UDC 664.858 : 612.39 : 616.379 008.64 APTEFF, 34, 1 148 (2003) BIBLID: 1450 7188 (2003) 34, pp. 23 30 Original scientific paper LOW CALORIE MARMALADES Saša R. Pavlović, Aleksandra N. Tepić and Biserka L. Vujičić The number of people suffering from insulin-dependent (Diabetes Melitus type I) and insulin-independent (Diabetes Melitus type II) is huge, and the number of potential diseased is in permanent rise. For that reason, products with reduced amount of sugar have become very popular. Factory "Srbijanka" Valjevo manufactures reduced sugar marmalades from apricot, peach, strawberry, apple and orange. Low metoxyl pectins and highgrade locust bean gum were used as gelation agents. Sensory evaluation and energy value of these marmalades were determined and all samples were highly graded. All marmalades belonged to the group of low-calorie (dietetic) products. KEY WORDS: low-calorie (dietetic) products, marmalades, pectins INTRODUCTION There are about 200.000 of people with diabetes in Vojvodina. The number of potential deseased is approximately 5% of population in Serbia. To satisfy the needs of these people, industrial production of low-calorie products with reduced sugar and added artificial sweeteners is in increase. As a consequence, the energy value decreases, while the sweetness remains more or less unchanged. The most frequently used artificial sweeteners are saccharin, aspartam, acesulfam-k and cyclamat, which are several times sweeter than sucrose. Aspartam, the sweetener used in this work, is 200 times sweeter than sucrose, and its energy value is 4 kcal/g. Production of jams, jellies and marmalades from fruit, sugar, pectin and edible acids is one of the oldest food preserving processes known to mankind. The shelf-life of these products is gained by increasing the content of soluble solids (min 60%) which causes a decrease of free water by hydration, sufficient pasteurization, chemical preservation of low-calorie products (less than 38% soluble solids), and low ph-range (2.6 3.2). Sufficient cooking time and temperature, head space sterilization of the glass jar after filling and sealing under vacuum are also criteria for their protection from microbial spoilage. Saša R. Pavlović, B.Sc., "Srbijanka" Valjevo, Aleksandra N. Tepić, B.Sc., Biserka L. Vujičić, Prof., University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, 21000 Novi Sad, Bulevar Cara Lazara 1, Serbia and Montenegro 23
Marmalade is a gelly product manufactured by cooking of fresh or semi processed edible parts of whole fruit (without peel, skin, seeds, etc.), which has been transformed to a purée by straining through a sieve or a similar process, with added sugar or sugar syrup, pectin and acid. Modern cooking systems (a continuous closed vacuum system with reduced pressure) are equipped with automatic metering device for sugar sirup, acid and pectin solution. The process refractometer and ph measuring sequence provide automatic control of soluble solids content and ph-values. Dietetic (low calorie) food products are intended for special diets. The energy value of low-calorie products, compared to the traditional products is reduced by min. 30% at least. It is permitted to use sorbic acid and its salts, as well as benzoic acid and its salts as preservatives. As sugar replacers and intensive sweeteners sorbitol, manitol, fructose, saccharin, cyclamate and aspartame are permitted for use. The aim of this work was the industrial production of low-calorie marmalades from apricot, peach, apple, strawberry and orange and estimation of their chemical and sensory quality. EXPERIMENTAL 1. Apricot, peach, apple, strawberry (fruit purée) ("Srbijanka", Valjevo) and orange concentrate ("Jafa", Israel) were used for the processing of marmalades. 2. Gelling agents: a. "Obi Pectin", types Violettband D 075 X (low metoxyl, amidated pectin) and Violettband D 075 (low metoxyl pectin), b. "Grinsted Pectin", types LA 410 (low metoxyl, amidated pectin), c. "Genu Pectin", types LM 102 AS and LM 104 AS FS (low metoxyl, amidated pectin), d. "Herbstreight & Fox", Classic AF 703 (medium esterified pectin), e. "Grinsted" LBG 147 (high-grade locust bean gum). 