CHAPTER IV SUGARCANE CULTIVATION IN KARNATAKA

CHAPTER IV SUGARCANE CULTIVATION IN KARNATAKA 4.1 INTRODUCTION: Karnataka is ne f the largest state in India with an area f 191.791 sq kilmeters and the net swn area is abut 52 percent f the gegraphical area. It was frmerly knwn as Mysre. On Nvember 1, 1973 the name Mysre was changed int Karnataka. The rigin f name Karnataka denting an area r regin inhabited predminantly by Kannada speaking peple. The wrld Karnataka Karnata and Kannada seem t have primarily used t dente a regin and a language. 4.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY: Karnataka is situated in the western edge f the Deccan plateau and has its neibur states Maharashtra and Ga n the nrth, Andhra Pradesh n the east and Tamil Nadu and Kerala n the suth. On the west, it pens ut n the Arabian Sea. Physigraphically the state can be divided int fur regins 1) The Cstal regin 2) The Mulanad 3) The Nrthern plains and 4) Suthern plains 103

The cstal regin cmes under the western central part f peninsular India. It cnsists f a narrw elngated belt between the Arabian Sea and the western Ghats with strikingly exquisite and enchanting castline f abut 400 Kms, the hilly track f western Ghats with its magnificent ranges f scenic beauty and ver- green frests, a brad undulating terrain in the suth, the tank cuntry f Karnataka representing the cre f erstwhile Mysre state and a brad but less undulating cuntry in the Nrth cvering with a landscape f mntnus, seemingly endless crystalline plateau. The cntrast between the castal plain and the central plateau is striking. The eastern part f Karnataka is in general a rlling plateau, which is traversed by several islated ridges an a series, awe inspiring rcky ut-crps and gigantic bulders giving rise t an aerie atmsphere. Several chains f hills running chiefly, definitely, made unique cntributins t the wealth f Indian culture, heritage and ecnmy t. Further based n the sil cnditins and rainfall fr purpses develpment in agriculture the state is divided int ten agr-climatic regins such as 1) Nrtheastern Transitin. 2) Nrth eastern Dry 3) Eastern Dry 4) Central Dry 5) Western Dry 6) Suthern Dry 7) Suthern Transitin 8) Nrthern Transitin 9) Hilly and 104

10) Castal The brad divisins that naturally unfld themselves are the castal regins, which is nrmally sub-divided int the castal plains, the Western Ghats and the Karnataka plateau is sub-divided int tw ppularly called the malnad and the maidan. The maidan is further sub-divided int the nrthern and the suthern maidan. The latter being at a much higher general elevatin than the frmer. Besides a narrw belt between the maidan and the malnad is ften referred t as semi-malnad. Hwever, frm a trphic pint f view, such a tract is nt easily discernible althugh this narrw strip f land between the malnad and the maidan des pssess the physical attributes f the malnad and the maidan. The tpgraphic expressins cmbine with ther natural factrs like sil and climate resulting in t a variety f human gegraphic landscapes. Such interrelatins amng physical features, therefre fundamentally affed the patterns f territrial ecnmy. 4.3 CLIMATE: Karnataka has climates ranging frm the very mist rainy mnsn climate n the west cast, the Western Ghats and Malnad areas t the semi-arid climate f the interir central and nrthern districts and the arid very warm climate f Bellary, Bijapur regin. The range f climates within a west t east distance abut 190 Km between Agumbe in Tirathahalli taluk f Shimga district with an annual rainfall f 8276 mm and Challakere in Chitradurga district with an annual rainfall f 456mm is indeed remarkable. This range is very much cmparable t that between shillng in Assam and Jaipur r Jdhpur in Rajastan with a distance f abut 2900 Km between 105

them. Agumbe can be called the Chirrapunji f suthern India. Which is ne amng the 14 heavy rainfall statins in India with annual rainfall f mre than 5000 mm. The climate in the state is determined largely by gegraphic lcatin with respect t the Sea-and mnsn winds and Physigraphy. The mst imprtant feature f the Physigraphy f the state is the Western Ghats, which acts as a Climate divide between the west cast and the adjining hilly regins with heavy rainfall and the cmparatively dry- lw rainfall and drught-phrne regin t the east. The western Ghats frms the main watershed frm which all the east and west flwing rivers riginate. The western Ghats which run almst nrth-suth at right angles t the suth-west mnsn current and are the main cause f the heavy rainfall ver the cast and als malnad which largely prvides the water resurces f the state may well be said t be the backbne f the state. Temperature will be lwest in the beginning f Jannuary and increases thereafter gradually at first and rapidly after the middle f February r beginning March. In January the mean daily maximum temperature is 31 t 32 C in the castal area and slightly abve 30 C in the nrthern maidan area except in Bidar district where it is 28 t 29 C. In the rest f the state the mean daily maximum temperature in January varies frm 27 t 280C. 4.4 CLIMATIC REGIONS: The state can be divided int fur main climate regins they are 106

