Famil: Arecaceae Taxo: Borassus flabellifer Som: Borassus tuicatus Lour. Pholidocarpus tuicatus (Lour.) H.Wedl. Borassus flabelliformis L. Borassus sudaicus Becc. Commo Name: doub palm palmra palm todd palm tala palm wie palm sugar palm Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Assessor Desigatio: L Data Etr Perso: Assessor WRA Score -1 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, =-1 103 Does the species have weed races? =1, =-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, =-1 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 Prit Date: 1/26/2014 Borassus flabellifer (Arecaceae) Page 1 of 7
409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, =-1 603 Hbridizes aturall =1, =-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic =1, =-1 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, =-1 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, >3 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, =-1 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, =-1 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, =-1 705 Propagules water dispersed =1, =-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed =1, =-1 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, =-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, =-1 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, =-1 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, =-1 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, =-1 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: L WRA Score -1 Prit Date: 1/26/2014 Borassus flabellifer (Arecaceae) Page 2 of 7
Supportig Data: 101 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Ecclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK 101 2014. World Agroforestr Cetre. Borassus flabellifer. PROSEA, http://www.worldagroforestrcetre.org/sea/produc [Is the species highl domesticated? Possibl. Log histor of cultivatio] "Its area of origi is ot kow but udoubtedl ma has iflueced its rage, ad large populatios, i ma areas coverig thousads of hectares, that appear wild ma be aturalized from itroductios made more tha 2000 ears before the preset." "Some regioal variatio, mostl i terms of ecological toleraces, has bee selectivel developed, but o formal cultivars are recogized." [Is the species highl domesticated? Possibl] Geetic resources: No germplasm collectios of todd palm are kow to exist. Breedig: There are o records of a breedig or selectio work. Ol i the state of Tamil Nadu (Idia) is some ts/afdbases/af/asp/speciesifo.asp?spid=18139 research o geetic variatio beig doe. The geotpes i use have probabl [Accessed 24 Ja 2014] bee selected b ma for over 2000 ears." 102 2014. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 103 2014. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 201 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. 202 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. 203 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 203 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. 204 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. 205 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 205 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. 301 2008. Redd, C.S./Bagaaraaa, G./Redd, K.N./Raju, V.S.. Ivasive Alie Flora of Idia. US Geological Surve, Resto, VA 302 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia 303 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia 304 2012. Sekar, K.C.. Ivasive alie plats of Idia Himalaa Regio - diversit ad implicatio. America Joural of Plat Scieces. 3: 177-184. 305 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "I Asia, Borassus flabellifer occurs across the Idia Subcotiet (icludig Sri Laka) through Mamar ito Idochia." [Qualit of climate match data 2-High] [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? No] "Climatic amplitude (estimates) - Altitude rage: 0-300 m - Mea aual raifall: 500-5000 mm - Raifall regime: witer; bimodal - Dr seaso duratio: 4-8 moths - Mea aual temperature: 20-29ºC - Mea maximum temperature of hottest moth: 32-45ºC - Mea miimum temperature of coldest moth: 18-25ºC - Absolute miimum temperature: > 8ºC" [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? No] "I Idia, B. flabellifer is characteristic