Sunflower and Canola Production Issues Hans Kandel, NDSU Extension Agronomist E-mail hans.kandel@ndsu.edu Canola Growth Stages 1. Seedling 2. Rosette 3. Bud 4. Flowering (Bloom) 5. Ripening Canola Production Spring Planting Time Optimum is early in planting window Cool season crop Better yields with cool weather at flowering Fewer flea beetles Frost tolerant Lower green seed percentage Canola Production 8 14 plants per square foot optimum stand Seeding rate 5 lb/a Seed size varies 90,000/lb ( Hybrids) 140,00/lb (Open Pollinated) Plant 1/2 to 1 deep 6 to 12 row width Canola Cultivar Types Weed management Conventional declining Numbers Specialty Oil typesanticipate a slowly growing market Roundup Resistant increasing numbers Liberty Resistant Clearfield (IMI) Cultivar genetics Open pollinated mostly self pollinated, options decreasing Hybrid mostly cross pollinated. Has hybrid vigor, Options increasing Synthetic Becoming more common. Less than 80% hybrid seed. Rest is OP seed of the male parent ½ 1 1.9 2.9 Agronomist hans.kandel@ndsu.edu 1
Mean percentage of canola Pure Live Seed Emergence (PLSE) seeded at two depths averaged across eight genotype-size categories at two North Dakota locations during 1999 and 2000. (Dr. Johnson, NDSU) N fertilizer Nitrogen = (yield goal in lb/a x 0.05) soil nitrate in 0 24 inch in lb /a previous crop credit X = (1800 x 0.05) 25 0 (after wheat) X=65 lb per acre Sulfur recommendations For canola, low to medium testing sites, apply 20 30 lb/acre S in sulfate form. For canola on high testing sites, apply 10 15 lb/acre. Early Growth Stages in Canola 0 Pre emergence 1 Seedling Cotyledons Affect of Planting Date on Canola Yields from 1992 95 at Langdon ND. Canola seed yield (lb/a) at five seeding dates at four North Dakota locations in 2010. Seeding date Carrington Hettinger Langdon Minot Date 1 2540 100% 2770 2970 na Date 2 2380 94% 2100 3110 2454 Date 3 1780 70% 1950 3560 1870 Date 4 1560 61% 1867 3080 880 Date 5 1180 47% 1030 3160 900 LSD(0.05) 300 180 NS 450 Agronomist hans.kandel@ndsu.edu 2
Canola development (days) for three growth periods at Carrington North Dakota in 2010. Seeding date First flower Begin to End flower Maturity Total 28 April 50 23 22 95 12 May 45 20 17 87 21 May 43 20 18 81 28 May 38 20 18 76 9 June 38 17 15 70 Canola seed oil content (%) at five seeding dates at four North Dakota locations in 2010. Seeding date Carrington Hettinger Langdon Minot Date 1 44.9 47.3 45.0 na Date 2 43.7 46.7 43.5 43.0 Date 3 41.5 45.6 43.5 42.8 Date 4 40.6 41.2 43.2 38.7 Date 5 38.9 39.0 41.0 34.5 LSD(0.05) 1.6 1.1 1.4 2.7 Canola seed yield (lb/a) at five seeding dates at four North Dakota locations in 2011. Seeding date Hettinger Langdon Minot Date 1 1320 2840 1600 Date 2 610 3240 2600 Date 3 410 2950 1520 Date 4 540 3300 1340 Date 5 490 3430 - LSD(0.05) 110 300 450 Percent of yield 105 95 85 75 65 55 45 35 Minot REC y = 0.0541x 2 4408x + 9E+07 R² = 0.8307 25 7-May 17-May 27-May 6-Jun 16-Jun Planting date Minot Canola Bloom Identification Find main stem Remove secondary branches Count only open flowers on main stem At 30% bloom a field is fully flowered CANOLA % Open Flowers on Main Stem Days after begin Flowering 2 days 4 days 6 days 8 days 10 days 12 days 14 days 16 days 18 days 20 days Percent Open 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Agronomist hans.kandel@ndsu.edu 3