1) The castal regins: This regin lies between the Arabian Sea and the western Ghats and cver the Dakshina Kannada district and Suth-western part f Uttar Kannada district with an annual rainfall exceeding 3000 mm. 2) The Western Ghats and malnad regin: This regin includes the muntains and frest areas lying t the east f the western edge f the Ghats. It includes the suthwestern part f Belgaum district, the nrthern and eastern part f Uttar Kannada district, the extreme western parts f Shimga and Chikkmangalur districts, the suth western part f Hassan district, mst f Kdagu and the extreme suth-western parts f Mysre district. In this regin, the annual rainfall ranges frm 4,000 t 8,000 mm ver the western Ghats, decreasing eastern wards t abut 2,000 mm in the east edge f the regin. 3) The Nrthern maidan regin: This is an extensive undulating plateau frming the nrthern part f the state, with elevatin ranging frm 350 t 50 metres and includes the districts f Bidar, Gulbarga, Bijapur, Dharwad, Bellary and Belgaum (except the suth extreme suth-western parts). The annual rainfall varies frm 1,500 t 500 mm, decreasing generally frm west t east. The regin is drained by the Krishna and the Gdavari river systems. 4) The suth Maidan regin: This is a brad undulating plateau in the suthern half f the state, with elevatins ranging between 600 and 1000 metres. There are many lcal hill ranges in the suthern part f the regin, t mst prminent f which are Nandidurga and Devarayanadurga-Shivaganga ranges. This regin includes the district f Chitradurga, Tumkur, Klar, Bangalre, Mandya, Mysre (except the 107

extreme suth-western parts) and parts f Hassan, Chikmangalur and Shimga districts, utside the malnad regin. The annual rainfall varies frm abut 2,000 mm in the western edge t abut 460 mm in the eastern part f Chitradurga district. 4.5 SOILS: Table 4.1 shws that, There is wide variatin in the gelgy, climate, vegetatin and Physigraphy in Karnataka, which has influenced the sil frmatin ver the years and thus has given rise t several sil types. These are nine brad grups f sils identified in the state. 1) Shallw black sil 2) Medium black sil 3) Deep black sil 4) Red sandy sil 5) Mixed red and blck sil 6) Red lamy sil 7) Lateritic sil 8) Lateritic gravelly sil and 9) Castal alluvial sil 108

Table 4.1 District wise Fertility status f sils in Karnataka (1999-2000) Districts Dry land VVet land PH EC OC P205 K2 PH EC OC P205 K2 Bangalre N N L L H N N L H H Belgaum N N H M H N N H M H Bellary N N M M H N N M L H Bidar N N M M H N N M M H Bijapur N N M L H N N M L H Chikkmagalur N N L M H A N H M L Chitradurga N N M M H N N M M H Dakshin A N H M L A N H M L Kannada Dharwad N N H M H N N M M H Gulbarga N N M L H N N M L H Hassan A N M M M M N H M M Kdagu A N H M M A N H M M Klar N N L M M N N L M M Mandya N N M M H N N H H H Mysre N N L M M N N L M H Raichur N N M L H N N M M H Shimga A N M M M A N M M M Tumakur N N M M H N N M M H Uttar - - - - A N H L M Kannada L = Lw M= Medium H= High A= Acidic Inj = Injurius N = Neutral (PH); N = Nrmal; Aik = Alkaline 4.6 TERRITORIAL CHANGES: The erstwhile state f Mysre came int being in 1799 A.D after the dwn fall f Tipu. In 1881, it is cnsisted f seven districts viz, Bangalre, Mysre, Klar, Kadur, Tumkur, Chitradurga and Shimga. In 1886 Hassan was cvered ut. In 1939 Mandya the ninth district f state. The next change in the area f the state, was in Octber 1953, when the Bellary district f Madras state ended.

The latest change in the physical bundaries and the area f the state was under the states f rerganizatin Acts 1956. The present state as cnstituted n Nvember 1,1956 was renamed as Karnataka in 1973 and it has 27 districts. 4.7 HISTORY OF SUGARCANE IN KARNATAKA: Prductin f Jaggery, sugar and sugar candy were ther ntable industries thugh they were seasnal. Inscriptins speak f alemane fund in many parts f Karnataka where cane juice was biled. And a tax n alegar was als levied n this. Basaveshwar speaks f sugar resembling sand Jaggary was als manufactured frm tddy juice in the castal regin and it was even exprted. Bachanan als speaks f this manufacture as seenby him at maddur and surrunding villages. Tipu had made special effects t frter sugar industry and had even secured the assistance f Chinese technicians. He kept the technique secret and sugar candy was cheaper in his kingdm elsewhere. Buchanan speaks f sugar prduced at Chikballapur which he describes a very white and fine and the sugar candy f the place was equal t the Chinese. 4.8 SUGAR CANE AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD IN KARNATAKA: Table 4.2 shws that, Average per hectare was very high cmpared t India. In Karnataka the yield f cane exceeds mre than 100 tnnes per hectare was achieved mre than twice in the past. This increase in prductin and prductivity was largely due t favrable weather cnditins prevalent at the planting time. Sugar prductin is a flurishing industry in Karnataka, with the state having 37 sugar factries at present, ut f which three are under gvernment (public sectr). Tw are in jint sectr and ten are in private sectr and 22 factries in c- 110