of sad plais ad savaa (ofte ear the sea), ad secodar forest up to 800 metres altitude (Davis & Johso 1987; Sakaraligham & Hameed Kha 2001)." "It is largel restricted to areas with seasoal raifall ad rages from wester Idia through Idochia to the Lesser Suda Islads of Idoesia. Populatios i Chia, Malasia ad Pakista ma be itroduced (Whitmore 1973; Malik 1984; Pei 1991)." [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "I Asia, Borassus flabellifer occurs across the Idia Subcotiet (icludig Sri Laka) through Mamar ito Idochia." [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "It is idigeous or aturalised throughout tropical ad subtropical South ad South-East Asia. It has bee itroduced as a orametal or arboretum plat i other tropical regios of the world." [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "South ad Southeast Asia. Determiig the 'atural' distributio of Borassus flabellifer is essetiall impossible as it is a widel plated crop plat." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Borassus flabellifer is a ecoomicall importat species, itroduced to Idia i aciet times." "Remarks: Aggressive coloizer. Cultivated ads self sow, occasioall foud to be gregarious ear b cultivated fields, scrub lads ad waste lads." [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? No evidece] [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? No evidece] [Evirometal weed? Icluded i a list of ivasive species, but o egative impacts have bee documeted] "Table 1. Ivasive species of Idia Himalaa Regio" [Ivasive, i this sese, appears to be somous with "aturalized"] [Cogeeric weed? No evidece] Prit Date: 1/26/2014 Borassus flabellifer (Arecaceae) Page 3 of 7
401 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Ecclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK 402 2014. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Allelopathic? Ukow] 403 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. 404 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Ecclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK 404 2014. World Agroforestr Cetre. Borassus aethiopum. PROSEA, http://www.worldagroforestrcetre.org/sea/produc ts/afdbases/af/asp/speciesifo.asp?spid=346 [Accessed 24 Ja 2014] 405 1971. Arseculerate, S.N./Paabokke, R.G./Teekoo, G.E./Baduatha, C.H.S.R.. Toxic effects of Borassus flabellifer (Palmrah palm) i rats. Joural of Experimetal Patholog. 52(5): 524 537. 405 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Ecclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK 406 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 406 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Ecclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK 407 1971. Arseculerate, S.N./Paabokke, R.G./Teekoo, G.E./Baduatha, C.H.S.R.. Toxic effects of Borassus flabellifer (Palmrah palm) i rats. Joural of Experimetal Patholog. 52(5): 524 537. [Produces spies, thors or burrs? Yes] "Their strog, grooved petioles, 1 1.2 m log, black at the base ad black-margied whe oug, are edged with hard spies." [Parasitic? No] Arecaceae [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Fruit palatable] "Teder fruit that fall prematurel are fed to cattle." [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Ulikel. Closel related species is palatable] "Fruits ad oug leaves are sometimes browsed for fodder" [Toxic to aimals? Possibl. Toxic effects o rats] "The flesh, food storage scales of the oug shoot of the palmrah palm (Borassus flabellifer) is a food item, cosumed b the people of this coutr. This material, kottakilagu whe fed to rats for 5-10 das, produced toxic smptoms which icluded ataxia, immobilit of the hid limbs, laboured respiratio ad death. The histological abormalities were mail cofied to the liver, which showed severe cogestio of the cetrilobular regio, hdropic ad fatt degeeratio. Certai batches of kottakilagu produced i additio, reductio of succiic dehdrogease activit of the liver whe examied histochemicall. Liver mitochodria from itoxicated rats showed a reductio of succiic oxidase ad to a lesser extet, succiic dehdrogease activit i vitro Aqueous extracts of kottakilagu also produced ihibitio of succiic oxidase activit of ormal rat liver mitochodria i vitro. This activit was