PRODlJ(;TION~ AND EVALlJATION OF (;O(;ONlJT OIL FROM (;O(;ONlJT SEED t(;o(;os NlJ(;IFERA SPE(;IES) BY YAKUBUIBRAHI:tv.I 97/6559EH DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MINNA, NIGER STATE. NOVEMBER, 2004
PRODUCTION, AND EVALUATION OF COCONUT OIL FROM COCONUT SEED (COCOS NUCIFERA SPECIES) BY YAKUBU IBRAHIM 97/6559EH A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF AN AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) DEGREE IN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MINNA, NIGERIA NOVEMBER, 2004
CERTIFICA 'fion This is to certify that this project was carried out by Yakubu Ibrahim of the Department of Chemical Engineering Federal University of Technology Minna under the supervision ofengr.o.d.adeniyi. Approved by, r~ Engr.O.D.Adeniyi Date (project supervisor) Dr.F.O.Aberuagba Date (Head of Department) (External supervisor) Date. II --~~.
DECLARA TION I hereby declare that this research is my original work and has never to my knowledge been submitted else where before. Yakubu Ibrahim Date. 111
DEDICATION This research project is dedicated to Almighty Allah, and my parents for counting on me all along. lv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to begin by thanking Almighty Allah for fulfilling his promise in my life. I am highly indebted to my able supervisor Engr.O.D.Adeniyi for going through the work despite his tight schedule, I will say thank you once again. Also not forgetting Engr. Aisha Bawa Bwari for her assistance, my appreciation goes to my head of department Dr. F.O.Aberuagba, lecturers and entire staff of the department for the knowledge the imparted into me. My profound gratitude goes out to the entire family ofwambai Guni and well wishers for their support and contribution through out my staying in the university. I also want to say "big thanks you" to my uncles Mr. Douglas and Danladi Tukura for their moral and financial support, you are big uncles indeed. To my cacus friends from the star cyber club Guni, entire munya students, Babakeke Izom, Chris Musa, Adamu Ismail, Alhassan Musa, Yusuf Kabulu, Ibro Kwagana and Abubakar Bala Dauda. You guys are so wonderful!and to every other person who I couldn't acknowledge due to space, thank you for every thing, the memory lingers on. God bless you all. v
ABSTRACT Coconut oil was produce from coconut seed, some analytical determination of certain properties of the oil were carried out to confirm the quality and purity of the oil. mechanical and thermal techniques method was used in the production, proximate analysis conducted shows that the moisture content was 9.5% oil, 15.29% ash,5.3% protein,21 %and carbohydrate content was at 49%. Physical analysis of the oil was determine whereby specific gravity 0.922, boiling point 118 c, refractive index 1.449, it has yellow colour and choking odour. Crude chemical analysis of the oil indicated that acid, saponification and iodine value has 1.lOg, 283.1g and 10.5g respectively while refined chemical analysis of the oil shows that acid 0.95g, saponification 258.0g and iodine value was at 8.52g.These experimental value are relatively close to the standard value, hence coconut oil is edible. VI
TABLE OF CONTENT CONTENT(S) PAGE Title page............................................................................ i Certification Declaration Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract...-.........,-...........,... -..............,.............,-..............,......... 11 III tv v VI Table of content................. vii List of table........................................................................... IX List of figure.................. X CHAPTER ONE l.0 Introduction...................... 1 1.1 Aim and objectives of study.......................... 3 1.2. Scope of work............................... 3 1.3. Justification of the project...............4 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature Review......... 5 2.1. Agro chemical............. 6 2.2. Coconut production and distribution......... 7 2.3. Disease, pest and controlled measure of coconut............ 8 2.4 Preparation and planting........................ 8 2.5 Uses of coconut..................... 10 2.6 Nutritional content of coconut.................... 12 2.7 Constituents of fats and oil.................................... 13 2.8 Esters................................ 14 2.9 Extraction of coconut oil................. 16 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 Methodology................. 24 VI1
2.8 Esters.........,..................... 14 2.9 Extraction of coconut oil............ 16 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 Methodology......... 24 3.1 Sample collection and pre-treatment...... 24 3.2 Oil extraction...... 24 3.3 Procedure for coconut oil extraction from coconut seed using (mechanical and thermal processes)...................................................................... 25 3.4 Refining of coconut oil.............................................................. 28 3.5 Proximate analysis............................... 29 3.6 Physical property............... 31 3.7 Chemical property................................................................... 32 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0Experimental result and discussion............ 35 4. 1 Results.............................35 4.2 Physical analysis of coconut oil............. 36 4.3 Crude chemical analysis of coconut oil.................. 36 4 4 R fi h. I I' f '1. e me c emlca ana YSIS 0 coconut 01............ 36 4.5 Summary of the analytical result................... 38 4.6 Discussion of result............. 39 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 Conclusion and recommendation......................................... 41 5.1 Conclusion................................................................ 41 5.2 Recommendation...................................... 41 Reference... '".....,......,..................... 43 VIIl
LIST OF TABLE Table page Table 2.0 Essential amino-acid content of coconut.............. 12 Table 2.1 Mineral and vitamin content of coconut............. 13 Table 2.2 Composition of coconut cake...................................22 Table 2.3 Chemical and physical properties of coconut oil............ 23 Table 4.1 Moisture content determination............................... 35 Table 4.2 The oil content determination......... 35 Table 4.3 Ash content determination............ 35 Table 4.4 Protein content determination................ 35 Table 4.5 Carbohydrate content determination............. 35 Table 4.6 Specific gravity determination.................. 36 Table 4.7 Acid value (crude) determination...... 36 Table 4.8 Saponification value (crude) determination... 36 Table 4.9 Iodine value (crude) determination........... 36 Table 4.10 Acid value (refine) determination... '"......... 37 Table 4.11 Saponification value (refine) determination..... 37 Table 4.12 Iodine value (refine) determination...... 37 Table 4.13 Proximate analysis of coconut oil................. 38 Table 4.14 Physical analysis of coconut oil........ 38 Table 4.15 Crude chemical analysis of coconut oil...... 38 Table 4.16 Refine chemical analysis of coconut oil... 39 IX
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE. Figure 3.1 Traditional method of extraction coconut oil............................. 25 Figure 3.2 Flow chart for mechanical and thermal method of processing coconut oil.. 27 x