Canker Diseases in California Lodi Grape Day 2017 W. D. GUBLER DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS, CA 95616
Trunk diseases
Natural dieback of pruning wound Uniform color of dead tissue No dark or advancing margins
Diseased pruning wounds Note only partial death of wood Color is generally darker Irregular shape of discolored tissu
Diseased spur showing longitudinal streaking = disease progression
Canker disease pathogens Eutypa lata Botryosphaeria spp Togninia minima Phaeomoniella Phomopsis Others
Introduction Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis Grapevine Trunk Diseases Worldwide - Esca & Petri disease - Eutypa dieback - Botryosphaeria canker
Predisposition Stress Trunk diseases are more severe when vine is stressed Drought conditions seem to increase incidence Why? We know that under water stress, metabolic products and especially proteins in the sap change in prevalence For example Esca pathogens both grow faster on water-stressed sap vs healthy (normal) sap
Esca Pathogens Togninia spp. (minima) Phaeomoniella chlamdospora Occurs in vineyards from 1-80 yrs old. Incidence has increased in the past 12-15 years.
Pathogens P chlamydospora resides on 3-5 year old or older pruning wounds as pycnidia. P aleophilum resides as perithecia in exposed, rotted vascular tissue including pruning wounds, breaks in the cordon and wood. Both pathogens are endophytes and are capable of causing severe disease when the vine is under stress. Both pathogens have been found to also reside as epiphytes on leaves and bark. Both can reside in the soil.
Phaaeoacremonium spore trapping MADERA 2003 50 P.viticola Precipitation (mm) Temperature ( C) 100 Number of colonies 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Temperature Cand precipitation (mm) 0 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. SONOMA 2003 50 P.viticola Precipitation (mm) Temperature ( C) 100 Number of colonies 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Temperature Cand precipitation (mm) 0 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 0 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
*Microscopic examinations showed pycnidia to be identical with pycnidia of Pa.chlamydospora previously observed in vitro (Rooney and Gubler, 2001).
Locations of perithecia of Togninia spp on grapevines.
Spore release Rainfall Sprinkler irrigation Fog
Esca / black measles symptoms on Grapevine Fruit symptoms Crude toxin injection/reproduction of symptoms
Control Dormant or Delayed dormant applications of lime sulfur=calcium polysulfide at 950 liters/ha Direct spray using 2 nozzles /side Pruning wound protection
Eutypa Dieback Eutypa lata Eutypa leptoplaca
Eutypa dieback Canker
Eutypa shoot and leaf symptoms
Eutypa symptoms
Percent of Infected Stub Cuts Natural Inoculum Trial (Linden-2014) Eutypa 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Control Rally+Topsin Rally+Topsin (2x) Treatment
Percent of Infected Stub Cuts Natural Inoculum Fungicide Trial (Davis 2014) Eutypa 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Treatment
Bot Canker
BOTRYOSPHAERIA CANKERS. 9 species have been isolated from grapevine cankers in California. - Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Arx. - Botryosphaeria obtusa (Scheiwn.) Shoemaker. Typical wedge shaped canker caused by Botryosphaeria spp..
Botryosphaeria Canker Bot canker Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis a
Botryosphaeria Canker Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis Botryosphaeria canker Bot Canker in California Lasiodiplodia theobromae + 8 other species 1990 2017
BOTRYOSPHAERIA PYCNIDIA FOUND IN CALIFORNIA GRAPEVINES. Pycnidia of Lasiodiplodia theobromae found in Coachella Valley grapevines.