heat stable ad depedet o the cocetratio of the extract. It was cocluded that kottakilagu has at least 2 toxic factors, a lethal factor ad a mitochodriodamagig factor. The possible sigificace of this food i huma utritio i relatio to liver disease is poited out." [Toxic to aimals? No evidece] "Teder fruit that fall prematurel are fed to cattle." [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges?] "Pests recorded Isects: Bactrocera papaae (papaa fruit fl) Bactrocera tau Rhchophorus Vertebrate pests: Rattus exulas (bush rat) Fugus diseases: Pestalotiopsis palmarum (gre: palm leaf spot) Phtophthora palmivora (cocout budrot) Rhchophorus ferrugieus (red palm weevil) Stigmia palmivora Pests recorded at the geeric level (Borassus): Virus diseases: Cocout cadag-cadag viroid (cadag cadag disease) Pests recorded at the famil level (Arecaceae): Isects: Aleurodicus cocois (cocout whitefl) Piaspis strachai (lesser sow scale)" [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? Yes] "Bud rot fugi such as Pthium palmivorum ad Phtophthora palmivora are the most serious pathoges of palmra palms, but a umber of other fugal diseases cause foliar blights. Rhioceros beetle (Orctes rhioceros), black-head caterpillar (Nephatis seriopa) ad red palm weevil (Rhchophorus ferrugieus) ca seriousl ifest the palms (Duke, 2001)." [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Possibl] "It was cocluded that kottakilagu has at least 2 toxic factors, a lethal factor ad a mitochodriodamagig factor. The possible sigificace of this food i huma utritio i relatio to liver disease is poited out." Prit Date: 1/26/2014 Borassus flabellifer (Arecaceae) Page 4 of 7
407 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 407 2014. World Agroforestr Cetre. Borassus flabellifer. PROSEA, http://www.worldagroforestrcetre.org/sea/produc ts/afdbases/af/asp/speciesifo.asp?spid=18139 [Accessed 24 Ja 2014] 408 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Ecclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No evidece] "All parts of B. flabellifer are used. Of major importace are the fruits (eate), sap (for sugar productio, drikig fresh or usig to produce palm wies), leaves (as thatch), wood (for structural timber, fuelwood) ad a forage for bees. I the past, the leaves were widel used as a writig material (Joh Drasfield, Roal Botaic Gardes Kew, UK, persoal commuicatio, 1998). Several parts of the tree are used for medicial preparatios." [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Possibl if cosumed] "The seedligs (udergroud ad tuber-like) are sometimes grow for use as a starch vegetable, ad eate boiled or raw, but the ma be slightl toxic." [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No evidece] "It is foud i seasoall dr areas i the mai, ad is hard to about 4 C." 408 2014. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? Although this tree ma occur or be grow i fire proe areas, there is o evidece that this commerciall importat tree has icreased the fire risk] 409 2001. Elliso, D./Elliso, A.. Cultivated Palms of the World. UNSW Press, Sde. 409 2014. Betrock's Palm World. Borassus flabellifer. http://www.palmworld.et/guide2.asp?palmid=6 7 [Accessed 24 Ja 2014] 409 2014. Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: Palmra Palm, Todd Palm, Sugar Palm - Borassus flabellifer. http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/57243/ [Accessed 26 Ja 2014] 410 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 411 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. 412 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. 412 2008. Redd, C.S./Bagaaraaa, G./Redd, K.N./Raju, V.S.. Ivasive Alie Flora of Idia. US Geological Surve, Resto, VA 501 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. 502 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. 