Grapevine Powdery Mildew Erysiphe necator

Grapevine Powdery Mildew Erysiphe necator

Powdery Mildew Erysiphe necator Disease epidemiology/ Pathogen biology Pathogen dislikes direct sunlight Reduces viability of spore germination and infection Pathogen dislikes high temperatures Reduces spore production Reduces spore germination rate Reduces infection rate Affects reproduction rate

ASCOSPORE RELEASE ROTROD RAI TRIGGER VS VISUAL DISEASE DETECTION 100 100 90 90 80 80 RAI 70 60 50 40 30 20 70 60 50 40 30 20 Disease incidence (%) 10 10 0 0 3/25 4/1 4/8 4/15 4/22 4/29 5/6 5/13 5/20 5/27 6/3 6/10 6/17 6/24 Trap tested +

Cessation of Colony Growth 100 % Colonies Visible 75 50 25 0 R 2 = 0.81 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 R 2 = 0.08 R 2 = 0.08 R 2 = 0.93 R 2 = 0.99 R 2 = 0.94 R 2 = 0.95 R 2 = 0.87 0 5 10 15 20 25 Duration of Temperature, hr Figure 5. The effects of temperature and duration on cessation of E. necator mycelial growth, 10 days following heat treatment. Primary data were obtained as described for Figure 4. Colony survival was calculated for each leaf, each isolate, averaged for each duration, and plotted with linear regression trend lines. In order to obtain reasonable x- axis intercepts, only 1 zero value was used if consecutive zero values occurred; consecutive values of 100% were similarly truncated. Room temperature controls (22.5º C) were 100% for all durations (data not shown).

Cessation of Spore Production % Colonies Producing Spores 100 75 50 25 0 R 2 = 0.88 R 2 = 0.94 R 2 = 0.70 R 2 = 0.92 R 2 = 0.88 R 2 = 0.84 R 2 = 0.68 R 2 = 0.59 0 5 10 15 20 25 Duration of Temperature, hr 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 Figure 8. The effects of temperature and duration on cessation of E. necator spore production. Primary data were obtained as described for Figure 7. Colony survival was calculated for each leaf, each isolate, averaged for each duration, and plotted with linear regression trend lines. In order to obtain reasonable x-axis intercepts, only 1 zero value was used if consecutive zero values occurred; consecutive values of 100% were similarly truncated. Room temperature controls (22.5º C) were all 100% (data not shown).

Two Potential Outcomes with multiple exposure to high temp Growth Loss of biological function Acclimation Time Time

Combating Overwintering Resistance Make sure the first application each year is NOT A DMI (Rally, Elite, Metal, Procure, etc.) OR Strobilurin ( Abound, Sovran, Flint, Pristine Use multisite products first (Oil, Sulfur, Lime Sulfur)

Effect of Dormant or Delayed Dormant Treatment on viability of Ascospores Trtmt Rate % Germ %w/appress Micronized S 5# 2 0 JMS Stylet Oil2% 1 0 Lime Sulfur 10 g 1 0 Rally/Topsin 5oz+1.5# 0 0 LS+JMS Oil 2+10 0 0 Citricide 2% 33 4 Untreated ---- 30 6

