201 2006 (owards). Clato, W.D./Harma, K.T./Williamso, H.. Grassbase - The Olie 202 2005. Australia Biological Resources Stud. CSIRO Publishig, Colligwood, Australia 203 1998. Sow, N.. Nomeclatural chages i Leptochloa P. Beauvois sesu lato (Poaceae, Chloridoideae). Novo. 8: 77-80. 204 2005. Australia Biological Resources Stud. CSIRO Publishig, Colligwood, Australia 205 2006 (owards). Clato, W.D./Harma, K.T./Williamso, H.. Grassbase - The Olie 301 2004. Sow, N.. A first report of the exotic Leptochloa paicea subsp. brachiata (Poaceae) for Wester Australia. Nutsia. 15(2): 325 326. 301 2005. Australia Biological Resources Stud. CSIRO Publishig, Colligwood, Australia 301 2011. Ho, J.. O'ahu Ivasive Species Committee Pest Respose Techicia, 25 August 2011. [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-high] "Leptochloa paicea subsp. paicea occurs i southeast Asia, Africa, Chia, Japa, ad Papua New Guiea (where it is probabl itroduced)." [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s)? 2 -high] "DISTRIBUTION Africa: orth, west tropical, west-cetral tropical, ortheast tropical, east tropical, souther tropical, south, ad wester Idia ocea. Asia-temperate: wester Asia, Arabia, Chia, ad easter Asia. Asia tropical: Idia, Ido-Chia, Malesia, ad Papuasia. Australasia: Australia. Pacific: orthwester. North America: orthcetral USA, ortheast USA, southwest USA, south-cetral USA, southeast USA, ad Mexico. South America: Mesoamericaa, Caribbea, orther South America, wester South America, Brazil, ad souther South America." [Qualit of climate match data 2-high] "Leptochloa paicea subsp. paicea occurs i southeast Asia, Africa, Chia, Japa, ad Papua New Guiea (where it is probabl itroduced)." [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes] "As recogized b Sow (1997a), Leptochloa paicea sesu lato is a polmorphic species that rages throughout much of the warm temperate ad tropical regios of the world." [Distributio suggest broad climatic toleraces] [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "Leptochloa paicea subsp. paicea occurs i southeast Asia, Africa, Chia, Japa, ad Papua New Guiea (where it is probabl itroduced)." [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Ukow. Broad atural distributio, but probabl also widel itroduced uitetioall ] "DISTRIBUTION Africa: orth, west tropical, west-cetral tropical, ortheast tropical, east tropical, souther tropical, south, ad wester Idia ocea. Asia-temperate: wester Asia, Arabia, Chia, ad easter Asia. Asia tropical: Idia, Ido-Chia, Malesia, ad Papuasia. Australasia: Australia. Pacific: orthwester. North America: orth-cetral USA, ortheast USA, southwest USA, south-cetral USA, southeast USA, ad Mexico. South America: Mesoamericaa, Caribbea, orther South America, wester South America, Brazil, ad souther South America." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Leptochloa paicea subsp. brachiata has the potetial to become a widespread weed i Australia sice virtuall a part of the cotiet uder 1,000 metres elevatio combig seasoal moisture ad a disturbed soil surface represets potetial habitat. Give the cooler climatic regime of Tasmaia, it is less likel it would become established there. This taxo, which recetl also has bee kow b the ames Leptochloa mucroata (Lam.) P. Beauv. ad L. filiformis (Michx.) Kuth (Sow ad Davidse 1993; Sow 1998), ca be foud o checklists o the iteret of species cosidered to be weed threats to the viticulture idustr of WA (e.g. http://agspsrv34.agric.wa.gov.au/programs/a p/idustr/liks/ pdf/wtst.pdf.) Aother eotropical member of the geus, L. fusca subsp. uiervia, is also cosidered a threat to the vieards i WA ad becomig icreasigl widespread i Australia (Sow ad Simo 1999; Sharp ad Simo 2002)." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Itroduced. Coastal districts ad ilad areas of Qld south to Towsville. Native ti America i warm-temperate ad tropical regios, itroduced to wester Africa. A weed of disturbed places, usuall withi pastures ad crops such as sorghum ad sugar-cae." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "I've attached a google map photo showig the area that I oticed most of the plats ad approximatel where I took that sample from. I ma have bee grossl uderestimatig the umber of plats. The clump that I took the sample from probabl had 10-15 plats i it " [Map shows a Waimaalo Nurser] Prit Date: 8/30/2011 Leptochloa paicea (Poaceae) Page 3 of 9

301 2011. Lau, A.. Oahu Earl Detectio Botaist. Pers. Comm. 25 August 2011. 302 1992. Ro, G.P./Shukla, B.K./Datt, B.. Flora of Madha Pradesh: Chhatarpur ad Damoh. APH Publishig, New Delhi, Idia 302 2007. Rhoads, A.F./Block, T.A./Aiśko, A.. The plats of Peslvaia: a illustrated maual. Uiversit of Peslvaia Press, Philadelphia, PA 302 2010. Harris, W.F.. The idetificatio of some of the more commo ative Oklahoma grasses b vegetative characters. Oklahoma Native Plat Record. 10: 4-33. 303 1983. Iteratioal Rice Research Istitute. Proceedigs of the Coferece o Weed Cotrol i Rice: 31 August-4 September 1981. It. Rice Res. Ist., Maila, Philippies 303 1991. Fouret, J./Hammerto, J.L.. Weeds of the Lesser Atilles. Istitut Natioal De La Recherche Agroomique, Paris, Frace 303 1998. Waterhouse, B. M./Mitchell, A. A.. Norther Australia Quaratie Strateg: weeds target list. Secod editio. Miscellaeous Publicatio No. 6/98. Australia Quaratie & Ispectio Service, Caberra 303 1999. Sadhu, K.S./Sigh, T./Sigh, S.. Weed Compositio of Maize (Zea mas) Fields i Pujab. Idia Joural of Weed Sciece. 32(1&2): 18-24. 303 2005. Australia Biological Resources Stud. CSIRO Publishig, Colligwood, Australia 303 2006. Sigh, S./Bhusha, L./Ladha, J.K./Gupta, R.K./Rao, A.N./Sivaprasad, B.. Weed maagemet i dr-seeded rice (Orza sativa) cultivated i the furrow-irrigated raised-bed platig sstem. Crop Protectio. 25: 487 495. [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Joatha recetl foud this grass spreadig i a large Waimaalo urser, sparigl aturalized alog the margis of maitaied areas as well as comig up as a weed i potted plats, mabe 40 or 50 plats total" [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? A disturbace weed with egative agricultural effects. See 3.03] "Occasioall foud i uused groud ear habitatios, waste corers of fields ad gardes." [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? A disturbace weed with egative agricultural effects. See 3.03] "wharves, railroad sidigs, ad rubbish dumps; mostl SE, but probabl elsewhere;" [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? A disturbace weed with egative agricultural effects. See 3.03] "Distributio: A weed i moist cultivated fields ad waste places throughout most of the state." [Oklahoma] [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? Yes] "Special weed problems are associated with deepwater ad floatig rice (De Datta 1980). I Thailad where deepwater rice is grow i large areas, pricipal weeds associated with this culture are Echiochloa stagia, E. picta, Ischaemum rugosum, Leptochloa chieis, L. paicea, Petapetes phoeicia, ad Melochia cocataeata. These weeds are usuall ot a problem i covetioall maaged trasplated rice." [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? Yes] "Ecolog ad biolog: Waste places ad cultivated soils i ma eviromets. Propagated b seeds. Mai ifested crops: Vegetables, root crops." [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? Yes] "A weed of rice, cor, cotto, sobeas, sugarcae, peauts