503 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? No] "It requires a tropical climate ad a ope, su locatio." [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? No] "LIGHT REQUIREMENTS: High" [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? No evidece] "Su Exposure: Full Su" [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad)? Yes] "It ma be grow o almost a soil, ad ca tolerate extremes of raifall ad temperature although seedligs ad juveile trees are frost- ad firesesitive." "Soil descriptors - Soil texture: light; medium; heav - Soil draiage: free; impeded; seasoall waterlogged - Soil reactio: acid; eutral; alkalie - Special soil toleraces: ifertile" [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? No] "All Borassus species have a large sigle stem, brachig ol whe damage has occurred (Ramassamv & Kaabira 1991)." [Forms dese thickets? No evidece] "Borassus aethiopum ca form dese almost moospecific forest stads or is a compoet of more diverse riverie forest." [No evidece reported i Bato (2007) that B. flabellifer forms dese stads] [Forms dese thickets? Ukow. Gregarious] "Cultivated ads self sow, occasioall foud to be gregarious ear b cultivated fields, scrub lads ad waste lads." [Aquatic? No] "It occurs betwee sea level ad 800 metres, though is more abudat at low altitude ad is particularl commo i coastal areas with sad or alluvial soils ad i areas with permaet soil moisture such as flood plais ad river valles." [Grass? No] Arecaceae [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] Arecaceae 504 1987. Davis, T.A./Johso, D.V.. Curret Utilizatio ad Further Developmet of the [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No, although seedlig stage is tuberous] "Upo germiatio, the palmra Palmra Palm (Borassus flabellifer L., Arecaceae) seedlig becomes tuberous because its udergroud first juveile leaf i Tamil Nadu State, Idia. Ecoomic Bota. 41(2): 247-266. (cotledoar sheath), about 15 cm log, stores utriets rich i edible starch. This stored food is rapidl cosumed b the plat as subsequet abovegroud leaves are produced." 601 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. 602 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] "CONSERVATION STATUS. Least cocer. Borassus flabelfer is widel distributed ad is commo i cultivatio. The abudace of products extracted from it will effectivel esure its cotiued survival." [Produces viable seed? Yes] "It is widespread, adaptable ad easil propagated b direct sowig." Prit Date: 1/26/2014 Borassus flabellifer (Arecaceae) Page 5 of 7
603 2001. Elliso, D./Elliso, A.. Cultivated Palms of the World. UNSW Press, Sde. 603 2011. Romaov, M.S./Bobrov, A.V.F.C./Wijesudara, D.S.A./Romaova, E.S.. Pericarp developmet ad fruit structure i borassoid palms (Arecaceae - Corphoideae - Borasseae). Aals of Bota. 108: 1489-1502. [Hbridizes aturall? Ukow] "Borassus flabellifer hbrid. The exact origi of this palm is ukow, but it ma have bee developed i Idia. Widel used i horticulture, it is a hbrid with B. aethiopum" [Ukow if this hbrid occurs aturall] [Hbridizes aturall?] "Borassus flabellifer x Borassus aethiopum is a hbrid at the Fairchild Tropical Botaical Garde USA". [o metio of whether it is a aturall occurrig hbrid] 604 1987. Davis, T.A./Johso, D.V.. Curret Utilizatio ad Further Developmet of the [Self-compatible or apomictic? No. dioecious] "A dioecious, solitar fa palm of statel ad hadsome appearace (Fig. 2), the palmra ma grow to a height of Palmra Palm (Borassus flabellifer L., Arecaceae) 25-30 m ad a truk diameter of as much as 1 m." i Tamil Nadu State, Idia. Ecoomic Bota. 41(2): 247-266. 604 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Ecclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK 605 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. 606 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. [Self-compatible or apomictic? No] "The palms are dioecious, ad male ad female ifloresceces differ i their order of brachig (the males twice, the female ubrached or brached but oce)." [Requires specialist polliators? No evidece] "There are o published studies of polliatio i Borassus (Hederso 1986), though Bato et al. (2003) oted that hoe bees (Apis mellifera) were the mai visitors to the stamiate flowers of B. madagascariesis." [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? No evidece] "All Borassus species have a large sigle stem, brachig ol whe damage has occurred (Ramassamv & Kaabira 1991)." 607 1987. Davis, T.A./Johso, D.V.. Curret Utilizatio ad Further Developmet of the Palmra Palm (Borassus flabellifer L., Arecaceae) i Tamil Nadu State, Idia. Ecoomic Bota. 41(2): 247-266. [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 12+] "The first flowerig takes place whe the palm is 12-20 r of age; ol the is the sex of each tree revealed." 