Famil: Phllathaceae Taxo: Bridelia isulaa Som: Bridelia isulaa var. subuda Briedelia peagiaa Hook.f. Briedelia miutiflora Hook.f. Bridelia icobarica Chakrab. & Vasudeva Ra Commo Name Gre Birch Prickl Bridelia Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: EVALUATE Data Etr Perso: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 1 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, =-1 103 Does the species have weed races? =1, =-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, =-1 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 Prit Date: 3/10/2011 Bridelia isulaa (Phllathaceae) Page 1 of 7
410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, =-1 603 Hbridizes aturall =1, =-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic =1, =-1 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, =-1 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, =-1 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, =-1 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, =-1 705 Propagules water dispersed =1, =-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed =1, =-1 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, =-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, =-1 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, =-1 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, =-1 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, =-1 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: EVALUATE WRA Score 1 Prit Date: 3/10/2011 Bridelia isulaa (Phllathaceae) Page 2 of 7
Supportig Data: 101 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. No evidece 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 201 2010. CSIRO. Australia Tropical Raiforest Plats [olie database] - Bridelia isulaa. http://kes.tri.org.au:8080/ke- "Occurs i CYP ad NEQ, widespread. Altitudial rage from ear sea level to 200 m. Grows i well developed coastal lowlad rai forest. Also occurs i SE Asia, Malesia ad Sri Laka." server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004-060d07080d04/media/html/taxo/bridelia_isula a.htm 202 2010. CSIRO. Australia Tropical Raiforest Plats [olie database] - Bridelia isulaa. http://kes.tri.org.au:8080/ke- server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004-060d07080d04/media/html/taxo/bridelia_isula a.htm "Occurs i CYP ad NEQ, widespread. Altitudial rage from ear sea level to 200 m. Grows i well developed coastal lowlad rai forest. Also occurs i SE Asia, Malesia ad Sri Laka." 203 2010. Welze, P.C. va/chaamarit, K.. Flora of "Distributio. From Mamar to Vietam (tpe) throughout Malesia to the Solomos ad N.E. Australia...Altitude: from sea level to 1500 m." [ative to tropical climates, but elevatio rage exceeds 1000 m, demostratig some evirometal versatilit] 204 2010. CSIRO. Australia Tropical Raiforest Plats [olie database] - Bridelia isulaa. http://kes.tri.org.au:8080/ke- "Occurs i CYP ad NEQ, widespread. Altitudial rage from ear sea level to 200 m. Grows i well developed coastal lowlad rai forest. Also occurs i SE Asia, Malesia ad Sri Laka." server/data/0e0f0504-0103-430d-8004-060d07080d04/media/html/taxo/bridelia_isula a.htm 205 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. No evidece CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 205 2010. Welze, P.C. va/chaamarit, K.. Flora of No evidece 205 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. No evidece of a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage 301 1992. Herbst, D.R./Staples, G.W./Medbur, S.. Specime Details for Bridelia isulaa Hace [BISH 627911]. Bishop Museum, http://sdb.bishopmuseum.org/iclude/cpop.asp? catum=21787025 301 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Idex [Olie Database]. 