Fungicide Efficacy Field Trials, Powdery Mildew 2015

Appendix: Materials Product Active ingredient(s) and concentration Manufacturer or distributor Chemical class (after Adaskaveg et al. 2008) AG Copp 75 cuprous oxide (75% copper) American Chemet Corporation inorganic (M1) Aprovia proprietary N/A proprietary Dyne-Amic polyalkyleneoxide modified polydimethylsiloxane, nonionic emulsifiers, methyl ester of C16-C18 fatty acids (99%) Helena Chemical Co. adjuvant Elevate 50 WDG fenhexamid (50%) hydroxyanilide (17) Arysta LifeScience Flint trifloxystrobin (50%) Bayer CropScience QoI (11) Fracture BLAD (20%) FMC Corporation plant extract Fulvic Acid proprietary N/A proprietary GOP-1 Bran proprietary N/A proprietary GOP-1 Oil proprietary N/A proprietary GWN-10250 proprietary N/A proprietary HML32 proprietary N/A proprietary Inspire Super difenoconazole (8.4%), cyprodinil (24.1%) Syngenta Crop Protection, Inc. DMI (3)/anilinopyrimidine (9) JMS Stylet-Oil paraffinic oil (97.1%) JMS Flower Farms, Inc. oil K-PHITE 7LP potassium phosphite (56%) Plant Food Systems, Inc. phosphonates Latron B-1956 modified phthalic glycerol alkyd resin (77.0%) Dow AgroSciences LLP adjuvant LSU (Lime Sulfur Ultra) calcium polysulfide (28%) Or-Cal, Inc. mineral (M2) Luna Experience fluopyram (17.54%), tebuconazole (17.54%) Bayer CropScience SDHI (7)/DMI-triazole (3) Luna Tranquility fluopyram (11.3%) pyrimethanil (33.8%) Bayer CropScience SDHI (7)/AP (9) Mettle 125 ME tetraconazole (11.6%) Gowan Co. DMI-triazole (3) Microthiol Disperss sulfur (80%) United Phosphorus Inc. mineral (M2) OR-099 proprietary N/A proprietary Pristine pyraclostrobin (12.8%) boscalid (25.2%) BASF SDHI (7)/QoI(11) Purespray Green low range oil Petro-Canada oil Pyriofenone proprietary N/A proprietary

Vintre alcohol ethoxylate (8.15%) ORO Agri, Inc. adjuvant Viticure triflumizole (42.14%) Chemtura DMI-imidazole (3) Vivando metrafenone (25.2%) BASF benzophenone (U6) WXF-15001 proprietary N/A proprietary WXF-15002 proprietary N/A proprietary Appendix: Materials (cont.) Quintec quinoxyfen (22.6%) Dow AgroSciences LLC quinoline (13) Rally 40 WSP myclobutanil (40%) Dow AgroSciences LLC DMI-triazole (3) Regalia extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis (5%) Marrone Bio Innovations plant extract REX calcium polysulfide (28%) Or-Cal, Inc. mineral (M2) Rhyme flutriafol (22.7%) Cheminova DMI-triazole (3) SA19 proprietary N/A proprietary SA29 proprietary N/A proprietary Serenade Optimum Bacillus subtilis QST 713 (26%) Bayer CropScience biological Sonata Bacillus pumilus QST 2808 (1.38%) Bayer CropScience biological Sovran kresoxim-methyl (50%) Cheminova QoI (11) Switch cyprodinil (37.5%), fludioxonil (25%) Syngenta Crop Protection anilinopyrimidine (9)/phenylpyrrole (12) Syl-Coat polyether-polymethylsiloxane-copolymer and Polyether (100%) Wilbur-Ellis adjuvant Sysstem Cal phosphoric acid (14%) calcium (4%) copper (0.25%) Agro-K inorganic salt Sysstem SeaCal phosphoric acid (14%) calcium (4%) Agro-K inorganic salt Tactic synthetic latex, 1,2-propanediol, Alcohol ethoxylate, silicone polyether copolymer (63.4%) Loveland adjuvant Taegro 13 WP Bacillus subtilis Strain FZB24 (13.0%) Syngenta biological Topguard flutriafol (11.8%) Cheminova DMI-triazole (3) Torino SC cyflufenamid (10%) Gowan Co. phenyl-acetamide (U6) Viathon potassium phosphite (49%), tebuconazole (3.3%) Helena Chemical Co. Phosphonates (33)/DMI-triazole (3) Vigor Cal calcium (5%) Agro-K inorganic salt Vigor SeaCal soluble potash (0.5%), calcium (5%) Agro-K inorganic salt

Weather and RI for Rio Viento Vineyards 2015

2015 Grape PM Trial I (Part 3)

2015 Grape PM Trial I (Part 2)

2015 Grape PM Trial I (Part 1)

2015 Grape PM Trial II (Part 4)

2015 Grape PM Trial II (Part 3)

2015 Grape PM Trial II (Part 2)

2015 Grape PM Trial II (Part 1)

2015 Grape PM Trial III (Part 3)

2015 Grape PM Trial III (Part 2)

2015 Grape PM Trial III (Part 1)

Grape Botrytis Fungicide Efficacy Trial 2015 Napa County, CA

Leaf removal at cluster set Also reduces blossom debris

Effect of Leaf Removal and fungicide sprays on Botrytis bunch rot in Zinfandel,Lake County INCIDENCE: PERCENT CLUSTERS WITH ROT Rovral at 1.5 lb/acre applied at following timings: Unsprayed Control Bloom Bloom+ Postbloom Pre-bloom+ Bloom+ Post-bloom Mean No Leaf Removal 28.2 31.1 22.7 18.7 25.2a Leaf Removal 5.7 5.9 3.4 6.4 5.4b Mean 16.9 18.5 13 12.6