10 % Bloom 30% Bloom Fungicides provide protection to the plant for at least nine days when applied at the 20 to 30 percent bloom stage. This is the period when the most damaging infections are usually initiated Sclerotinia Risk Map for Canola Maps are posted twice/week during canola growing season, available at: http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/sclerotinia/ Sclerotinia Risk Map for Canola http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/sclerotinia/ Aster Yellow Sunflower Agronomist hans.kandel@ndsu.edu 4
Sunflower following crops, Crookston, MN. Average Crop Rooting Depth Hybrid Selection What Traits Do Your Need? Tolerance to water stress Oleic content if NuSun Hybrid Yield potential and stability Seed size Maturity Standability Diseases PRODUCTION PRACTICES Soils/Fertility Nitrogen Promotes plant growth Promotes higher oils 5 lb N per 100 lb of yield eg: 1800 lb yield goal = 90 N 2000 lb yield goal = 100 N No more than 10 lb N by the seed High yields are the results of having the right genetic package to meet the environmental conditions PRODUCTION PRACTICES Planting Rates Rows: Oil types 18,000 to 22,000 Confection types 15,000 to 18,000 Solid Seeded: Oil types 24,000 to 28,000 Confection types 18,000 to 22,000 PRODUCTION PRACTICES Planting Rates Lower populations in drier soils, higher under irrigation North/South vs East/West rows? NS probably better, heads hang between rows Harder for birds to feed Less damage and shattering during storms Agronomist hans.kandel@ndsu.edu 5
Sunflower Date of Planting Carrington, ND. (4 yr. Ave). Sunflower Row Spacing Trial 1996 Sunflower Downy Mildew Stunting, yellow leaves, distorted growth, chlorosis along main veins (systemic infection) Checking Seed placement Planter Preparations Adjust seed drop Check and adjust for seed depth Adjust seed monitor for spacings Undersides of leaves may have a white, cottony growth; Topsides may have chlorosis Repeat when changing hybrids, lots, seed sizes, etc. Sunflower yield with tillage systems, Carrington, 2006-07. LSD (0.05) = NS Early insect control Wire worm Planter box treatments Cutworms Stem Weevil: SUNFLOWER INSECTS Endres and Hendrickson Stem Weevil Larva Stem Weevil Adult Agronomist hans.kandel@ndsu.edu 6
PRODUCTION PRACTICES Reproductive Stages R1 Starts with the appearance of bud PRODUCTION PRACTICES Reproductive Stages R2 Stage starts when the neck starts to elongate R5.1 Sunflower Moth Reproductive Stages R5 Beginning of flowering One of the more important stages for insect control Broke down into percent of head that is flowered Start scouting at R-5.3 stage thru R-5.9 Scout early morning or late evening when moths are active Red Seed Weevil Emerges from soil early July to mid August Scout from R5.0 to R5.7 Banded Sunflower Moth (Mid-season pest) Banded Sunflower Moth Larva Banded Sunflower Moth Adult Scout early morning or late evening when moths are active Red Seed Weevil Larva Red Seed Weevil Adult Agronomist hans.kandel@ndsu.edu 7
Sunflower Head Maggot Injury Seed sterility Tunneling through ovaries (seeds) No webbing (webbing indicates banded sunflower moth or sunflower moth) Influence of Weed Removal in Sunflower (New) Clearfield Sunflowers Clearfield Sunflowers Naturally tolerant to BEYOND herbicide A post emergent program (grass & broadleaves) with residual Non GMO!!! Apply BEYOND only to Clearfield tolerant hybrids Herbicides PRODUCTION PRACTICES Express Sunflowers Tribenuron; ONLY APPLY TO EXPRESS SUN sunflower! Assert Sunflower tolerance to Assert tank mixes 2007 Visual injury Height Deform heads Yield Treatment ---%--- in % lb/a Jun Jul Jul 6 Jul 29 Sel + NIS + AMS 6 9 18.8 1 1669 Sel + Assert+NIS+AMS 27 38 14.9 60 835 Assert + NIS 19 18 17.5 57 852 Untreated 0 0 20.1 1 1520 *Spartan and Prowl applied PRE to entire study to control weeds (3 fl oz and 2.6 pt). October 2006 Brian Jenks *POST treatments applied at 4 to 6 leaf sunflower; Assert applied at 0.8 pt Agronomist hans.kandel@ndsu.edu 8