302 2002. Richards, S.J./Suradi, S. (eds.). A Biodiversit Assessmet of Yogsu - Cclops Moutais ad the Souther Mamberamo Basi, Papua, Idoesia. RAP Bulleti of Biological Assessmet 25. Coservatio Iteratioal, Washigto, DC 302 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Idex [Olie Database]. "Localit: USA, Polesia, Hawaiia Islads, Oahu,& Kaeohe: Ho'omaluhia Botaical Garde, Malasia sectio. Uaccessioed seedligs growig beeath 1 of 4 trees with HBG acc. o. 76.0302. Seedligs of Herbst et al. 9605, listed as Cratoxlo sp., but surel a Flacourtiaceae. Hudreds of seedligs preset" [o records of aturalizatio, but seedlig establishig i botaical garde i urba Hoolulu suggest tree could aturalize i more wild settigs] No evidece "I disturbed or gap areas, commo species iclude Macaraga mappa, Macaraga sp., Bridelia isulaa, Caaga odorata, Edospermum moluccaum, Leucoske capitelata, Glochidio sp., ad Camposperma auriculata." [descriptio as a coloizer of disturbed ad gap areas is from ative rage. Suggests potetial to exploit these areas i itroduced rage.] No evidece Prit Date: 3/10/2011 Bridelia isulaa (Phllathaceae) Page 3 of 7
302 2009. Oauh Ivasive Species Committee. OISC Geeral Meetig - December 8, 2009, Meetig Notes. "Hoolulu Botaical Gardes, Naomi Hoffma. At Ho omaluhia we are cotrollig albizia, macaraga, fiddlewood, Schefflera, we are trig to cotrol a lot of thigs. A ew species we are dealig with is Bridelia, Alex ad Daielle idetified it. It is http://www.hawaiiivasivespecies.org/iscs/oisc/pd a big horrible tree. A farmer ext to Ho omaluhia called Beck Azama at DOA fs/20091208oiscmeetigotes.pdf about it. The whole tree has thors, all the wa up. We ol have four gardeers ad the ca barel keep up with the mowig. We have ot heard back from Beck. The farmer has mature trees; o our propert it is ol keikis. If aoe has a ideas how we ca cotrol it, let us kow. The keikis are maturig. We do t have it as a accessio, it could have bee a uaccessioed plat. A lot of thigs were plated at Ho omaluhia that were ot idetified. I caot fid it i our database. It seemed like there was a gap i commuicatio, the farmer did ot wat to talk directl to us." 303 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Idex [Olie Database]. No evidece 304 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Idex [Olie Database]. No evidece 305 2006. Tassi, J./Riviere, J.-N./Cazaove, "Bridelia micratha...kow as a coloiser i Reuio Islad" [but with o M./Bruzzese, E.. Rakig of ivasive wood plat descriptio of impacts] species for maagemet o Reuio Islad. Weed Research. 46: 388 403. 305 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Idex [Olie Database]. No other Bridelia species listed as ivasive or as weeds 401 2004. Hog Kog Flora ad Vegetatio. Bridelia isulaa. "Habit: Trees up to 17 m tall, 30 cm i d. b. h.; bark fulvous, earl smooth; brachlets glabrous, with elevated leticels" [commo ame "Prickl Bridelia"] http://www.hkflora.com/v2/leaf/euphor_show_pla t.php?platid=1021 401 2009. Oauh Ivasive Species Committee. OISC Geeral Meetig - December 8, 2009, Meetig Notes. http://www.hawaiiivasivespecies.org/iscs/oisc/pd fs/20091208oiscmeetigotes.pdf "The whole tree has thors, all the wa up." 401 2010. Welze, P.C. va/chaamarit, K.. Flora of 402 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow 403 2010. Welze, P.C. va/chaamarit, K.. Flora of 404 