ad pastures" [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? Yes] "Surve of weed flora of maize fields coducted i phases thrice from 1980 to 1983, 1984 to 1990 ad 1991 1996 revealed the presece of 75 weed species i maize crop fields i Pujab. The predomiat weeds associated with the crop were Eleusie aegptiacum (L.) Desf, Eragrostis teella (L.) Beauv., Leptochloa paicea (Retz) Ohwi., Triathema portulacastrum L., Digera arvesis Forsk. ad Cperus rotudus L. Besides these, Paicum coloum (L.) Lik, Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel, Sorghum halepese (L.) Pers., Commelia beghalesis (L.), Celosia argetea (L.), Cleom viscosa (L.), Euphorbia hirta (L.), Amarathus viridis (L.) ad Cperus compressus (L.) were also serious weeds at some locatios. Some ew weeks like Brachiaria reptas (L.) Gard. & Hubb., Malvastrum cororadeliaum (L.) Garcke, Polgoum glabrum (L.), Cperus squarossus (L.), Amarathus pujas (L.), Majus pumilus (Burm. F.) Steeis, Ageratum cozoides (L.) ad Lidemia parvitlora (Roxb.) Haies are fidig etr i maize fields i some pockets." [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? Yes] "A weed of disturbed places, usuall withi pastures ad crops such as sorghum ad sugar-cae." [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? Yes] "The major weeds associated with dr seeded rice i the FIRBS durig both ears were Echiochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv., Echiochloa coloa (L.) Lik, Dactlocteium aegptium (L.) Willd, Leptochloa paicea (Retz.) Ohwl amog grasses; ad C. axillaris, E. hirta, Lideria sp., C. beghalesis, E. prostrata, T. portulacastrum, ad P. oleracea amog weeds." 304 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Leptochloa paicea [Olie Database]. [Evirometal weed? Potetiall. Listed as a evirometal weed, but most refereces refer to its occurrece i disturbed, waste places or as a weed of http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/leptochloa_paic agriculture] See 3.02 & 3.03 ea/ Prit Date: 8/30/2011 Leptochloa paicea (Poaceae) Page 4 of 9

305 2004. Beveuti, S./Dielli, G./Boetti, A.. Germiatio ecolog of Leptochloa chiesis: a ew weed i the Italia rice agro-eviromet. Weed Research. 44: 87 96. 401 1977. Holm, L.G./Pluckett, D.L./Pacho, distributio ad biolog. East-West Ceter, Uiversit Press of Hawaii, Hoolulu, HI [Cogeeric weed? Yes] "Leptochloa chiesis is a ew weed that has bee foud with icreasig frequec i Italia rice paddies. The germiatio ecolog of L. chiesis seeds was studied i order to ivestigate the developmet mechaisms ad survival strateg of this weed i rice paddies of orther Ital. Leptochloa chiesis seeds showed o dormac ad exhibited germiatio eve i aoxic coditios. Germiatio was strogl iflueced b temperature (miimum aroud 15 C; optimal 25 35 C) ad light (phtochrome depedet). Temperature fluctuatio caused a icrease of seed germiatio i the dark. Seed burial also strogl ihibited germiatio ad emergece of this species. At 5 cm seed burial ol 5% of seedligs emerged i flooded coditios, while at the same depth, but with o floodig, o seedlig emergece was observed. This pheomeo was ot due to oxge depletio, as germiatio was ot ihibited b complete aoxia, as demostrated b the fact that some seedligs did emerge i floodig coditios whe water was o deeper tha 6 cm. Seed burial ad cocomitat floodig iduced a uusual germiatio: first coleoptile emergece ad subsequetl emergece of the radicle was observed. The possible exploitatio of this kowledge for weed maagemet is discussed." [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] "A strogl tufted, aual grass" 402 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Allelopathic? No] A well-documeted weed of agriculture, with o metio or evidece of allelopathic properties. 