3. Tri calcium dicitrate 4H2O. 4. Sucrose and citric acid were used to obtain soluble solids and meet the ph requirements. 5. Aspartam (artificial sweetener). All jelly products were manufactured in factory "Srbijanka" Valjevo. Marmalades were cooked according to formulations given in Table 1, recommended by the pectin manufacturer (1, 2). The required amount of pectin was mixed with about 5 times the amount of sugar. This mixture was dissolved in hot water (80 C) and blended in a mixer until the homogenous colloid system (3-5% pectin solution) was obtained. Meanwhile, the fruit with the rest of sugar and approx. 1/3 of required amount of water were pulled into the vacuum cooker and heated up to 80 C with no presence of vacuum. When the required temperature was achieved, pectin solution was added with permanent stirring. The mixture was cooked under the vacuum until the recommended SS (soluble solids) was achieved. 24
Rp 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Table 1. Recepies (Rp) for low-calorie marmalades Marmalade Recommended SS * (%) (70/30) Recommended ph Fruit (g/kg) Sugar (g/kg) 45 3.1 3.2 450 390 Aids and appliances /Artificial sweetener Tri-calciumdicitrate 4H2O, 0.5 g/kg (70/30) 40 3.1 3.4 500 340 - (70/30), dietetic 15 3.1 3.4 970 40 Aspartame, 2.0 g/kg (70/30) 35 3.2 450 297 - Peach/orange (55/45) 25 3.5 450 195 - Pectin Amount (g/kg) "Herbstreight & Fox" Classic AF 703 "Obi-Pectin" Violettband D 075 X "Obi-Pectin" Violettband D 075 "Grinsted- Pectin" LA 410 "Grinsted- Pectin" LA 410+LBG 147 9.0 6.0 10.0 7.0 8.0+1.0
Table 1. continuation 6. 7. Orange/apple (50/50) Orange/apple (50/50) 8. Strawberry/apple (70/30) 9. Strawberry/apple (78/22) 10. Strawberry/apple (56/44) * SS soluble solids 45 3.2 3.4 400 400-35 3.2 3.5 400 300-40 3.1 3.4 500 340-35 3.2 450 297-45 3.2 450 398 - "Genu-Pectin" LM 102 AS "Genu-Pectin" LM 104 AS-FS "Obi-Pectin" Violettband D 075 "Grinsted- Pectin" LA 410 "Grinsted- Pectin" LA 410 6.0 7.0 5.5 7.0 6.0
The product was heated up to 80 82 C (without vacuum) and 50% solution of citric acid was added to achieve the optimum ph. Then the marmalade was ready for filling into the 720 ml and 370 ml glass jars. Jars were closed with "twist off" covers. Мarmalades were pasteurized at 82 85 C, during 10 15 minutes, then cooled to 55 60 C (optimum temperature for gelation), labeled, packed into appropriate cardboard base overlayed with thermoassembling PVC foil, palletted and stored in a dark and cool warehouse. The initial purée characterization (soluble solids, ph and total acidity) was performed according to the usual methods (3). Soluble solids were measured by refractometer (according to Abbé), at 20 C; ph was measured by ph-meter Hanna Instruments HI 9321 (Portugal). Total acidity, as citric acid, was determined by titration with NaOH standard solution. Microbiological analyses of jellies were performed according to usual methods (4). Sensory evaluation was carried out by a point system (5). The energy values of reduced sugar jellies were calculated from contents (%) of sugar, proteins, oils and acids, multiplied by the corresponding factors (17.2 for sugar and proteins; 38.9 for oils and 10.3 for acids) (6, 7). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 2 shows the results of chemical characterization obtained for purées and orange concentrate prior to production of marmalades. The values obtained were similar to those citied by other authors (8). Table 3 shows the results of chemical characterization obtained for marmalades. Soluble solids, ph values and total acidity were as expected according to the formulations. Table 2. Chemical compostion of fruit and orange concentrate SS (%) Titrible acidity (% citric acid) ph Strawberry 7.50 0.55 3.50 Apricot 10.00 0.70 3.40 Peach 10.00 0.57 3.50 Apple 12.00 0.60 3.60 Orange concentate 65 Br 0.77 3.40 It can be seen that all samples were high graded on the basis of sensory caracteristics (18.00 and 19.00 points). The tasters graded the sample peach/apple, 70/30 (Rp 2) with 18 points, giving it for one point lower mark for consistency. Four best scored samples were used for determination of the energy values. Energy values of reduced sugar jellies were calculated from contents (%) of carbohydrates, proteins, oils and acids, multiplied by the corresponding factors (17.2 for sugar and proteins; 38.9 for oils and 10.3 for acids). The results of energy values are given in Table 5. 27