Effect of Leaf Removal and fungicide sprays on Botrytis bunch rot in Zinfandel,Lake County SEVERITY: PERCENT ROT PER CLUSTER Rovral at 1.5 lb/acre applied at following timings: Unsprayed Control Bloom Bloom+ Postbloom Pre-bloom+ Bloom+ Post-bloom Mean No Leaf Removal 10.7 14.2 11.2 8.2 11.1a Leaf Removal 1.2 1.0 1.1 2.9 1.6b Mean 5.9 7.6 6.1 5.6

Appendix: Materials Product Active Ingredient(s) and Concentration Chemical Class (after Adaskaveg et al. 2008) Manufacturer or Distributor AG Copp 75 cuprous oxide (75% copper) inorganic (M1) American Chemet Corporation Dyne-amic polyalkyleneoxide modified polydimethylsiloxane, nonionic emulsifiers, methyl ester of C16-C-18 fatty acids (99%) adjuvant Helena Chemical Co. Elevate 50 WDG fenhexamid (50%) hydroxyanilide (17) Arysta Life Science GOP-1 Bran proprietary proprietary N/A GOP-1 Oil proprietary proprietary N/A HML32 proprietary proprietary N/A Kenja 400SC proprietary proprietary N/A K-Phite 7LP potassium phosphate (56%) phosphonates Plant Food Systems, Inc. Latron B-1956 modified phthalic glycerol alkyd resin (77.0%) adjuvant Dow AgroSciences LLP Luna Experience Luna Tranquility fluopyram (17.54%) tebuconazole (17.54%) fluopyram (11.3%) pyrimethanil (33.8%) SDHI (7)/ DMI-triazole (3) SDHI (7)/ AP (9) Bayer CropScience Bayer CropScience Microthiol Disperss sulfur (80%) inorganic (M2) United Phosphorous Pristine pyraclostrobin (12.8%) boscalid (25.2%) SDHI (7)/QoI(11) Regalia extract of Reynoutria sachalinensis (5%) natural product Marrone Bio Innovations Serenade Optimum QST 713 strain of Bacillus subtilis (26.2%) biological Bayer CropScience BASF Syl-Coat polyether-polymethylsiloxane-copolymer and polyether (100%) adjuvant Wilbur-ellis Scala pyrimethanil (54.6%) AP (9) Bayer CropScience Tactic synthetic latex, 1,2-propanediol, Alcohol ethoxylate, silicone polyether copolymer (63.4%) adjuvant Loveland Products Timorex Gold oil derived from the tea tree, Melaleuca alterniflora (23.8%) oil Biomor Israel Ltd. Vangard WG cyprodinil (75%) AP (9) Syngenta Crop Protection

Weather for Napa County 2015

2015 Grape Botrytis Bunch Rot (Part 2) Kenja, 20 fl oz Pristine, 23 oz + Syl-Coat, 8 fl oz (Vangard, 10 oz then Fracture, 24.4 oz then Elevate, 16 oz) + Dyneamic, 0.25 % (v/v) GOP-Bran, 28 oz + GOP-1 Oil, 128 fl oz (Luna Experience, 8.6 fl oz then Elevate, 16 oz then Luna Tranquility, 16 fl oz) + Syl-Coat, 6.4 fl oz (Fracture, 24.4 fl oz then Vangard, 10 oz then Elevate, 16 oz) + Dyneamic, 0.25 % (v/v) (Vangard, 10 oz (2x) then Elevate, 16 oz) + Dyneamic, 0.25 % (v/v) (Luna Experience, 8.6 fl oz then Serenade Optimum 16 oz, then Luna Tranquility, 16 fl oz) + Syl-Coat, 6.4 fl oz (Vangard, 10 oz then Fracture, 18.3 fl oz then Elevate, 16 oz) + Dyneamic, 0.25 % (v/v) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Disease Severity (%) Disease Incidence (%)