403 2006 (owards). Clato, W.D./Harma, K.T./Williamso, H.. Grassbase - The Olie 404 2009. Ahmad, F./Kha, M.A./Ahmad, M./Zafar, M./Nazir, A./Marwat, S.K.. Taxoomic studies of grasses ad their idigeous uses i the salt rage area of Pakista. Africa Joural of Biotecholog. 8(2): 231-249. 405 2009. Brso, C.T./DeFelice, M.S.. Weeds of the South. Uiversit of Georgia Press, Athes, GA 405 2010. Harris, W.F.. The idetificatio of some of the more commo ative Oklahoma grasses b vegetative characters. Oklahoma Native Plat Record. 10: 4-33. [Parasitic? No] "Aual; caespitose. Butt sheaths herbaceous; gree." [Poaceae - Not parasitic] [Upalatable to grazig aimals? No] "Table 2. Phtogeograph of grasses of Salt Rage of Pakista." [Leptochloa paicea Ecoomic Importace: Fodder] [Toxic to aimals? No] "Toxic Properties: Noe reported." [No evidece] [Toxic to aimals? No] "Table 2. Phtogeograph of grasses of Salt Rage of Pakista." [Leptochloa paicea Ecoomic Importace: Fodder] 406 2011. Sugawara, K.. llustrated Ecclopedia of Forage Crop Diseases. [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? Potetiall] "Disease of Ito-azegaa (Leptochloa paicea (Retz.) Ohwi) - Black choke Black choke causal http://virtual.chapigo.mx/doa/pagiacbasicos/e orgaism: Ephelis sp., Imperfect fugi Fugal disease which causes head blight fermedadesforrajes.pdf ad occurs mail i the warm regios. After headig, the whole ifected heads are covered with gra to black colo. Later the fugus faste each head spike ad the whole head looks graish black mold. White colo appears o the surface of the leaf like the sripe alog the leaf vei. It is reported that the causal orgaism is ifected i the etire plat as a edphte ad the ifected plat becomes resistat to isects such as grasshopper." 407 2009. Brso, C.T./DeFelice, M.S.. Weeds of the South. Uiversit of Georgia Press, Athes, GA 408 1977. Holm, L.G./Pluckett, D.L./Pacho, distributio ad biolog. East-West Ceter, Uiversit Press of Hawaii, Hoolulu, HI 408 2005. Australia Biological Resources Stud. CSIRO Publishig, Colligwood, Australia 408 2009. Brso, C.T./DeFelice, M.S.. Weeds of the South. Uiversit of Georgia Press, Athes, GA 409 1977. Holm, L.G./Pluckett, D.L./Pacho, distributio ad biolog. East-West Ceter, Uiversit Press of Hawaii, Hoolulu, HI [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No] "Toxic Properties: Noe reported." [No evidece] [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] No evidece [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] "A weed of disturbed places, usuall withi pastures ad crops such as sorghum ad sugar-cae." [No metio of icreased fire hazard i this or other refereces listig L. paicea as a weed] [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] No evidece [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Possibl] "Ca grow i ope su or i light shade" Prit Date: 8/30/2011 Leptochloa paicea (Poaceae) Page 5 of 9

410 1977. Holm, L.G./Pluckett, D.L./Pacho, distributio ad biolog. East-West Ceter, Uiversit Press of Hawaii, Hoolulu, HI 410 2011. Lad Bird Johso Wildflower Ceter. Native Plat Database - Leptochloa paicea ssp. brachiata. http://www.wildflower.org/plats/result.php?id_pla t=lepab 411 2006 (owards). Clato, W.D./Harma, K.T./Williamso, H.. Grassbase - The Olie 412 1977. Holm, L.G./Pluckett, D.L./Pacho, distributio ad biolog. East-West Ceter, Uiversit Press of Hawaii, Hoolulu, HI 412 2005. Australia Biological Resources Stud. CSIRO Publishig, Colligwood, Australia 412 2006. Wu, Z. Y., P. H. Rave & D. Y. Hog, eds.. Flora of Chia. Vol. 22 (Poaceae). Sciece Press & Missouri Botaical Garde Press, Beijig & St. Louis http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/chia/mss/volume22/i