Yield loss table in percent 2012 Sunflower Survey # Fields North Dakota 97 Minnesota 10 South Dakota 54 Kansas 5 Colorado 7 Nebraska 4 Manitoba 11 Texas 8 Vermont 15 T0TAL 211 % Confection and Oilseed Sunflower fields 2012 Survey Row Spacing in Sunflower 2012 Sunflower Yield Components Heads per acre x seeds per head x weight per seed = Yield Sunflower Yield and Plant Population: 2011 Agronomist hans.kandel@ndsu.edu 9
Sunflower Yield and Plant Population: 2012 2012 Yield vs. Plant Population Oil Sunflower only Yield lb/a Plant population per acre Yield lb/a 2012 Yield vs. Plant Population Confection Sunflower only Plant population per acre 2012 #1 Yield Limiting Factors combined (211 Fields) Disease 7.1% Plant spacing within row 17.5% Lodging 2.8% Weeds 8.5% Birds 6.6% Insects 4.7% Drought 29.4% Hail 0.9% Uneven plant growth 2.5% Other 6.6% No Problem 13.3% Table. Top Most Limiting Factors 2010-2012 Sunflower Surveys. Limiting factor Limiting factor Limiting factor 2010 1 2011 1 2012 1 Limiting factor 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd Yield Limiting factor and Yield 2012 -------------------Percent--------------------- Drought 5 2 8 3 29 7 Plant spacing within row 18 15 18 17 18 14 No problem 12 35 14 30 13 34 Weeds 10 11 8 10 8 11 Disease 21 8 16 10 7 7 1 Based on observations of 207 fields in 2010 and 155 in 2011 and 211 in 2012. lb per acre Agronomist hans.kandel@ndsu.edu 10
Instructions were examine upper 4 leaves on 5 consecutive plants and determine illustration that best fits average of all plants. Red Rust Incidence in Sunflower Red Rust Severity in Sunflower Sclerotinia Head Rot Skeletonized heads Large sclerotia covering the face of the head Rust Severity Estimated for Fields Where Incidence Reported Sclerotinia Head Rot Incidence in Sunflower 2012 Phoma Black Stem Soil borne disease Generally not a major problem in sunflowers Can rot the stem, cause lodging, smaller heads Controlling stem weevils may help Rotate with grass crops Agronomist hans.kandel@ndsu.edu 11
Phoma Incidence and Severity in Sunflower 2012 Phomopsis Percent European disease found in Northern Plains Rots the stem, light seed, lodging More stem pith degradation Burying residue helps Plant hybrids that are resistant Phomopsis Incidence and Severity in Sunflower 2012 PEST MANAGEMENT Long-horned Beetle (Dectes) Long horned Beetle Incidence and Severity in Sunflower 2012 Recording observations Percent Agronomist hans.kandel@ndsu.edu 12
Blackbirds Damage Many Crops Bird Incidence and Severity in Sunflower 2012 Sunflowers Corn Small grains Most crops are targets >$10 to $20 million damage per year to sunflowers Percent Top Weeds Observed: 2012 North Dakota Biennial wormwood Canada thistle Cockle Bur Lambsquarter Kochia Red root Pig Weed Russian thistle Rag weed common Foxtail green & yellow Minnesota Biennial wormwood Canada thistle Lambsquarter Marsh elder Rag weedcommon Field sandbur Foxtail green 10 Steps to 2000 lb Sunflower Field Selection watch rotations and potential weed problems Tillage and seedbed preparation Hybrid selection Full season, high oil Adequate fertility Nitrogen is key Plant timely with adequate plant populations 10 Steps to 2000 lb Sunflower Weed Control chemical, cultural and mechanical Monitor for insect problems and control Monitor for bird problems and control Timely harvest may reduce losses Proper drying, handling and storage Agronomist hans.kandel@ndsu.edu 13