perative sectrs wrking with a cmbined crushing capacity f 136.64 lakh tnnes ver a perid f 180 days. The ttal crushing capacity per day is abut 74000 metric tnnes. Years Table 4.2 Sugarcane area prductin and yield in Karnataka Area lakh hectares Prductin /tnnes Average yield/ hectares - - India Karnataka 1970-71 1.04 81.06 NA 81 1980-81 1.54 121.27 NA 83 1990-91 2.72 207.50 NA 80 1991-92 2.85 240.62 66 88 1992-93 2.61 224.80 64 91 1993-94 3.01 226.03 67 93 1994-95 3.45 330.93 71 101 1995-96 3.23 275.58 68 90 1996-97 2.82 233.74 66 87 1997-98 3.09 289.99 69 99 1998-99 3.51 364.00 NA 109 1999-2000 3.14 292.33 NA 98 NA = Nt availa ble Surce: 1) Karnataka; Directrate f ecnmics and statistics (Gvt f Karnataka) 2) India; Directrate f ecnmics and statistics Gl (Gvt f India) In Karnataka the Khandasari units require abut 5.10 lakh tnnes cane and Jaggary making need anther 37.51 lakh tnnes. The main ecnmic factrs which influence the sugar industry are the availability f raw materials, presence f skilled labur at an ecnmic price, transprtatin facilities and prximity t the market. Karnataka is end wed with all these factries. Table 4.3 shws that, in 1990-91 prductin f sugar was 8.83 lakh tnnes 6.35 lakh tnnes f Gur and Khandasari in same year. It was 10.12-lakh tnnes sugar and 18.18 lakh tnnes f Gur and Khandasari in 1994-95. Which was again increase marginally in the year 1998-99. Ill

Table 4.3 Sugar and Gur (including Khandasari) prductin in Karnataka Years Prductin (lakh tnnes) Prductin f Gur (000 tnnes) (including Khandasari) 1980-81 3.12 NA 1990-91 8.83 635 1991-92 10.14 NA 1992-93 9.31 NA 1993-94 7.61 1624 1994-95 10.12 1818 1995-96 10.21 976 1996-97 10.11 NA 1997-98 8.82 NA 1998-99 10.67 NA Surce: Directrate f ecnmics and statistics Bangalre Karnataka is ne f the leading prducers f sugar. In 1996-97 the area under sugarcane was 2.55 lakh hectares. It std furth amng all states. And als is prductin f sugarcane it ccupied frth place with 218.52 lakh tnnes f sugarcane. Uttar Pradesh std first fllwed by Maharashtra and Tamil Nadusecnd and third respectively. Alng with this yield per hectare f cane was high in Tamil Nadu, (99.3 tnnes per hectare) and 94.9 tnnes per hectare in was having Kerala and (85.9) was tnnes per hectar in Karnataka. Table 4.4 prvides the details f utilisatin f sugar cane fr different purpses in Karnataka. The prductin f sugar in 1990-91 was 43.9 lakh tnnes.it gradually fell dwn t 35.9 lakh tnnes in 1994-95 as there was mre prductin f Ger and Khandasari prduce abut 54.9 lakh tnnes. Hwever, the sugar prductin again increased t 51.7 lakh tnnes while Ger and Khandasari prduce fell t 39.2 lakh tnnes. 112

Table 4.4 Utilisatin f sugarcane fr different purpses in Karnataka Years Sugar/lakh tnnes Gur and Khandasari/lakh tnnes 1990-91 43.9 NA 1991-92 40.7 NA 1992-93 35.5 NA 1993-94 29.8 61.0 1994-95 35.9 54.9 1995-96 51.7 39.2 NA = Nt available Surce: C-perative sugar August 98, Vl. 29 N. 12 Apart frm mre number f sugar industries, large numbers f Jaggary prductin units are perating in the state, which have a greater emplyment ptential. Abut 7-t 7-lakh skilled labur frces is wrking in Karnataka in this agrbased industry. Table 4.5 represents the prcurement and public distributin f sugar in Karnataka during 1996-97 t 1999-2000. The prcurement and public distributin f sugar in Karnataka in 1996-97 was abut 2404.32 thusand tnnes which successively increased t 2341.00 thusand tnnes in 1998-99. But in 1999-2000 it has suddenly came t 1350.00 thusand tnnes. 113

Table 4.5 Prcurement and public distributin f sugar in Karnataka (1996-97 t 1999- Years 2000) Sugar in 00 tnnes 1996-97 2404.32 1997-98 2002.43 1998-99 2341.00 1999-2000 1350.00 Surce: Fd and civil supplies department Bangalre Sugarcane is ne f the imprtant cmmercial crps f Karnataka state, which is mainly cncentrated in Belgaum, Bijapur, Mandya, Shimga, Mysre, Bidar, Chitradurga and Gulbarga districts. 4.9 PROMISING SUGARCANE VARIETIES IN KARNATAKA: Early Middle C 7704, Cc 671 C 7804, C 62175, C 7740 C 6415, C 85004 C 8014, C 7219, Cc 85061, C 8021 C 8011 4.10 DISTRICT WISE PERCENTAGE OF SUGAR CANE AREA IN KARNATAKA: Table 4.6. It was 9.96 and 10.83 in Belgaum and Manday districts durinig 1991-91 and in 1997-98 it again rse t 10.70 in Belgaum district. While it fell t 2.29 percent in Manday district. 114