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Palatabilit ukow "Medium to large tree up to 25 m high; brachlets glabrous, leticels raised ad ver cospicuous o oe but last geeratio braches, bark the greish. Stipules ver arrowl triagular, up to 5 b 0.8-1.3 mm, sparsel browish puberulous, earl caducous. Leaves: petiole 4-8 mm log, glabrous; blade (broadl) elliptic (to obovate), 4.5-21 b 2.5-8.8 cm, legth/width ratio 1.5 2.7, chartaceous (to subcoriaceous), glabrous above, glabrous to puberulous o veatio beeath, base obtuse to acute, margi etire, apex shortl acumiate; veatio promiet beeath, erves 9-13(-14) pairs, with a rather moderatel acute agle of divergece, ot joiig margial vei but closig with ext erve, tertiar veis reticulate." "Medium to large tree up to 25 m high" [ot parasitic] 405 2010. Welze, P.C. va/chaamarit, K.. Flora of "Bridelia stipularis...the plat is said to be poisoous." [Ukow for B. iuslaa] Prit Date: 3/10/2011 Bridelia isulaa (Phllathaceae) Page 4 of 7
406 2003. Huag, Ku-Wei/Wag, Chi-Fah. Eriophoid Mites of Taiwa: Descriptio of Thirtee Species of Nothopodiae from Huesue (Acari: Eriophoidea). Formosa Etomolog. 23: 313-329. 407 2010. Welze, P.C. va/chaamarit, K.. Flora of 408 1996. Dressler, S.. Bridelia (Euphorbiaceae) i New Guiea with a Descriptio of a New Species. Kew Bulleti 51(3): 601-607. 51(3): 601-607. 409 2010. Welze, P.C. va/chaamarit, K.. Flora of 410 2010. Welze, P.C. va/chaamarit, K.. Flora of 411 2010. Welze, P.C. va/chaamarit, K.. Flora of 412 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow "I this work, the authors describe ad illustrate four geera ad 13 species, icludig te ew species ad oe ew combiatio ad give additioal descriptios of two kow species, of the Nothopodiae from Huesue Experimetal Forest, Natou Cout, cetral Taiwa. The are: Colopodacus isulaaus sp. ov. (ifestig Bridelia isulaaus), Colopodacus obovataus sp. ov. (ifestig Stautoia obovata ad Ficus irisaa), Aothopoda zuihoeae sp. ov. (ifestig Machilus zuihoesis), Floracarus szgiae sp. ov. (ifestig Szgium formosam), Floracarus hpophae sp. ov. (ifestig Litsea hpophaea), Floracarus eolitseaus ov. comb. (Huag, 1992) (ifestig Neolitsea acumiatissima), Cosella viburiae sp. ov. (ifestig Viburum luzoicum), Cosella formosaa sp. ov. (ifestig Helicia formosaa), Cosella macrocarpae sp. ov. (ifestig Mucua macrocarpa), Cosella castaopiae sp. ov. (ifestig Castaopsis kawakamii), Cosella hacei sp. ov. (ifestig Lithocarpus hacei), Cosella flescheri (Keifer, 1959) (ifestig Schima superba var. superba), ad Cosella champioi Huag, 2001 (ifestig Bauhiia champioii). A ke to the geera ad species of Nothopodiae of Huesue is provided." [importace of pests ukow] "Uses. - Timber sometimes used i house buildig (Sulawesi), as house posts (Bougaiville), for kife hadles (Lesser Suda Islads). Bark used for colourig the saguwer (palm wie) red. The fruits are edible. The plat provides ative medicie for headache (Sabah, Boreo) ad a decoctio of the leaves is applied as a lotio agaist itch (Mala Peisular). The leaves provide a wrappig for smokes (Papua New Guiea)." [o evidece of toxicit to humas] "...the species of subg. Getilia (B. isulaa Hace, icl. B. peagiaa Hook. f. ad B. glauca Blume) o that islad (Map 3) seem to prefer ever-wet raiforest habitats (cf. va Steeis 1979: fig. 4)." [ulikel to create fire hazards] "Ecolog. Primar ad secodar rai forest, ofte alog rivers, but also o dr lad" [shade tolerace ukow, but establishmet i primar rai forest suggests tree ma be adapted to some degree of shade tolerace] "Ecolog. Primar