dex.htm 412 2009. Brso, C.T./DeFelice, M.S.. Weeds of the South. Uiversit of Georgia Press, Athes, GA 501 2006 (owards). Clato, W.D./Harma, K.T./Williamso, H.. Grassbase - The Olie 502 2006 (owards). Clato, W.D./Harma, K.T./Williamso, H.. Grassbase - The Olie 503 2006 (owards). Clato, W.D./Harma, K.T./Williamso, H.. Grassbase - The Olie 504 2006 (owards). Clato, W.D./Harma, K.T./Williamso, H.. Grassbase - The Olie 601 2006 (owards). Clato, W.D./Harma, K.T./Williamso, H.. Grassbase - The Olie [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Possibl] "Associated with wetlads, swamps, or streams i ope lowlad regios. Caot withstad extremel dr or extremel wet soils, is frequetl associated with heav soils, ad is foud i waste places, swamp areas, gardes, roadsides, disturbed soils, rice fields, alog streams, ad i teak forests." [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Possibl] "Native Habitat: Moist soil ad mud" [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? No] "HABIT Aual; caespitose. Butt sheaths herbaceous; gree. Culms decumbet; 25 110 cm log. Leaf-sheaths pilose. Ligule a eciliate membrae. Leaf-blades 3 25 cm log; 1.5 7 mm wide. Leaf-blade surface pilose; sparsel hair; hair o both sides; with tubercle-based hairs. Leaf-blade apex atteuate." [Forms dese thickets? No] [Forms dese thickets? No evidece from Australia] [Forms dese thickets? No evidece from Chia] "Roadsides, rice fields, damp weed places. Ahui, Fujia, Guagdog, Guizhou, Haia, Hea, Hubei, Jiagsu, Jiagxi, Shaaxi, Sichua, Taiwa, Yua, Zhejiag [Idia, Idoesia, Japa, Malasia, Philippies, Sri Laka, Thailad, Vietam; Africa, America]." [Forms dese thickets? No evidece from SE Uited States] [Aquatic? No] "Aual; caespitose. Butt sheaths herbaceous; gree." [Terrestrial] [Grass? Yes] Poaceae [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] Poaceae [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No] "HABIT Aual; caespitose. Butt sheaths herbaceous; gree. Culms decumbet; 25 110 cm log. Leaf-sheaths pilose. Ligule a eciliate membrae. Leaf-blades 3 25 cm log; 1.5 7 mm wide. Leaf-blade surface pilose; sparsel hair; hair o both sides; with tubercle-based hairs. Leaf blade apex atteuate." [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] No evidece Prit Date: 8/30/2011 Leptochloa paicea (Poaceae) Page 6 of 9

602 2006 (owards). Clato, W.D./Harma, K.T./Williamso, H.. Grassbase - The Olie 603 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Hbridizes aturall? Ukow] [Produces viable seed? Yes] "FERTILE SPIKELETS Spikelets comprisig 2 5 fertile florets; with dimiished florets at the apex. Spikelets elliptic; laterall compressed; 1.9 2.5 mm log; breakig up at maturit; disarticulatig below each fertile floret. Rhachilla iterodes evetuall visible betwee lemmas. GLUMES Glumes persistet; dissimilar; shorter tha spikelet. Lower glume laceolate; 0.7 1.5 mm log; 0.8 0.9 legth of upper glume; membraous; 1- keeled; 1 -veied. Lower glume lateral veis abset. Lower glume apex acute. Upper glume elliptic; 0.9 1.6 mm log; 1.1 1.3 legth of adjacet fertile lemma; membraous; 1-keeled; 1 -veied. Upper glume lateral veis abset. Upper glume apex obtuse; mucroate. FLORETS Fertile lemma oblog; 0.8 1.2 mm log; membraous; keeled; 3 -veied. Lemma midvei pubescet. Lemma lateral veis close to margis. Lemma surface puberulous. Lemma margis pubescet. Lemma apex detate; 2 -fid; obtuse. Palea 2 -veied. Palea keels ciliolate. Apical sterile florets resemblig fertile though uderdeveloped. FLOWER Athers 3; oblog; 0.2 0.3 mm log. FRUIT Caropsis with adheret pericarp; ellipsoid; isodiametric; trigoous; 0.5 mm log; dark brow." 604 1990. Chapma, G.P. (ed.). Reproductive versatilit i the grasses. Cambridge Uiversit Press, Cambridge, UK 605 2006 (owards). Clato, W.D./Harma, K.T./Williamso, H.. Grassbase - The Olie 606 2010. Harris, W.F.. The idetificatio of some of the more commo ative Oklahoma grasses b vegetative characters. Oklahoma Native Plat Record. 