Table 4.6 District wise percentage f area under sugarcane t the ttal crpped area SI N Districts 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 1993-94 1996-97 1997-98 1 Bangalre (U) 0.93 0.83 0.57 0.04 Neg 0.01 2 Bangalre (R) 0.93 0.83 0.07 0.04 0.14 0.13 3 Chitradurga 0.34 1.06 1.27 0.93 0.66 0.72 4 Klar 1.99 1.21 1.26 1.01 0.28 0.27 5 Shimga 1.58 1.93 5.23 3.74 1.08 1.04 6 Tumkur 0.47 0.58 0.45 0.45 0.15 0.15 1 Bangalre 6.24 6.44 8.85 6.21 2.31 2.32 Divisin 7 Belgaum 3.20 5.16 9.96 10.49 9.51 10.70 8 Bijapur 0.21 0.97 2.35 3.39 4.23 4.83 9 Dharwad 0.12 0.21 0.52 0.66 0.68 0.66 10 Uttar Kannada 1.27 1.73 1.57 1.48 0.16 0.15 II Belgaum 4.80 8.07 14.4 16.02 14.58 16.34 Divisin 11 Bellary 1.62 1.95 1.18 1.02 0.56 0.59 12 Bidar 1.26 3.05 5.58 4.14 1.74 1.93 13 Gulbarga 0.09 0.18 0.42 0.36 0.50 0.43 14 Raichur 0.41 0.52 0.26 0.28 0.16 0.11 III Gulbarga 3.38 5.7 7.44 5.8 2.96 3.06 Divisin 15 Chikmangalre 0.63 0.53 0.55 0.62 0.13 0.13 16 Dakshin 0.59 0.45 1.18 1.17 0.19 0.18 Kannada 17 Hassan 0.95 0.91 1.07 2.23 0.27 0.42 18 Kdagu Neg Neg 0.01 0.03 Neg Neg 19 Mandya 5.84 8.35 10.83 10.30 0.92 2.29 20 Mysre 0.47 1.01 2.16 3.17 1.47 1.65 IV Mysre 8.46 11.25 15.8 17.52 Divisin State 0.94 1.46 2.32 2.42 22.83 26.40 Nte: Negligible Surce: District sci-ecnmic indicatrs (1994) Gvt f Karnataka. The verall percentage f state fr the area under sugar cane was 0.94 percent in 1970-71, 2.32 percent in 1990-91 and 26.40 percent in 1997-98. This 115

clearly shws that ttal area has an psitive trend. Marked by the increase in the area under sugar cane cultivatin. Frm this percentage perfrmance f the crp is assessed based n the cst f prductin and net return btained per unit area. The empirical data in the physical inputs and net returns per limit area wuld be extremely useful t the farmers, as well as fr plicy makers t augment the prductivity als and useful t the cmmercial banks and ther credit institutins in estimating financial requirements f cultivatin and frmulating their lending plicies. The table 4.7 shws that, district wise average yield f sugarcane frm 1970-71 t 1998-99, with new 7 districts als. Data f relating t nly ne year f seven districts is available as per the yield per hectare f sugar cane is cncerned. Because new districts had frmed in 1996-97. Primarily in the year 1970-71 the yield per hectare was highest i.e. 89 tnnes, in Dakshin Kannada, Hassan, Kdagu, Mandya and Mysre districts. In 1980-81 the highest, 106 tnnes per hectare was in Chikmangalre, Dakshina Kannada, Kdagu and Mandya, which is higher than state average (83). And very lwer level yield per hectare was recrded frm Belgaum, Bijapur, Dharwad and Uttar Kannada districts (65). 116

Table 4.7 District wise average yield f sugarcane per hectares District 1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 (in tnnes) 1993-1996- 94 97 1998-99 sl N 1 Bagalkte NA NA NA NA NA 123 2 Bangalre (R) 87 91 99 3 87 108 3 Bangalre (U) 87 91 98 110 87 108 4 Belgaum 73 65 61 83 97 105 5 Bellary 85 87 80 67 87 88 6 Bidar 85 87 88 64 97 76 7 Bijapur 73 65 75 100 100 126 8 Chamarajanagar NA NA NA NA NA 139 9 Chikkmagalur 89 106 86 113 108 84 10 Chitradurga 87 86 94 95 80 74 11 Dakshina Kannada 89 106 86 81 108 84 12 Davenagere NA NA NA NA NA 74 13 Dharwad 73 65 75 67 91 90 14 Gadag NA NA NA NA NA 108 15 Gulbarga 85 87 80 79 87 100 16 Hassan 89 105 86 100 87 93 17 Haveri NA NA NA NA NA 90 18 Kdagu 89 106 86 93 132 108 19 Klar 87 91 98 110 73 74 20 Kppal NA NA NA NA NA 108 21 Mandya 89 106 116 116 132 138 22 Mysre 89 105 87 124 52 184 23 Raichur 85 87 85 79 78 108 24 Shimga 87 86 102 113 56 117 25 Tumkur 87 91 98 95 98 138 26 Udapi NA NA NA NA NA 84 27 Uttar Kannada 73 65 75 81 52 117 State average 81 83 80 93 87 108 Nte: NA = Nt available Surce: District sci-ecnmic indicatrs (1994) GOK.(Gvt. f Karnataka ) Frm 1993-94 nrth Karnataka districts perfrmance in yield per hectare is lesser t the suth Karnataka districts like Mandya, Bangalre (rural), Klar and Shimga, etc. 117

But ver all perfrmance, which are seen in the table is that cmpared t Nrthern districts, suthern districts yield per hectare is mre. And als in the year f 1998-99 ver all states districts perfrmance was very gd, and average f state is jumped frm belw 93 tnnes per hectare t 108 tnnes per hectare. Even if which was fluctuated like 83, 80, 93, 87 in the years f 1980-81, 1993-94 and 1996-97 respectively. Which is still less t suthern districts average yield per hectare f sugarcane. 4.12 DISTRICT WISE AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD PER HECTARE IN KARNATAKA: Table 4.8 shws that, district wise sugarcane area, prductin and yield per hectare. District wise area, prductin and yield per hectare varies frm 345 thusand hectares 331 lakh tnnes and 101 tnnes per hectare in the year 1994-95, which was 324 thusand hectares, 276 lakh tnnes and 90 tnnes per hectares in 1996-97. In1996-97 this decreased nwards these shwn, frm 1997-98 rising trend. Again in 1998-99 area crssed 339 thusand hectares, 348 lakh tnnes f sugarcane and 108 tnnes per hectare extremely, which was high cmpared t year 1994-95. Accrding t table, even if nrth Karnataka districts average yield per hectare increased but still lesser t suth Karnataka districts. Tnnes per hectare is essential fr getting prfit frm sugarcane. In suth Karnataka districts per hectare average is very high which is higher than states average as well as nrth Karnataka districts average. Mandya, Tumakur, Shimga, Chamarajanagar, Uttar Kannada etc. districts 118