607 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 607 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Ecclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK 701 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. 702 2008. Jaick, J./Paull, R.E.. The Ecclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. Cabi Publishig, Walligford, UK 703 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. 704 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. 705 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. 706 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 8+] "The palm has a relativel log juveile growth period (8-14 ears) which ma limit its usefuless. " [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 12+] "Palmra palms are ver slow growig, ad do ot eve show a aerial stem elogatio for the first 15 20 ears of their life. Flowerig ma begi at 12 15 ears of age, ad will cotiue for about 50 ears." [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas)? No] "Fruits massive, 8.5-13 x 7.5-16.5 cm, ellowish black, ovoid ad rouded or flatteed at the apex; produced iside persistet periath segmets; epicarp coriaceous, mesocarp pulp ellow, prees 1-3, 6.1-10.8 cm x 4.4-8.5 cm x 3.1-4.6 cm, somewhat bilobed; most prees with oe or two exteral, logitudial furrows; iteral flages abset." [Fruits ad prees large ad lack meas of exteral attachmet] [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "...commol cultivated i Idia, South-east Asia, Malasia, tropical Africa ad occasioall i other warm regios icludig Hawaii ad souther Florida." "Fruits massive, 8.5-13 x 7.5-16.5 cm, ellowish black, ovoid ad rouded or flatteed at the apex; produced iside persistet periath segmets; epicarp coriaceous, mesocarp pulp ellow, prees 1-3, 6.1-10.8 cm x 4.4-8.5 cm x 3.1-4.6 cm, somewhat bilobed; most prees with oe or two exteral, logitudial furrows; iteral flages abset." [Fruits ad prees large ad ot likel to be come a iadvertet produce cotamiat] [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No] "Fruits massive, 8.5-13 x 7.5-16.5 cm, ellowish black, ovoid ad rouded or flatteed at the apex; produced iside persistet periath segmets; epicarp coriaceous, mesocarp pulp ellow, prees 1-3, 6.1-10.8 cm x 4.4-8.5 cm x 3.1-4.6 cm, somewhat bilobed; most prees with oe or two exteral, logitudial furrows; iteral flages abset." [Propagules water dispersed? Possibl some movemet of fruit b water whe grow i riparia areas] "...particularl commo i coastal areas with sad or alluvial soils ad i areas with permaet soil moisture such as flood plais ad river valles. It is commol grow alog the margis of rice paddies formig oe of the most distictive ladscapes of Southeast Asia." [Propagules bird dispersed? No] "While all of these aimals are kow to feed o the fruit, ol i the case of elephats has effective dispersal bee demostrated (Burtt & Salisbur 1929). I some areas, the weight of the fruit aloe is the ol method of dispersal (barochor) (Barot et al. 1999b)." Prit Date: 1/26/2014 Borassus flabellifer (Arecaceae) Page 6 of 7
707 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. 708 1929. Burtt, B.D./Salisbur, E.J.. A record of fruits ad seeds dispersed b mammals ad birds from the Sigida District of Tagaika Territor. Joural of Ecolog. 17(2): 351-355. 708 2011. Veda, S.E./Kaleeswara, B.. Plat dispersal b Idia flig fox Pteropus gigateus i Madurai regio, Idia. Elixir Bio-Diversit. 30: 1810-1813. [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? No. Possibl carried, but ulikel i Hawaiia Islads] "Fruits massive, 8.5-13 x 7.5-16.5 cm, ellowish black, ovoid ad rouded or flatteed at the apex; produced iside persistet periath segmets; epicarp coriaceous, mesocarp pulp ellow, prees 1-3, 6.1-10.8 cm x 4.4-8.5 cm x 3.1-4.6 cm, somewhat bilobed; most prees with oe or two exteral, logitudial furrows; iteral flages abset." [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Presumabl Yes] "Elephats feedig alog the Ugwadi ad Jwumbu Rivers showed great preferece for the fruits of Borassus flabellifer L. var. aethiopum Warb., ad their dug frequetl cotaied seeds of this palm. I ma istaces a sigle seed