2015 Grape Botrytis Bunch Rot (Part 1) AG Copp 75, 60g/100L + Microthiol Disperss, 5 lb + HML32, 1.25L/100L Elevate (standard), 16 oz Kenja, 22 fl oz K-PHITE 7LP, 3 qt + Latron, 6 fl oz Luna Tranquility, 16 fl oz + Syl-Coat, 6.4 fl oz (Elevate, 16 oz then Fracture, 24.4 fl oz then Vangard, 10 oz) + Dyneamic, 0.25 % (v/v) K-PHITE 7LP, 3 qt + Tactic, 6 fl oz (Luna Experience 8.6 fl oz then Serenade Optimum, 8 oz + Scala, 9 fl oz then Luna Tranquility, 16 fl oz) + Syl-Coat, 6.4 fl oz Timorex Gold (veraison), 2L/Ha Untreated 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Disease Severity (%) Disease Incidence (%)

Grape Botrytis Bunch Rot Severity Carneros, CA. 2011 Final Results Incognito 0.8lb 16 **Inspire Super 20oz 28 **Vangard 10oz 29 **Sw itch 14oz 3.5 Elevate 1lb 12 *Pristine 23 oz fb. Vangard 10oz fb. Pristine 23oz fb Elevate 16oz 13 *Pristine 23oz fb. Elevate 1lb fb Pristine 23oz fb Vangard 10oz 29 Untreated 46.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 Botrytis Bunch Rot Severity (%) 2011 Carneros, CA - Chardonnay Four Applications Bloom (6/15), Pre-Close (7/12) and Veraison (8/25) and Pre-Harvest (9/30), Evaluations 10/13; 20-30 clusters per rep *treatments applied with OS at 3oz/100 gallons - **treatments applied with 0.25% MSO/OS Adjuvant

Gubler 2010 Grape Botrytis Severity Carneros - Chardonnay 39 % Severity 10 Check 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Vangard (10oz) Pristine (18.5oz) Pristine (23 oz + OS) Pristine (18.5oz) fb Elevate (16oz) fb (2X) Pristine (18.5oz) Elevate (16oz) Quash (2.8oz) Applications: Bloom, Pre Close, Veraison, & Pre-Harvest 200 gpa Ratings done21 days after final application

Grape Phomopsis Fungicide Efficacy Trial 2015 in Solano County, CA

As spots from Phomopsis infection lengthen, tissue cracking occurs

Pycnidia of Phomopsis on infected tissue, cirrhus formation

2015 Grape Phomopsis Disease Severity

Fruiting bodies (Pycnidia) Spores (conidia) Old pruning wounds Pruned debris on the ground Late fall - winter Yield losses / Death of the plant Bot Canker Disease Cycle Blockage of vascular system

entification, distribution, biology, epidemiology, and ontrol of Bot Canker, Eutypa dieack and esca of rapevines in California Úrbez-Torres, J. R., F. Trouillas, R. Herche and Gubler, W. D. Plant Pathology Department, University of California, Davis

L. theobromae Importance of Botryosphaeriaceae N. luteum spp. on grapevines - Red Globe and Syrah mature wood Necrosis measured (mm) 24 months after inoculation a a ab a ab ab ab ab ab ab N. australe bc cd N. parvum bc cd de de d def d ef d f Mean not represented with the same letter has a significant difference based on Fisher s least significant difference (LSD) test (P < 0.05) Values = Average of 1 isolates / Úrbez-Torres species and Gubler 2009. Plant Dis. 93:584-592 10 repetitions / isolates

- Moller and Kasimatis (1978) first described Eutypa lata to be responsible for canker formation and grapevine dieback in CA - Eutypa lata considered to be the primary canker-causing pathogen of grapevines in CA - Eutypa dieback was commonly found in grapevine-growing areas of North California

1- Eutypa dieback of grapevine: Overview - Perennial cankers in arms or trunk of grapevine - Yield losses, Plant death - Symptoms on vegetation: Stunted shoots, small leaves, dead arm dieback).