I zzz16.22 J Table 4.8 District wise sugarcane area, prductin and yield per hectare I I 1997-98 I 1 1998-99 I Yield I l 123 I I Prdn I 57.78 I Area I 49.45 I Yield I Prdn I Area I NA I I NA j I NA I 1996-97 i I Yield Prdn I NA I Area I I NA I NA I 1995-96 I 1994-95 I i District I I S I N I I Yield i I NA Prdn I NA I Area I I Yield I I VN I t NA ZO O I 108 I I 108 I I 1.04 CM O) O) I 66! N. CM d I 80 0 I I 1.51! 00 h* 00 CM O CM I 90 0 I 90 I! 06 I zl I Prdn NA 10.10 I I Area I NA I Baqalkte j I 1.48 S I 1.79! i 2.00 i t T- 00 00 h- I 123.71 I 6.55 I 124.02! I 7.83 I 24.52 3 h- CM h* I 11.18 1 I 125.17! 80 I 00 c I 6.95 I < CM > 00 00 I 117.43! I 68! I 76.46! I 2.35 I 118.36 I I 6.93 I 15.44 I 123 I 17.70 I 15.72! 22.58 I in I 11.42 I CM O) O > CM 00 h-i I 13.46 I 108! 57.95 I 56.48 98 CM q GO! 52.22 I I 6.98 I 17.60 49.65 CM 49.60 I T T~ IO 00 V I 0.11 I I Bangalre (R) I! 1.74 i 92.98 I 6.05 I [ 1.81 I [ Bangalre (U) I j 115.15 I <0 00 CM 20.91 I 69.22 I 64.48 I i 139 T- CM j 17.49 I 1 t * l 3 h*» I 1.24! 8 f- I 0.54 I! 0.77 84 0.45 0.57 v s CM O) 1.64 8.28 I 1.88 CD t 8.38 I 2.15 N- 0) 03 I 1.50 I cq T I 92! h- V" I P 6 1! 104 I 2.05 I! 2.08 I I 08'Z I W 8 I I 86 I CM GO v- 03 8.28 I N- in 03 2.04 2.36 97 2.31 2.50 103 4.24 4.39 s 00 i 12.52 I I i 1 1 06 I 09! I 3.10 I! 3.63 I 4.42 I 7.76 52 I 4.17 I 8.44 I 50 I 5.46 I 11.50 I 79 I I 006 11.99 I I Belgaum I Bellary I Bidar I Bijapur I Chamarajanagar 1 Chikkmagalur I Chitradurga I Dakshina Kannada i Davenagere J! Dharwad J 00 100 I 93 GO O CM 00 d i i I 8.66 I I 98 I 06 ^3* hs. O CM in d r 5.33! 106 ]! 4.11 4.95 I r 5.03 I 4.92 I 1 1 1 00 h- 03 I Z l ' Q CM 1^. h- 00 O cd I I 3.34 92 I 4.82 I 4.89 I 6.59 1 5.60 I 5 CM 1 in 1 c r- cd [ Gadag 1 Gulbarga 1 114 I 11.58 I 10.69 c ifi if) X 00 cd 108 00 00 108 I 117 2.67 1 2.01 I 40.16 I 7.53 I 0.14 I 12.49 I 1.33 I 0.01 I f 3.80 1 1.96 I 30.63 9.44 ] 0.13 I 11.23 L i? f* d 1 96 1 2.90 ] cd i 00 i * 90! _Z8!.i I 12.58! 0.01 1 3.49 CM O d I 08 I 660,0.03 J 5.25 1 T * r* 1 98 I 0.04 1 13.76 1 0.04 1 14.61 I Haveri 1 Kdagu 1 Klar I T CM c t 00 03 CM t * T- 00 03 T * i f l i i l l 15 Q. a z i 116 112 I 66 00 03 00 CM q 140 104 29.58 I 20.59 I 1.23 I 16.15 I 1-71...J 26.85 I 19.35 I 108 108 I 11.68 11.38 119! 18.58 I! 18.11 I r* CM T h» 00 cq ymm 12.14 1.73 I CM 132 16.80 2.20 j 1-94 I 13.40 I 1.76 I i 90! in CM t 38.18 I 27.37 I 2.63 I 19.27 I 1.82 33.78 I 23.81 I 138 I 46.28 I 35.30 Mandya CM 00 cd s T I 22.20 I! 22.47! 4.63 2 if) > 2 CM CM Raichur 120 I 03 4.44 I 19.76 I 2.56 I CM 17.33 2.96 (0O! O E JZ 10 24 Tumkur in CM cq 1.73 I t i i l l i t t i Q. *D 3 117 1.97 00 h- in I i T r~ N- 338.76 I 0.99 289.99 I I 66 1.80 I 308.66 CM in Is- 00 I 86 0 i 97 I 00 GO 233.74! 1.99 ] 282.10 I I 06 275.59 I 2.04 I 323.34 I 80'I-! I 79 I V* O T 330.92 1.85 344.99 Uttar Kannada CM CM State Nte: Area in thusand hectares, prductin in lakh tnnes f yield in tnnes per hectare Surce: Directrate f ecnmics and statistics Gvt f Karnataka and Ministry f agriculture Gk. (Gvt f Karnataka)