was foud i the "stool," while oe stool revealed ie idividual seeds. O three occasios the seeds were foud to be germiatig, the radicle havig take firm root i the soil" [This ame is a som of Borassus aethiopum, although B. flabellifer has a similar morpholog ad would likel also be dispersed b large frugivorous mammals, such as elephats] [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Probabl Yes, or carried ad spit out b flig foxes after pulp cosumptio] "I the preset stud, the seeds of the followig species were foud to be dispersed b P. gigateus amel Aacardium occidetale, Borassus flabellifer, " 801 1987. Davis, T.A./Johso, D.V.. Curret Utilizatio ad Further Developmet of the Palmra Palm (Borassus flabellifer L., Arecaceae) i Tamil Nadu State, Idia. Ecoomic Bota. 41(2): 247-266. [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? No] "A mature tree ma bear 200-300 fruits auall." 801 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. 802 2005. CAB Iteratioal. Forestr Compedium. CAB Iteratioal, Walligford, UK 802 2007. Radha, P.G.. Biochemical chages durig seed germiatio of selected members of palmae (Arecaceae). PhD Dissertatio. Uiversit of Calicut, Thehipalam, Idia [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? No] "Fruits massive, 8.5-13 x 7.5-16.5 cm, ellowish black, ovoid ad rouded or flatteed at the apex; produced iside persistet periath segmets; epicarp coriaceous, mesocarp pulp ellow, prees 1-3, 6.1-10.8 cm x 4.4-8.5 cm x 3.1-4.6 cm, somewhat bilobed; most prees with oe or two exteral, logitudial furrows; iteral flages abset." [Fruit ad prees large ad ulikel to be produced i such high desities] [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? Probabl No] "- Seed storage recalcitrat" [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? No] "Palm seeds icluded i the preset stud are short lived ad storage coditios are foud to have sigificat effects o the storabilit of Borassus flabellifer, Corpha umbraculifera, Carota ures, Licuala peltata ad Livistoa rotudifolia. Accordig to De Leo (1958), palm seeds are geerall short lived ad ofte lose viabilit after storage for 2 weeks to 3 moths." "Storabilit of Corpha umbraculifera ad Licuala peltata seeds are ver short ad are classified as recalcitrat ad Borassus flabellifer, Carota ures ad Livistoa rotudifolia are grouped uder itermediate categor due to their moderate tolerace to desiccatio ad hece storabilit is ot possible for prologed periods." 803 2014. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Ukow] No iformatio o herbicide efficac or chemical cotrol of this species 804 2007. Bato, R.P.. A revisio of Borassus L. 805 2006. Wog, M.. Palms for Hawai i Ladscapes. Ladscape Nov. 2006 L-19. College of Tropical Agriculture ad Huma Resources, UH Maoa, Hoolulu, HI [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Ukow for B. flabellifer] "Borassus aethiopum is well adapted to fire ad herbivor ad prospers i areas with frequet burig ad browsig." [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? No evidece of lethal ellows disease] "I ma places over cocout s rage, the mcoplasm disease lethal ellows threates most cocout varieties ad other palm species with extictio." "Hawai i is luck to ot be oe of the locatios that lethal ellows affects. This makes Hawai i oe of the better places to bu palm seed that has o dager of spreadig lethal ellows." "The followig palm species are kow to be susceptible to lethal ellows: Borassus flabellifer (Palmra palm) " 805 2014. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Ukow] Prit Date: 1/26/2014 Borassus flabellifer (Arecaceae) Page 7 of 7
Summar of Risk Traits High Risk / Udesirable Traits Native to tropical climates Naturalized (with a log histor of cultivatio) Listed as ivasive i parts of its itroduced rage (but with o descriptio of egative impacts Leaf petioles edged with hard spies Possibl toxic if cosumed i large quatities Tolerates ma soil tpes Seeds spread itetioall b people, ad large mammals Ca be a alterative host of palm pathoges ad diseases Low Risk Traits Regarded as a desirable food plat i ative ad itroduced raged Requires full su Reached maturit after 8 or more ears Large fruit ad seeds limit would limit iadvertet dispersal Will ot form a persistet seed bak