10: 4-33. 607 2005. Australia Biological Resources Stud. CSIRO Publishig, Colligwood, Australia 701 2007. Rhoads, A.F./Block, T.A./Aiśko, A.. The plats of Peslvaia: a illustrated maual. Uiversit of Peslvaia Press, Philadelphia, PA 701 2009. Brso, C.T./DeFelice, M.S.. Weeds of the South. Uiversit of Georgia Press, Athes, GA 702 1998. Waterhouse, B. M./Mitchell, A. A.. Norther Australia Quaratie Strateg: weeds target list. Secod editio. Miscellaeous Publicatio No. 6/98. Australia Quaratie & Ispectio Service, Caberra 703 1998. Waterhouse, B. M./Mitchell, A. A.. Norther Australia Quaratie Strateg: weeds target list. Secod editio. Miscellaeous Publicatio No. 6/98. Australia Quaratie & Ispectio Service, Caberra 703 2008. Rajput, M.T./Tahir, S.S./Ahmed, B./Arai, M.A.. Checklist of the weeds foud i cotto crops, cultivated i Taluka Ubauro, District Sukkur, Pakista. Pakista Joural of Bota. 40(1): 65-70. [Self-compatible or apomictic? Possibl] "Table 1.1. Grass geera kow to exhibit ibreedig (autogam), cleistogam, apomixis " [Leptochloa listed as exhibitig cleistogam - automatic self-polliatio describes the trait of certai plats to propagate b usig o-opeig, self-polliatig flowers. Ukow if L. paicea is capable of this method of reproductio] [Requires specialist polliators? No] "Spikelets comprisig 2 5 fertile florets; with dimiished florets at the apex. Spikelets elliptic; laterall compressed; 1.9 2.5 mm log; breakig up at maturit; disarticulatig below each fertile floret. Rhachilla iterodes evetuall visible betwee lemmas." [Poaceae - widpolliated] [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? No] "Aual 30-90 cm tall, erect, geiculate below, brached...rhizomes abset." [No evidece, ad aual grasses lackig rhizomes ulikel to spread vegetativel] [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 1] "Auals, tufted." [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas)? Yes] "wharves, railroad sidigs, ad rubbish dumps; mostl SE, but probabl elsewhere;" [Distributio suggests seeds likel dispersed uitetioall] [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas)? Yes] "cultivated areas, fields, roadsides, wet ditches, ad waste sites; apparetl ative to the Americas." [Distributio suggests seeds likel dispersed uitetioall] [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? No] "Seed dispersed b water ad aimals ad as a cotamiat of produce" [Species with widespread atural distributio, ad most refereces commet o iadvertet spread of seeds] [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? Yes] "Seed dispersed b water ad aimals ad as a cotamiat of produce" [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? Yes] "Eleve weeds species viz., Briza mior L., Cechrus ciliaris L., Codo dactlo (L.) Pers., Dactloteium aegptium (L) Willd., Digitaria odosa L., Echiochloa coloa (L) L., Eriocholoa procera (Retz) Hubbard., Imperata clidrica (L.) Roeuschel,. Leptochloa paicea (Retz) Ohwi., Ochthochloa compressa (Forssk) Hilu., Peisetum divisum (Gmel). Her., ad Sporobolus coromedeliaus (Retz.). Kuth., were reported b Hussai & Rashid (1989) from the crops of wheat, cor, sugar cae, orchards, tobacco, vegetables, melos ad rice." Prit Date: 8/30/2011 Leptochloa paicea (Poaceae) Page 7 of 9