Graph 4,4.8 A :Distnct wise sugarcaen area (in Ha) 140 120 * 100 - CD CD CD --J 4*. CD CD 0 0 O l i CD 00 CD CD CD CD l> c CD I ~sj Haveri X '' X Kdagu Tumkur uaapi Uttar Kannada 1 Number (in Ha) 120

Graph 5, 4.8 B :District wise sugarcaen prductin (in tnnes) Number (in tnnes) fo -C*. O) 00 F 1994-95 - - 1995-96 1996-97 x-- 1997-98 x 1998-99 121

Graph 6, 4.8 C:District wise sugarcane yield/ha (in tnnes) 150 in CM Bagalkte ) Bangalre (R) Bangalre (U) Belgaum Bellary Bidar Bijapur Chamarajanagar ) Chikkmagafur Chitradurga Dakshina Kannada Davenagere > </)'» Oharwad Gadag ) a</) Guibarga Hassan Haven ) Kdagu Klar Kppal ) Mandya Mysre Raichur Shimga Tumkur Udapi ) Uttar Kannada r cn cn Number (in tnnes) *v cn 1994-95 * 1995-96 1996-97 --X--1997-98 * 1998-99 122

per hectare average is very high. Sugarcane is grwn mre in nrth Karnataka districts like, Belgaum, Bagalkt, Bijapur, Haveri, etc. Befre 1998-99 there were nly 20 districts. In 1997-98 Karnataka gvernment frmed anther seven mre districts. Therefre, the data f these seven districts is available nly frm 1998-99 nwards. In the state, Belgaum district has extreme mre area and prductin f cane. Cmpared t ther districts, but its yield per hectare is less. Means, which is less than the average yield per hectare f state. The average per hectare yield was 85, in 1994-95, 68 in 1995-96, 80 in 1996-97, 94 in 1997-98 and 105 in 1998-99 tnnes per hectares. In case f state it was 101, 90, 87, 99 and 108 respectively. But average yield per hectare has been rising with which area f sugarcane, is rising except fractinal variatin. Sugarcane grwn in Belgaum and Bijapur is said t be gd quality because average sucrse cntent is abut 11 t 12 percent as against just 8.5 t 10 percent fund in the sugarcane grwn in suthern part f Karnataka. It is fr this reasn the sugar factries f Maharashtra state prefer cane frm nrth Karnataka and, als, due t scarcity f quality sugarcane in suthern parts f Maharashtra state. Table 4.9 shws that, n. f sugar factries lcated in assured rainfall and assured irrigated area. The spread f an agr-based-industry like sugar industry in rural areas prvides an incme and emplyment pprtunity. T up-rting peple frm their scial-ecnmic envirnment. Which is desirable. The sugar industry is a leading agr-based industry in the nrth Karnataka state. 123

SI N Table 4.9 District wise N. f wrking sugar factries in Karnataka Districts 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 1 Bangalre (U) - - - - - 2 Bangalre (R) - - - - - 3 Chitradurga 3 3 1 1 1 4 Davanagere - - 2 2 3 5 Klar 1 1 1 1 1 6 Shimga 2 1 2 1 1 7 Tumkur - - - - - I Bangalre Divisin 6 5 6 5 6 8 Belgaum 7 7 8 8 9+2 9 Bijapur 2 2 1 1 1 10 Bagalkte. - 1 2 3 11 Dharwad 1 1 - - - 12 Gadag - -. - - 13 Haveri - - 1 1 1 14 Uttar Kannada - - - - - II Belgaum Divisin 10 10 11 12 14+2=16 15 Bellary 2 2 3 3 3 16 Bidar 1 1 1 1 1 17 Gulbarga 1 1 1 1 1 18 Raichur 1 1 - - - 19 Kppal - - 1 1 1 IV Gulbarga Divisin 5 5 6 6 6 20 Chikmangalre - - - - - 21 Dakshin Kannada 1 1 - - - 22 Udupi - - 1 1 1 23 Hassan 1 1 1 1 1 24 Kdagu - - - - - 25 Mandya 3 3 3 3 4 26 Mysre 3 2 2 2 2 27 Chamaraj Nagar - - 1 1 1 IV Mysre Divisin 8 7 8 8 9 State 29 27 31 31 35+2 =37 Surce: Directrate f ecnmics and statistics Gk. (Gvt f Karnataka) Karnataka at Glance- 1995-96, 1996-97, 1997-98, 1998-99, 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 Due t establishment f c-perative sugar factries is several useful steps have been taken. They are sugar factries prepared the crp-planning prgramme every year fr their cultivatrs. Assigned an area fr cane cultivatin with the variety f cane t be grwn, dses f fertilizers t be applied, intervals f irrigatin etc. Thus 124

