Evolution of Grapegrowing Techniques and New Viticulture Ideas in Spain Jesús Yuste yusbomje@itacyl.es Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León Valladolid, Spain
Training and pruning Traditional Gobelet Vertical Trellis Training
Training and pruning Excessive uniformity: few alternatives
Mechanization: evolution Spraying, Pruning, Harvesting,
Training and pruning: improvement Low, with and without T Higher Plant Density High, several wires
Vineyard management: Irrigation From necessity to some possible excess
Soil management and Rootstocks Rootstocks 110 R: traditional for droughtness 41 B: calcareous soils (frequent)
Canopy management Green pruning increasing
Control of yield: regulation General concept: quality is inversely related to yield, mainly for reds. A.O. limitation: 6,000 7,000 kg/ha for reds (Ribera de Duero, Rioja, etc ). Also for whites. Vineyards no discriminated / Low prices (< 0.4 /kg). Cluster thinning
Sustainable viticulture: ecologic Reduction of pesticides and herbicides
Old topics: high quality wines Old vines: quality is directly related to age. Low yield and Gobelet: 3,000 4,000 kg/ha is the optimum for high expression wines, so gobelet. No irrigation: good for quality, and lower yield. Most vineyards / regions: price and competence
New Viticulture Ideas in Spain Varieties: native minor varieties. Training and pruning: open canopy; Yuste system. Wood diseases: late and long pruning. Green pruning: early leaf removal; mechan. thinning. Cluster thinning: individual yield estimation. Irrigation: dosis, period, control. Soil maintenance: cover crops adaptation. Climate Soil Zone: zonification. Objective: type of wine.
Recuperation and Promotion of Minor Varieties MINOR NATIVE VARIETIES Bruñal Albarín Tempranillo blanco FOREIGN VARIETIES Cabernet sauvignon Syrah Sauvignon blanc
Training and Pruning: open & porous canopy Row orientation N-S + 30º-45º
Pruning: New and Easy Systems
PRUNING: YUSTE SYSTEM Wires to guide vegetation Wires to tie Tying of shoot to wire Spur Cane Buds 75-80 cm 25-30 cm Wire of training SEGUNDO CUARTO TERCER QUINTO PRIMER AÑO
Wood diseases: late / long pruning Increasing problems of wood fungi diseases, requires great attention. Estrategies: - Long prepruning: to reduce advance - Late pruning: to eliminate the most possible infection part.
Green Pruning: early leaf removal Preflowering Basal leaf removal Reduction of grape yield Increase porousness of canopy Reduce compactness of cluster Improve microclimate of clusters Berry set Control of grape yield: EARLY MECHANICAL CLUSTER THINNING
Grape weight / bud (g) Bayas por racimo ESTIMATION of GRAPE YIELD: CLUSTER SIZE 500 CLUSTER WEIGHT vs PRODUCTION Tempranillo 450 400 R 2 = 0,9166 500 400 Sampling of different clusters 350 Weight of 300 clusters 250 200 Count of berries per cluster 300 200 100 y = 1,3248x + 3,0839 R 2 = 0,9527 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Peso del racimo (g) 150 100 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 Cluster w eight (g) Regression Sampling in vineyard Weight of clusters Average of berries per cluster
X = Cluster weight berries / cluster Berry weight estimated Example: Ex.: 200 berries X Ex.: 1,5 grammes = Ex.: 300 grammes (Cluster weight) x (Clusters / vine) = PRODUCTION / vine 300 g x 15 = 4500 g (Production / vine) x (Vines / ha) = YIELD / ha 4500 g x 3000 = 13.5 t/ha Yield objective: 9 t/ha (excess: 4.5 t/ha, 1/3) Clusters to retain: 10 Clusters to remove: 5