7/9/07 12/9/07 19/9/07 25/9/07 1/10/07 8/10/07 15/10/07 23/10/07 30/10/07 7/11/07 20/11/07 27/11/07 5/12/07 13/12/07 20/12/07 28/12/07 7/1/08 14/1/08 22/1/08 29/1/08 4/2/08 11/2/08 18/2/08 25/2/08 3/3/08 11/3/08 Epidemiology of Botryosphaeriaceae spp. in California 17/3/08 24/3/08 31/3/08 7/4/08 15/4/08 21/4/08 28/4/08 5/5/08 13/5/08 20/5/08 27/5/08 2/6/08 9/6/08 16/6/08 23/6/08 30/6/08 7/7/08 15/7/08 22/7/08 29/7/08 4/8/08 11/8/08 18/8/08 26/8/08 1/9/08 9/9/08 15/9/08 23/9/08 30/9/08 7/10/08 14/10/08 21/10/08 28/10/08 3/11/07 10/11/08 17/11/08 25/11/08 1/12/08 9/12/08 16/12/08 23/12/08 30/12/08 6/1/09 13/1/09 20/1/09 27/1/09 3/2/09 10/2/09 18/2/09 24/2/09 28/2/09 4/3/09 10/3/09 17/3/09 25/3/09 1/4/09 7/4/09 15/4/09 22/4/09 1/5/09 7/5/09 15/5/09 22/5/09 Spore trapping results in Monterey County Bot spores Precipitation (mm) Temperature (C) 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Bot spore values = Total spores / 2 ml of H 2 O
Grapevine Trunk Diseases Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis Control of canker disease Eutypa and Botryosphaeria can not be chemically eradicated Recomendations Eliminate and burn pruning wood debris Double pruning (Weber, Trouillas & Gubler, AJEV) Late pruning (February - March) Chemical treatment of pruning wounds (Rolshausen & Gubler, 2005) 1% Topsin M (Benzimidazole) Vitiseal
Canker Disease Control Late Pruning 90-95% control Spurshield Boric Acid 3000-5000ppm B B-LOCK --Nutrient Technologies grapes only Topsin M 1.5#/A, (will last longer in paint) Myclobutanil (Rally), 6 oz/a,(lasts longer in paint) Vitiseal 9:1 dilution for spraying Use neat for daubing
Overwintering Structures give rise to primary inoculum Overwintering structures controlled by dormant sprays rainfall Spore release=primary inoculum Dormant LLS Dormant Vitiseal Dormant fungicide Pruning wound Fresh wounds more susceptible Infection
Why does late pruning help control canker disease?
% of infected wounds % of infected wounds % of infected wounds % of infected wounds ovember Chardonnay 2008-2009 Time Course Inoculation December 100 Lasiodiplodia theobromae 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 12 d 24 d 36 d 48 d 60 d 72 d 84 d T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 11-04-08 11-16-08 11-28-08 12-10-08 12-22-08 1-02-09 1-14-09 1-26-09 nuary Lasiodiplodia theobromae Neofusicoccum parvum 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 12 d 24 d 36 d 48 d 60 d 72 d T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 1-02-09 1-14-09 1-26-09 2-07-09 2-19-09 3-03-09 3-15-09 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 February 100 Lasiodiplodia theobromae Neofusicoccum parvum 12 d 24 d 36 d 48 d 60 d 72 d 84 d T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 12-10-08 12-22-08 1-02-09 1-14-09 1-26-09 2-07-09 2-19-09 3-03-09 Lasiodiplodia theobromae Lasiodiplodia theobromae March Neofusicoccum parvum Neofusicoccum parvum 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 12 d 12 d 24 d 36 d 0 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T1 T2 2-07-09 3-03-09 2-19-09 3-03-09 3-15-09 3-15-09 T3
Does spore trapping help control canker disease? It might if you could get into the vineyard within 12-24 hours.
Fungicide Application Band spraying-pruning wound protection and powdery mildew control
Vitiseal 1:9 Spray
Thank You
Botryosphaeria Canker Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis Disease cycle? Picnidia, Teleomorph? Native plants fruit, nut trees Foliar symptoms??
Rain Stroma on Dead trunk Eutypa lata E. leptoplaca Ascospores Release Fresh pruning wounds Canker Several Years After Infection
Introduction Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis Grapevine Trunk Diseases - Infect grapevines through pruning wounds - Symptoms include: Grapevine decline (dieback) Blockage of vascular system (Xylem - Phloem) Toxin production Yield loss Death of the plant
Grapevine Canker Diseases - Caused by fungal pathogens (Ascomycetes) Eutypa lata Eutypa leptoplaca Botryosphaeria spp - Infect grapevines through wounds Most commonly through pruning wounds Wounds caused by mechanical damage Endophytic? - Symptoms include Slow decline Rapid death of spur positions Dieback Eventual death
Petri disease (Young vine decline) Phaeomoniella chlamydospora
Esca & Petri disease Department of Plant Pathology, UC Davis Young Plants Young Esca Black Goo Grapevine decline Petri Disease Adult Plants Esca (Black measles)
Petri Disease =Young Esca Disease occurs on 1-10yr-old vines. vines Disease results from infection of rootstock by Phaeomoniella chlamydospora. Similar symptoms caused by different species of Phaeoacremonium. Pathogen introduced into plants in nursery, and in production fields.
Spores of Phaeoacremonium spp. and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora were trapped in infected vineyards of California Phaeoacremonium spp.