703 2009. Caadia Seed Istitute. Weed Seeds Order (WSO) Workshop II Iitiatig Chage. Natioal Forum o Seed, Ottawa, Caada http://www.atioalforumoseed.com/news/wso %20- March_11_Workshop_Meetig_Report%20ENGLI SH.pdf [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? Yes] "Pathwa: seed cotamiat Weed Risk Assessmet: oe Commets: Oe of world's worst weeds Mostl a weed i the tropics, but also i the souther USA." 703 2009. Muhammad, S./Kha, Z./Cheema, T.A.. Pakista Joural of Weed Scieice Research. 15(1): 91-105. 703 2009. Norsworth, J.K./Smith, K.L./Steckel, L.E./Koger, C.H.. Weed Seed Cotamiatio of Cotto Gi Trash. Weed Techolog. 23(4): 574-580. 704 1998. Waterhouse, B. M./Mitchell, A. A.. Norther Australia Quaratie Strateg: weeds target list. Secod editio. Miscellaeous Publicatio No. 6/98. Australia Quaratie & Ispectio Service, Caberra 705 2004. Sow, N.. A first report of the exotic Leptochloa paicea subsp. brachiata (Poaceae) for Wester Australia. Nutsia. 15(2): 325 326. 706 1998. Waterhouse, B. M./Mitchell, A. A.. Norther Australia Quaratie Strateg: weeds target list. Secod editio. Miscellaeous Publicatio No. 6/98. Australia Quaratie & Ispectio Service, Caberra 707 1998. Waterhouse, B. M./Mitchell, A. A.. Norther Australia Quaratie Strateg: weeds target list. Secod editio. Miscellaeous Publicatio No. 6/98. Australia Quaratie & Ispectio Service, Caberra 708 2009. Ahmad, F./Kha, M.A./Ahmad, M./Zafar, M./Nazir, A./Marwat, S.K.. Taxoomic studies of grasses ad their idigeous uses i the salt rage area of Pakista. Africa Joural of Biotecholog. 8(2): 231-249. 801 2009. Bea, T.M./Haum, C.A.. Soil seed bak characteristics o buffelgrass-seeded, retired farmlad i Avra Valle, Arizoa. Uiversit of Arizoa, Tucso, AS http://www.tucsoaz.gov/ocsd/docs/cms1_03510 2.pdf [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? Yes] "A ecological stud was coducted to record the distributio of weeds i wheat, maize ad potato crop fields of Tehsil Gojra, District Toba Tek Sigh, Pujab. Sixt-seve weed species were reported from the stud area out of which two belogig to moocot families, ad twet seve to dicot families. Thirt-five weed species were foud ol i wheat, thirt-four i maize ad twet four i potato crop fields while twet-four weed species foud commo either i case of wheat-maize, maize-potato or wheat potato combiatios. Ol two weed species were commo i all three crops, i.e. Covolvulus arvesis L. ad Codo dactlo (L.) Pers. havig importace value (I.V) of 53.58 ad 57.13 respectivel." [Icludes L. paicea] [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? Yes] "Red Spragletop. Red spragletop was the fourth most frequet weed foud i gi trash (Table 1); however, it was ot preset i a sample from Teessee or Mississippi (Table 2). Furthermore, it was rarel foud i samples collected from ortheast Arkasas, except for oe gi, which was the most souther gi i this regio. Red spragletop desit i 9% of the samples from this gi exceeded 60,000 germiable seeds per metric to of trash. I Chicot Cout, the southeastermost cout i Arkasas, 19 of 34 samples (66%) cotaied red spragletop. Although red spragletop was oe of the more prevalet weeds of cotto fields i Arkasas, it is ot amog the weeds that most cocer cotto cosultats (Norsworth et al. 2007)." [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? Possibl] "Seed dispersed b water ad aimals ad as a cotamiat of produce" [Although wid ot idetified as a dispersal vector, it is possible that seeds ma be dispersed short distaces b wid as with ma other grasses] [Propagules water dispersed? Yes] "Ma members of Leptochloa thrive i disturbed, seasoall moist habitats, such as alog the recedig margis of reservoirs, o mesic or irrigated cultivated ad livestock lads, alog seasoal watercourses (Sow & Peterso 1992) or floodplais, ad alog roadwas." [Distributio patter suggests seeds likel moved, ad establishmet ehaced, b water] [Propagules bird dispersed? No. Ulikel, as ot flesh-fruited] "Seed dispersed b