Eutypa dieback Canker

Botryosphaeria Canker Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis Botryosphaeria canker

BOTRYOSPHAERIA PYCNIDIA FOUND IN CALIFORNIA GRAPEVINES. Pycnidia of Lasiodiplodia theobromae found in Coachella Valley grapevines.

Locations of perithecia of Togninia spp on grapevines.

Epidemiology of Botryosphaeriaceae spp. in California Spore trapping results Monterey County 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Bot spores Precipitation (mm) Temperature (C) 7/9/07 12/9/07 19/9/07 25/9/07 1/10/07 8/10/07 15/10/07 23/10/07 30/10/07 7/11/07 20/11/07 27/11/07 5/12/07 13/12/07 20/12/07 28/12/07 7/1/08 14/1/08 22/1/08 29/1/08 4/2/08 11/2/08 18/2/08 25/2/08 3/3/08 11/3/08 17/3/08 24/3/08 31/3/08 7/4/08 15/4/08 21/4/08 28/4/08 5/5/08 13/5/08 20/5/08 27/5/08 2/6/08 9/6/08 16/6/08 23/6/08 30/6/08 7/7/08 15/7/08 22/7/08 29/7/08 4/8/08 11/8/08 18/8/08 26/8/08 1/9/08 9/9/08 15/9/08 23/9/08 30/9/08 7/10/08 14/10/08 21/10/08 28/10/08 3/11/07 10/11/08 17/11/08 25/11/08 1/12/08 9/12/08 16/12/08 23/12/08 30/12/08 6/1/09 13/1/09 20/1/09 27/1/09 3/2/09 10/2/09 18/2/09 24/2/09 28/2/09 4/3/09 10/3/09 17/3/09 25/3/09 1/4/09 7/4/09 15/4/09 22/4/09 1/5/09 7/5/09 15/5/09 22/5/09 Bot spores values = Total spores / 2 ml of H 2 O

Spore release- Rainfall Sprinkler irrigation Fog

Double Pruning Final pruning (2 buds) late February - early March Canes are mechanically pruned (10-15 buds) late fall - early winter

Cultural control of canker disease Retraining Cordon Trunk

Esca symptoms on Grapevine Leaf symptoms on grapevine

Esca symptoms on Grapevine Shoot and tendril dieback on grapevine

100 Necrosis lenght (mm) 80 60 40 20 0 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Necrosis Lenght (mm) a Susceptiblity of wood-chardonnay 20072008 Lasiodiplodia theobromae Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March a A A b A a B b A c B Fungal species were not re-isolated 1 inch below end of necrosis c B d C 100 % of Recovery Susceptibility of wood-cabernet Sauvignon Sauvignon 2007-2008 Lasiodiplodia theobromae b C Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March b d D 80 60 40 20 0 100 80 60 % of Recovery 40 20 0 Lasiodiplodia theobromae Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March 10-19-07 11-19-07 12-14-07 1-18-08 2-18-08 3-1-08 10-19-07 11-19-07 12-14-07 1-18-08 2-18-08 3-1-08 a B C Lasiodiplodia theobromae Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb March 10-19-07 11-19-07 12-14-07 1-18-08 2-18-08 3-1-08 10-19-07 11-19-07 12-14-07 1-18-08 2-18-08 3-1-08

Effective Grapevine Canker Control DMI s- some have activity against Eutypa (Rally, 2X) Benzimidazole- Excellent activity against all pathogens (Topsin M, 2X) Boron- excellent activity against Eutypa (B-LOCK, 1X) Vitiseal with or w/o Rally + Topsin M Paint or daub 1X Tractor application (1: 9 dilution)1x Biological s- good activity if applied 2 weeks before infection (Trichoderma, Cladosporium) Cultural double pruning late pruning retraining New products being tested BSP tractor application Biologicals

Fungicide Application Canker and powdery mildew control

Vitiseal 1:9 Spray

Take Home Prune late in winter Treat all pruning wounds before rain Use products shown to stop all pathogens as wound treatment Spraying results in better coverage than painting or daubing Understand disease epidemiology Pathogens overwinter on infected grape wood Spores are released with rain, sprinkler irrigation or fog Naked fungicides last only about 2 weeks then reapply Fungicides in Vitiseal last 3 months (other paint? )