Table 3. Chemical composition of marmalades Rp Marmalade (w/w) SS (%) ph Total acidity (% аs citric acid) 1. (70/30) 45.3 3.23 0.61 2. (70/30) 40.0 3.23 0.41 3. (70/30), dietetic 16.2 3.27 0.92 4. (70/30) 35.5 3.25 0.57 5. Peach/orange (55/45) 26.8 3.76 0.35 6. Orange/apple (50/50) 48.6 3.26 0.51 7. Orange/apple (50/50) 36.8 3.00 0.68 8. Strawberry/apple (70/30) 40.0 3.16 0.74 9. Strawberry/apple (78/22) 36.0 3.25 0.50 10. Strawberry/apple (56/44) 45.8 3.20 0.40 The results of sensory evaluation for four best marked samples are given in Table 4. Table 4. Results of the best sensory marked samples (70/30) Rp 4 (70/30) Rp 2 Strawberry/apple (56/44) Rp 10 Orange/apple (50/50) Rp 7 Taste 8 8 8 8 Colour 4 4 4 4 Odour 2 2 2 2 Consistency 5 4 5 5 Total 19 18 19 19 * Rp 2, Rp 4, Rp 7 and Rp 10 are recepies for low calorie marmalades presented in Table 1. Table 5. Energy values of best sensory marked marmalades Sample Energy value (kj/100g) (70/30), Rp 4 645 (70/30), Rp 2 697 Strawberry/apple (56/44), Rp 10 799 Orange/apple (50/50), Rp 7 652 28
CONCLUSIONS Taste, colour and odour of produced marmalades were caracteristic to fruits they were made from. They had a homogenous jelly cosistence, with no crystalized sugar and without syneresis. They had no signs of fermentation nor presence of strange ingredients. The microbiological characteristics satisfied the requirements of the Regulations for this group of products (9). The energy values of marmalades were in the range from 645 kj/100g to 799 kj/100g, which classifies them to reduced-calorie jelly products (10, 11). ACKNOWLEDGEMENT These results are part of the project "Low-calorie fruit jellies for diabetics", supported by The Ministry for Science and Technologies of the Republic od Serbia. REFERENCES 1. Herbstreith & Fox: Konfitüren, gelees und marmeladen, Commercial Brochure, Germany (1991). 2. Herbstreith & Fox: The specialists for pectin, Commercial Brochure, Germany (1991). 3. Vračar, O., Ljubo: Priručnik za kontrolu kvaliteta svežeg i prerađenog voća, povrća i pečurki i osvežavajućih bezalkoholnih pića, Tehnološki fakultet, Novi Sad (2001) 61-63, 104-106, 109-110. 4. Škrinjar, M.: Мikrobiološka kontrola životnih namirnica, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Tehnološki fakultet, Novi Sad (2001) 79-83. 5. Ćirić, D., Biserka Vujičić, Bardić, Ž.: Priručnik za kontrolu kvaliteta sirovina i proizvoda od voća i povrća, Tehnološki fakultet, Novi Sad (1975) 9 16. 6. Popov Raljić, J.: Tehnologija i kvalitet gotove hrane, Tehnološki fakultet, Novi Sad (1999) 59 75. 7. Pribiš, V.: Nutritivne osobine hrane, Tehnološki fakultet, Novi Sad (1999) 187 205. 8. Belitz, H. D. & Grosch, W.: Food Chemistry, Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1987) 585. 9. Pravilnik o uslovima u pogledu zdravstvene ispravnosti dijetetskih namirnica koje se mogu stavljati u promet, Sl. list SFRJ 4/85. 10. Pravilnik o kvalitetu proizvoda od voća, povrća i pečurki i pektinskih preparata, Sl. list SFRJ 1/79, sa izmenama i dopunama Sl. list SFRJ 20/82, Sl. list SFRJ 74/90. 11. Pravilnik o uslovima u pogledu ispravnosti dijetetskih namirnica koje se mogu stavljati u promet, Sl. list SFRJ 4/85. 29
НИСКОЕНЕРГЕТСКЕ МАРМЕЛАДЕ Саша Р. Павловић, Александра Н. Тепић и Бисерка Л. Вујичић Број људи оболелих од инсулин-зависног и инсулин-независног дијабетеса је велики, а број потенцијалних дијабетичара је у сталном порасту. Из ових разлога, производи са смањеним садржајем шећера су све популарнији на тржишту. У фабрици "Србијанка" Ваљево произведене су нискоенергетске мармеладе од кајсије, брескве, јагоде, јабуке и поморанџе. Као средства за желирање коришћени су нискоестерификовани пектини и гума рогача. Готовим производима одређен је хемијски квалитет, сензорна оцена и израчуната енергетска вредност. На основу сензорне анализе, сви узорци су били високог квалитета. Све мармеладе припадају групи нискоенергетских (дијететских) производа. Received 23 June 2003 Accepted 23 September 2003 30