water ad aimals ad as a cotamiat of produce" [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? Yes] "Seed dispersed b water ad aimals ad as a cotamiat of produce" [Presumabl b beig stuck to fur or i mud o hooves] [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Ukow] "Table 2. Phtogeograph of grasses of Salt Rage of Pakista." [Possible that seeds ma be igested, but ukow if the maitai vaibilit followig gut passage] [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? No] "Seed desit for L. paicea, P. patagoica, ad Veroica peregria was higher for MAM treatmets tha for BTM or MAB treatmets." [Reported desities much lower tha 1000/m2] Prit Date: 8/30/2011 Leptochloa paicea (Poaceae) Page 8 of 9

802 1999. Baski, C.C./Baski, J.M./Chester, E.W.. Seed germiatio ecolog of the aual grass Leptochloa paicea ssp. mucroata ad a compariso with L. paicoides ad L. fusca. Acta Oecologica. 20(5): 571 577. 803 2006. Sigh, S./Bhusha, L./Ladha, J.K./Gupta, R.K./Rao, A.N./Sivaprasad, B.. Weed maagemet i dr-seeded rice (Orza sativa) cultivated i the furrow-irrigated raised-bed platig sstem. Crop Protectio. 25: 487 495. [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? Possibl uder certai coditios] "Abstract Leptochloa paicea ssp. mucroata is a aual grass that grows i relativel dr habitats. Requiremets for dormac loss ad germiatio were determied for seeds of this species ad compared to those of two species from wet habitats. Seeds of L. paicea were dormat at maturit i autum, but whe exposed to actual or simulated autum temperatures (e.g. 20/10, 15/6 C), the etered coditioal dormac ad thus germiated to high percetages i light at 35/20 C. Seeds buried i o flooded soil exposed to atural seasoal temperature chages i Ketuck (USA) were o-dormat b the followig summer ad germiated to 80 100 % i light at 25/15, 30/15 ad 35/20 C. Seeds buried i o-flooded soil exhibited a aual coditioal dormac/o dormac ccle, with seeds mostl germiatig to 80 100 % i light at 30/15 ad 35/20 C throughout the ear but to 80 100 % i light at 25/15 C ol i summer. Results for L. paicea were compared to published data for L. paicoides ad L. fusca. Whereas seeds of L. paicea buried i flooded soil failed to come out of dormac, those of L. paicoides, a aual of moist habitats such as mudflats, exhibited a aual coditioal dormac/odormac ccle, ad those of L. fusca, a semi-aquatic, required floodig for both dormac loss ad germiatio. Differeces i dormac breakig ad germiatio resposes of seeds of Leptochloa species ma help to explai wh this geus occupies a wide rage of habitats with regard to soil moisture coditios." [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Possibl No] "All herbicides caused less tha 50% reductio i the desit of L. paicea, except Pedimethali fb chlorimuro+metsulfuro, which caused 75% reductio." [Herbicide treatmets ot 100% effective] 803 2011. WeedSciece.org. Group A/1 Resistat Spragletop (Leptochloa chiesis) Thailad. [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Ukow] "Spragletop (Leptochloa chiesis) is a moocot weed i the Poaceae famil. I Thailad this weed first evolved http://www.weedsciece.org/case/case.asp?resi resistace to Group A/1 herbicides i 2002 ad ifests rice. Group A/1 stid=5199 herbicides are kow as ACCase ihibitors (Ihibitio of acetl CoA carboxlase (ACCase)). Research has show that these particular biotpes are resistat to feoxaprop-p-ethl, profoxdim, ad quizalofop-p-ethl ad the ma be cross resistat to other Group A/1 herbicides." [Related species shows herbicide resistace] 804 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Ukow] 805 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Ukow] Prit Date: 8/30/2011 Leptochloa paicea (Poaceae) Page 9 of 9