Irrigation: deficit estrategy Irrigation: can be no good for quality, can increase yield too much (low quality). Tempranillo: very sensible to excess of yield! IRRIGATION ESTRATEGY BASED on ETo (RIBERA DEL DUERO) BUDBREAK FLOWERING No irrigation in general (Soil water) BERRY SET VERAISON Kc: (0,2-0,4) ETo = 50-100 mm VERAISON MATURITY Kc: (0,2-0,4) ETo = 40-80 mm
g Irrigation: period and dosis g OBJECTIVE: CONTROL OF BERRY SIZE (Irrigation: after shoot growth stopping) 2.0 2.0 1.8 B 00 B 20 1.8 A20 A40 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.2 Enve ro 0.4 0.2 Enve ro 0.0 1 7 - Ju n 2 7 - Ju n 7 - Ju l 1 7 - Ju l 2 7 - Ju l 6 - A g o 1 6 - A g o 2 6 - A g o 5 - S e p 1 5 - S e p 2 5 - S e p 0.0 1 7 - Ju n 2 7 - Ju n 7 - Ju l 1 7 - Ju l 2 7 - Ju l 6 - A g o 1 6 - A g o 2 6 - A g o 5 - S e p 1 5 - S e p 2 5 - S e p
Irrigation: dosis and water status control ºBrix I.P.T. Antocianos extraíbles ºBrix 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 19-ago 26-ago 2-sep 9-sep 16-sep 23-sep 60 55 50 45 ETC x 0,4 ETC x 0,2 40 35 30 25 20 19-ago 26-ago 2-sep 9-sep 16-sep 23-sep 1300 ETC x 0,4 1100 mg/l ETC x 0,2 900 700 500 300 19-ago 26-ago 2-sep 9-sep 16-sep 23-sep ETC x 0,4 ETC x 0,2 Adapt watering quantity to soil and plant water status: control TENSIOMETRY VOLUMETRY (C-Probe) DENDROMETRY
Irrigation: control and optimization Method to quantify water status and program irrigation LEAF WATER POTENTIAL (Pressure Bomb) Predawn Leaf Water Potential (MPa) -0,2 b 0-0,4 b -0,2-0,6 b -0,4 b < -0,6 Level of Water Stress No stress Moderate water stress Remarkable stress Severe water stress
Soil Maintenance: adapting cover crops Experimental treatments: LAB CEB LAB: traditional tillage (06-07) LEG CEB: barley (Hordeum vulgare) (06-07) ENY LEG: vetch (Vicia monanthos) (06) and vicia (Vicia sativa) (07) ENY: natural cover (06) and 50% of fescue (Festuca orundinacea) and ray-grass (Lolium perenne) (07)
kg/vine kg/vine º Brix 1,5 1,0 0,5 Soil Maintenance: adapting cover crops Madera de poda Rendimiento 2007 Pruning weight Grape Yield Soluble solids 26 6 22 4 18 2 14 0,0 LAB CEB LEG ENY 0 LAB CEB LEG ENY 10 LAB CEB LEG ENY Cover crop and Irrigation: vigor control and good maturation Increase competence for water to reduce spring growth and vigor & summer leaf water demand. Match maturation of skin to soluble solids and acidity, by means of proper irrigation during ripening.
Spanish regions: climate / quality High variability of soils and climates (Spain > 1 million ha) Rioja Alta ( high ): cooler and humid (tannins, acid.) Rioja Baja ( low ): hot and dry (color, not to age long) Castilla y León: continental climate (late budbreak) Ribera del Duero: cooler Sept. night (struct. & phenols to age) Toro: less cool, early ripening, hot summer (phenols, less acid.) Portugal La Rioja Valladolid Castilla * y Leon * Madrid Madrid La Mancha Castilla-La Mancha: continental, but warmer & dry, not cool September (lower quality) Soils and water regime: high variability, lastly conditioned by irrigation use since last years
Zonification: evaluating soil and climate Environment, terroir (climate, soil) optimization of vineyards (ZONIFICATION)
Objective: quality of wine good maturation optimize harvesting type of wine Old vines to the best wine? better good vines. The best wine? better good wine.
Evolution of Grapegrowing Techniques and New Viticulture Ideas in Spain THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION Jesús Yuste yusbomje@itacyl.es Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León Valladolid, Spain