c-perative sugar factries had enlightened and develped agricultural cnsciusness amng the cultivatrs by intrducing and integrating different farm technlgies. Since sugarcane cultivatin depends upn heavy dses f chemical fertilizers/ manures, it is necessary t knw the required dse and type f fertilizer fr a given type f sil in the peratinal areas f sugar c-perative factries. The cultivatrs were prperly advised n the type, quantity and timing f the fertilizer use by the experts, appinted fr the purpse. Factries supply the better and disease free cane seeds thrugh their nurseries. Sugar c-perative factries will help in strengthening the c-perative credit scieties in their areas f peratin. They are nt established and succeeded in btaining adequate credit facilities t their members but als shulders the respnsibility f repayment f the lans btained by their members. While finalising the cane accunts f the members the factries deduct the lan amunt with the rate f interest frm the cane bills f thse members wh tk lans frm credit scieties. It is fund that mst f the villages in the area f peratin f sugar c-perative factries are cvered by the c-perative credit scieties. Table 4.9 Minimum sugarcane price ntified and the price paid by sugar factries in Karnataka Years Minimum ntified Price paid 1992-93 31.00-46.32 35.00-61.00 993-94 34.50-52.76 45.00-65.00 1994-95 39.10-63.40 60.00-70.00 1995-96 42.50-67.31 58.00-72.00 1996-97 45.90-67.56 60.00-73.00 Surce: Paper submitted t the cnsultative cmmittee f the ministry f fd, dated 08.02.1994 125

Table 4.10 reflects the minimum sugarcane price ntified and the price paid by sugar factries. In 1992-93 the minimum ntified price was Rs 31.00 t 46.32 and the price ffered by factry was Rs 36 t 61, which increase t 45.90-67.56 and 60-73 Rs respectively in 1996-97. This indicates that the price f sugarcane ffered by the factries is always mre than the minimum ntified the price. It is als clear that bth the ntified and ffered price marked with the increasing trend. It is nticed that sugar c-perative factries and all factries f sugarcane have been managing t pay remunerative and increasing cane prices t their members ver the years. Sugar factries repaid all their lans btained frm industrial finance crpratin f India and redeemed state Gvernment share capital. The bard f directrs will rather free t fix its wn cane price and the demand fr sugar was favurable in the market t grwing sugarcane has became mre prfitable t the cultivatrs due t its assumed market and remunerative price. It is due t the remunerative prices ffered fr cane supplied by the members and assistance rendered by the sugar factries t their members in respect f finance and ther facilities fr grwing sugarcane the area under sugarcane had gradually increased. The cultivatin f sugarcane requires water supply thrughut the year. It can be fulfilled by prviding assured irrigatin facilities. The varius surces f irrigatin such as wells, canals, tanks, lift irrigatin schemes etc. require huge investment, which an individual cultivate cannt affrd. Therefre, the sugar c-perative factries had undertaken irrigatin schemes frm the very beginning in their 126

peratinal areas. In rder t ensure gd yields f cane and prductin f sugar frm cane cultivatrs and reliable supply f quality cane fr crushing. The sugar c-perative factries were persistently inducing their members t frm lift irrigatin scieties and extend the technical and ther advice needed in the matter cncerned. They had als prvided the required financial assistance, the lift irrigatin scieties in their respective areas f peratin. It can be rightly cnsidered that a few lift irrigatin schemes were the ut-cme f the effrts f sugar cperative factries, which cntributed fr the welfare "f nt nly their member cultivatrs but thers as well. And als sugar c-perative factries and ther factries, are prviding emplyment bth at farm and factry levels. They have a greater impact n the rural ecnmy and made direct attack n rural pverty by prviding lcal emplyment withut uprting the pr frm the area. And intensificatin f activity with multiplier effect and the cnsequent f secndary and tertiary activities tgether generated massive direct emplyment pprtunities in the rural areas and resulted in raising incme and standard f living f the rural masses. The table 4.11 shws that, sugarcane crushed by the sugar factries. Since 1994-95 the sugarcane crushed was mre. But in 1996-97 extremely decreased t 7921 MT. And again gradually it has been increased t 8158, 11980 and 12642 MT in the years f 1996-97, 1997-98, 1998-99 and 1999-2000 respectively. 127

Table 4.11 District wise sugarcane crushed by the factries f Karnataka ( OOP MT) SI N Districts 1994-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 1 Bangalre (U) - - - - - 2 Bangalre (R) - - - - 3 Chitradurga 770 453 47 139 179 4 Davanagere - - 370 487 1110 5 Klar 221 108 123 189 132 6 Shimga 606 370 280 430 449 7 Tumkur - - - - - I Bangalre Divisin 1597 931 820 1245 1870 8 Belgaum 4349 3144 3866 5372 4313 9 Bijapur 1178 1163 361 538 565 10 Bagalkte - - 1041 1208 1432 11 Dharwad 215 196 - - - 12 Gadag - - - - - 13 Haven - - 136 283 276 14 Uttar Kannada - - - - - II Belgaum Divisin 5742 4503 5404 7401 6586 15 Bellary 475 313 314 407 290 16 Bidar 297 342 403 447 638 17 Gulbarga 120 44 110 100 123 18 Raichur 240 101 - - - 19 Kppal - - 94 95 106 IV Gulbarga Divisin 1132 800 921 1049 1157 20 Chikmangalre - - - - - 21 Dakshin Kannada 143 76 - - - 22 Udupi - - 62 79 77 23 Hassan 239 143 64 166 187 24 Kdagu - - - - - 25 Mandya 1349 897 555 1311 1765 26 Mysre 972 566 333 630 730 27 Chamaraj Nagar - - - 99 270 IV Mysre Divisin 2703 1682 1014 2285 3029 State Karnataka 11174 7916 8159 11980 12642 Surce: Karnataka at a Glance varius years 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001 Nte: MT= millin tnnes Amng these districts Belgaum crushed the highest f 4313 MT, which is almst 1/3 f states crushing capacity. Jaggary manufacturing has been given 128