ad secodar rai forest, ofte alog rivers, but also o dr lad; soil: sad to loam, clae, limestoe." "Medium to large tree up to 25 m high" [ot climbig or smotherig] 501 2010. Welze, P.C. va/chaamarit, K.. Flora of 502 2011. Tropicos.org. Tropicos [Olie Database]. Missouri Botaical Garde, http://www.tropicos.org/ 503 2010. Welze, P.C. va/chaamarit, K.. Flora of 504 2010. Welze, P.C. va/chaamarit, K.. Flora of "Medium to large tree up to 25 m high" [terrestrial] Phllathaceae [formerl Euphorbiaceae] Phllathaceae [formerl Euphorbiaceae. Not a Nitroge fixig wood plat] "Medium to large tree up to 25 m high" [ot a geophte] Prit Date: 3/10/2011 Bridelia isulaa (Phllathaceae) Page 5 of 7
601 2010. Welze, P.C. va/chaamarit, K.. Flora of 602 2010. Welze, P.C. va/chaamarit, K.. Flora of 603 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow 604 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow 605 1994. Murali, K.S./Sukumar, R.. Reproductive Pheolog of a Tropical Dr Forest i Mudumalai, Souther Idia. Joural of Ecolog 82(4): 759-767. 82(4): 759-767. 605 2005. Kawakita, A.. Evolutio of obligate polliatio mutualism i the tribe Phllatheae (Phllathaceae). Plat Species Biolog. 25: 3-19. 605 2007. Luo, S./Zhag, D./Reer, S.S.. Duodichogam ad adrodioec i the Chiese Phllathaceae Bridelia tometosa. America Joural of Bota. 94(2): 260 265. 605 2010. Welze, P.C. va/chaamarit, K.. Flora of 606 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow 607 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow 701 2010. Welze, P.C. va/chaamarit, K.. Flora of 702 2010. Welze, P.C. va/chaamarit, K.. Flora of No evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat "Seeds ovoid, taperig at apex, 6-7 b 3.5-4.5 mm i diameter, greeish brow." "Appedix I...Bridelia retusa wid polliated" [related species does ot require specialized polliator] "Polliatio sstems i other Phllathaceae tribes are still poorl kow, but available evidece suggests that o-phllatheae plats also have bee ad fl polliators (Ngulube et al. 1998; Kato et al. 2008; Luo 2006; Luo et al. 2007; Li & Zhag 2007). These observatios idicate that the acestral polliatio sstem for the Phllatheae tribe is likel to be geeralist bee/fl polliatio, from which arose the specialized Epicephala polliatio." [Bridelia isulaa i the tribe Bridelieae, which is likel fl/bee polliated] "Polliatio was b flies, ad experimetal polle supplemetatio of a subset of a tree s flowers did ot icrease fruit set, suggestig high levels of isect visitatio ad possible resource limitatio." [related species B. tometosa is flpolliated] "Ifloresceces: glomerules with 15-30 sessile to shortl pedicelled flowers. Stamiate flowers 2-2.5 mm i diameter, cream ellow; pistillate oes 2-3(-3.5) mm i diameter, whitish cream with red disc; pedicel 0-1.5 mm log. Sepals triagular, c. 1.2 b 1.2 mm, puberulous outside. Petals variable i shape, ti, 0.3-0.5 b 0.3-0.5 mm, base cueate. Stames: stamial colum c. 1 mm log; free part of filamets up to 0.8 mm log; athers ovoid to semigloboid, c. 0.4 mm i diameter. Ovar ovoid, c. 1 b 0.7 mm i diameter; stles 2, basall uited, together with stigmas 1-1.5 mm log, exsertig flower, stigmas shortl bifid." "Seeds ovoid, taperig at apex, 6-7 b 3.5-4.5 mm i diameter, greeish brow." [seeds without a meas of exteral attachmet] "Uses. - Timber sometimes used i house buildig (Sulawesi), as house posts (Bougaiville), for kife hadles (Lesser Suda Islads). Bark used for colourig the saguwer (palm wie) red. The fruits are edible. The plat provides ative medicie for headache (Sabah, Boreo) ad a decoctio of the leaves is applied as a lotio agaist itch (Mala Peisular). The leaves provide a wrappig for smokes (Papua New Guiea)." [tree with multiple uses, but o evidece of cultivatio withi or outside ative rage] 703 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. No evidece that tree is grow with commercial produce 704 2010. Welze, P.C. va/chaamarit, K.. Flora of 705 2010. Welze, P.C. va/chaamarit, K.. Flora of "Fruits up to 10 per glomerule, ellipsoid to ovoid, poited at apex, 6-11 b 4-6 mm i diameter, 1-locular, bluish black; edocarp 1, wood. Seeds ovoid, taperig at apex, 6-7 b 3.5-4.5 mm i diameter, greeish brow." [flesh-fruited; o adaptatios for wid dispersal] "Ecolog. Primar ad secodar rai forest, ofte alog rivers, but also o dr lad; soil: sad to loam, clae, limestoe. Altitude: from sea level to 1500 m." [fruits ma potetiall be dispersed b water alog river courses] Prit Date: 3/10/2011 Bridelia isulaa (Phllathaceae) Page 6 of 7
706 2002. Au, A.Y.Y./Corlett, R.T./Hau, B.C.H.. Seed rai ito uplad plat commuities i Hog Kog, Chia. Plat Ecolog. 186: 13 22. 706 2002. Kitamura, S./Yumoto, T./Pooswad, P./Chuailua, P./Plogmai, K./Maruhashi, T./Noma, N.. Iteractios betwee flesh fruits ad frugivores i a tropical seasoal forest i Thailad. Oecologia. 133: 559 572. 706 2008. Kitamura, S./Yumoto, T./Noma, N./Chuailua, P./Maruhashi, T./Wohadee, P./Pooswad, P.. Aggregated seed dispersal b wreathed horbills at a roost site i a moist evergree forest of Thailad. Ecological Research. 23: 943 952. 707 2010. Welze, P.C. va/chaamarit, K.. Flora of 708 2002. Kitamura, S./Yumoto, T./Pooswad, P./Chuailua, P./Plogmai, K./Maruhashi, T./Noma, N.. Iteractios betwee flesh fruits ad frugivores i a tropical seasoal forest i Thailad. Oecologia. 133: 559 572. 801 2002. Kitamura, S./Yumoto, T./Pooswad, P./Chuailua, P./Plogmai, K./Maruhashi, T./Noma, N.. Iteractios betwee flesh fruits ad frugivores i a tropical seasoal forest i Thailad. Oecologia. 133: 559 572. 802 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow "Appedix...Bridelia isulaa" [observed as beig bird-dispersed] "The miimum umber of frugivore groups recorded for a give fruit species was two (horbills ad squirrels) for Sterculia balaghas ad three (mostl pigeos, horbills ad/or squirrels) for 9 species. The most widel cosumed fruits were Ficus altissima ad F. subcordata (10 groups each), Elaeagus latifolia (9 groups), ad Bridelia isulaa ad Szgium cumii (9 groups each). Of these, the Ficus species bear soft fruits with ma small seeds, E. latifolia bears large soft fruit with a sigle large seed, ad B. isulaa ad S. cumii bear small soft fruits with a sigle seed." "Table 2...Bridelia isulaa...r regurgitated b horbills" "Fruits up to 10 per glomerule, ellipsoid to ovoid, poited at apex, 6-11 b 4-6 mm i diameter, 1-locular, bluish black; edocarp 1, wood. Seeds ovoid, taperig at apex, 6-7 b 3.5-4.5 mm i diameter, greeish brow." [o meas of exteral attachmet] "Appedix: Bu bulbuls, Pi pigeos, Ho horbills, Ci civets, Gi gibbos, Ma macaques, Be bears" [all of these vertebrate aimals are documeted as dispersers of Bridelia isulaa; seeds presumed to survive passage through guts of aimals] "...B. isulaa ad S. cumii bear small soft fruits with a sigle seed." 803 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow [o iformatio o cotrol with herbicides] 804 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow 805 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. Ukow Prit Date: 3/10/2011 Bridelia isulaa (Phllathaceae) Page 7 of 7