cncisin frm the existing lincence system. The cmmissiner fr cane develpment and sugar directin has been authrized t extend the maximum prductin perid t Khandsari units frm the present 90 days t 180 days. The gvernment has als allwed the sugar factries t extend their cane-crushing perid frm the existing limit f 190 days t 200 days during the current seasn (2000-2001). The factries in nrthern Karnataka make the payment in installments, while the factries in the suthern districts make a lump sum payment, in rder t facilitate the crushing f entire sugar cane prduced in the state, hence, the state cabinet recently decided t set up 15 mre sugar factries in the state, f which 10 will be in the c-perative sectr and remaining in the private sectr. These factries are expected t g n steam by December 2002. The centre had given clearance r setting up f 43 new sugar factries in Karnataka. With the new factries ging n steam by the end f 2002, the crushing capacity in the state will g up by anther 38,000 tnnes per day. Each f these new factries will have crushing capacity f 2500 tnnes per day. The table 4.12 shws that, sugar prduced by the factries f Karnataka. 29 factries prduced 1123 metric tnnes f sugar in 1994-95 (MT) the successive years it was decreased 851 MT, 862 MT and 1269 MT in 1996-97, 1997-98 and 1998-99 respectively. Amng all the districts in these years Belgaum district was leading in prductin f sugar, because, in which area f assured irrigatin, prductin and factries are mre. 129

Table 4.12 District wise sugar prduced by the factries f Karnataka SI N Districts 1994-95 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 1 Bangalre (U) - - - - - 2 Bangalre (R) - - - - - 3 Chitradurga 76 47 4 13 17 4 Davanagere - - 39 51 113 5 Klar 21 10 11 17 13 6 Shimga 58 37 28 44 46 7 Tumkur - - - - - I Bangalre Divisin 155 94 82 125 189 8 Belgaum 475 364 435 598 560 9 Bijapur 140 141 42 68 68 10 Bagalkte - - 111 138 174 11 Dharwad 20 21 - - - 12 Gadag - - - - - 13 Haveri - - 14 23 29 14 Uttar Kannada - - - - - II Belgaum Divisin 635 526 602 827 831 15 Bellary 44 31 30 40 29 16 Bidar 28 34 38 45 62 17 Gulbarga 11 04 10 10 9 18 Raichur 23 11 - - - 19 Kppal - - 8 10 11 IV Gulbarga Divisin 106 80 86 105 111 20 Chikmangalre - - - - - 21 Dakshin Kannada 12 7 - - - 22 Udupi - - 5 8 7 23 Hassan 21 12 6 16 18 24 Kdagu - - - - - 25 Mandya 118 77 48 117 168 26 Mysre 91 55 33 63 71 - - - 27 Chamaraj Nagar 8 24 IV Mysre Divisin 242 151 92 212 288 State Karnataka 1123 851 862 1269 1419 Surce: Directrate f ecnmics and statistics Bangalre (Karnataka at a Glance 1993, 1994,1995, 1996, 1997, 1998,1999, 1999-2000. Over all state perfrmance was very gd in prductin f sugar by sugar factries frm 1996-97 t 1999-2000, grwth rate f sugar prductin in state was 66.75 percent, which was 49.12 percent, in 1998-99. Belgaum std secnd frm 130

1996-97 t 1998-99 with rising trend in prductin and area under sugarcane. After Belgaum std Mandya secnd in sugar prductin. NCLUSION: Karnataka is a state, in which several crps are grwing, including a number f cmmercial and fd crps. In this state cmmercial crps are having gd place amng all ther crps. In these cmmercial crps sugarcane is grwing in all parts f Karnataka and in all climatic seasns. Karnataka s sil is extremely gd fr the grwth sugarcane. In Karnataka cane is grwing since lng perid. Nrth Karnataka regin has favurable climate fr cultivatin f cane. S, this regin is very favurable fr establishing sugar factries. Nearly half f the Karnataka s ttal sugar factries situated in nrth Karnataka. Highest sugarcane cultivating district in Karnataka is Belgaum. While secnd place is ccupied by Mandya in this respect. HIGHLIGHTS 1) Karnataka is having very favrable climate, land and all ther facilities t cultivate sugarcane. 2) In Karnataka sugarcane is being cultivated since lng perid. 3) In Karnataka state, Belgaum is the first and Mandya is the secnd highest sugarcane grwing districts. 4) Sugarcane is cultivated mre in irrigated districts and less in nn-irrigated districts. 131

REFERENCES: 1) S.M. Patil, L.B. Kunnal and Balappa Shivaraya,: ecnmics f prductin and marketing f sugarcane in Karnataka -Agricultural banker January- March 1999, Quarterly Jurnal n ecnmics N. 1 23 N. 2. 2) Mahash Kulkarni,: Mre juice, N takers? KISAN WORLD, July, 1999,-2000. 3) A. P. Biradar and patil,: Ecnmic impact f sugar c-peratives n farmers, A case study f Karntaka suthern ecnmist Jurnal Vl. 32, N. 6, July 15th 1993. 4) R.S. Kht, C.S Hunshal, C. Ramachadra and S.S. Chandrashekar: Perfrmance f sugar factries in nrthern Karnataka c-perative sugar jurnal, Marc 96; Vl. 27, N. 7. 5) Karnataka Gazetteer. 6) Karnataka at a Glance varius years (1993,1994,1995,1993,1997,1998,1999-2000 and 2001). 7) Krishne Guda,: Karnataka ecnmy 1999. 132

LEGENO 1*4 KANNADA OtSr District Bundry * Taluk Bundry District Head Quarter Taluk Head Quarter Talukas Selected fr Study 4 Villages Selected fr Study Fig : 1 Map f Belgaum District