Reference Report Crop Maturity stage Category Plant Part Usage Botanical name Botanical family Class and order Printed on Wednesday, 9 December 200 carrot Vegetable Root Cooked, Fresh/ Raw, Juice/ Drink, Salad, Stir fry Daucus carota subsp.sativus Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) Angiospermopsida Araliales Picture source: Dept. Agriculture, NSW, 980 Alternate names include (C) hong luo bo (E) carrot (F) carotte (G) Gelbe Rübe (G) Karotte (G) Mohrrübe (G) Möhre (J-K)F]<^] (J-R)ninjin (S) zanahoria Refrigerated Container/Coolroom Recommendations Optimum product storage temperature 0.0 to 0.0 C Temperature set point Add a margin for uncertainty in equipment performance if necessary. For return air control set point add C to delivery set point. Ventilation (air exchange) settings for containers: 6 m (20') = 2 m (40') = Acceptable product temperature at loading into container 0.0 C 0 m³/h = 5 cfm 5 m³/h = 0 cfm -0.5 to 4.5 C CSIRO 200 www.publish.csiro.au Reference Report Page
Cold Storage Properties Ref Maturity stage Temp C min 500 500 700 800 900 2200 2208 222 2300 2500 2800 2900 3200 2600 2700 2800 2800 2900 3400 4500 5300 900 2600 2800 3400 4500 2025 Humidity (% RH) Storage days Days at room temp min max min max min max min max 0 0 95 00 20 80 8 8 0 0 98 00 28 42 0 0 90 00 28 42 0 0 90 00 2 40 0 0 95 00 30 50 0 0 84 40 0 0 98 00 28 42 0 0 90 00 28 42 0 95 95 0 0 0 0 95 50 240 0. 90 95 20 80 0 0 90 95 80 80 8 8 0 0 30 50 0 95 98 80 20 0 0 95 0 0 98 00 28 56 0.7 95 00 28 80 0 0 95 00 4 4 0 0 98 00 28 42 0 0 70 70 0 0 98 00 28 42 0 95 00 28 42 0 0 98 00 80 240 Mature 0 0 98 00 20 270 Mature 0 0 98 00 50 270 Mature 0 0 98 00 20 270 Mature 0 0 98 00 20 270 Mature 0 0 98 00 20 50 Mature 0 95 00 20 240 Fresh Cut 0 5 Fresh Cut 0 5 Reference notes Wash before storage; ethylene causes bitterness 900 Prepackage in polyethylene bags 222 Recommended: wash before storage; perforate poly-bags. CO2 sens. Condensation on carrots should be avoided, develops decay 900 Condensation on carrots should be avoided, develops decay Shredded, sticks or sliced 2025 Shredded, sticks or sliced CSIRO 200 www.publish.csiro.au Reference Report Page 2
Other Properties Ref 000 500 500 700 900 2000 2200 2300 2400 2600 2800 2600 2700 2800 2900 4200 4800 5300 5400 Maturity stage Air exchange * Freezing Point ( C) Ethylene production ** Ethylene sensitivity Ice compatibility Water loss *** % Water content Very Low -.4 Very Low High Yes M (.3) 87.8 -.4 No Yes Yes -.4 No Yes Yes 0 Yes 0 Yes 0 Yes 0 Yes Yes Medium 0 -.4 Yes -.3 -.4 - -.4 -.4 Very Low -.4 Very Low Low 0 Yes Yes M Very Low -.4 0 M (.3) 0 87.8 -.4 Very Low High 0 H (4.3) Bruising susceptibility * Air exchange rates: Nil = 0%; Very low = 25%; Low = 50%; Medium = 00%; High = 200%; Very high = 400% fresh air/hour. ** Ethylene production rates at 20 C: Nil = 0 nm; Very low = <4 nm; Low = 4-40 nm; Medium = 40-400 nm; High = 400-4000 nm; Very high =>4000 nm ethylene/kg/hour. *** Where % weight loss/week is given this is converted as: Low <= %; Medium =. - 3.4%; High = >3.5% Controlled Atmosphere Ref Maturity stage % O2 % CO2 Temp C Benefit of controlled min max min max min max atmosphere 0 0 None 3200 0 0 None 2700 0 0 None 5300 0 0 None Fresh Cut 2 5 5 20 0 5 Good 2025 Fresh Cut 2 5 5 20 0 5 Good Reference notes CA not advantageous; use perforated plastic films 3200 CA not advantageous; use perforated plastic films CSIRO 200 www.publish.csiro.au Reference Report Page 3
Respiration* and Heat Transfer Ref Maturity 0 C 5 C 0 C 5 C 20 C 25 C Specific heat stage min max min max min max min max min max min max kj/kg/ec ** 900 2400 2400 2500 2600 2600 000 29 59 38 76 59 24 76 59 35 279 3.78 46 46 58 58 93 93 7 7 0 20 8 36 29 46 87 96 46 46 58 58 93 93 7 7 209 209 2 3 34 48 55 79 86 2 3 66 0 28 28 39 32 44 73 97 90 36 29 59 38 76 59 24 76 59 35 279 Mature 25 55 35 70 70 40 20 250 Mature 25 55 35 70 70 40 20 250 * Respiration values given are in Watts per tonne. W/t = 20.4 kcal/t/d = 82. Btu/tn./d = 73.3 Btu/2000 lbs/d =0.67 ml CO2/kg/h = 7.0 umol CO2/kg/h = 0.308 mg CO2/kg/h ** Specific heat (kj/kg/ C) = 0.0335 x % water content + 0.8374; Specific heat in Btu/lb/ F = 0.08 x % water content + 0.2 Compatibility in Mixed Storage Temperature compatibility group 0 7 3 20 Humidity compatibility group Dry 60-80% Moderate 80-90% High 90-95% Very high 95-00% Not compatible with crops that: Odours will be absorbed by: Absorbs odours from: Produce ethylene (especially when they are ripe or ripening) Celery Ethylene-producing fruits and vegetables from Optimal Fresh database (Medium ethylene production levels or greater.) apple banana durian jujube fruit mango nashi peach sapodilla apricot breadfruit feijoa kiwifruit mangosteen nectarine pear tomato atemoya cherimoya fig litchi melon, cantaloupe papaya plum avocado custard apple jackfruit mamey sapote melon, honeydew passionfruit rambutan Seasonal Availability Ref 2800 3300 5200 6500 7900 20207 202 Country Region Start Season End Season Start Peak End Peak (where given) Canada January December September October Netherlands January December - - Australia January December June August USA January December - - USA January December - - Australia January December - - Australia January December June August Australia January December May December Australia January December - - Netherlands January December - - Canada January December September October CSIRO 200 www.publish.csiro.au Reference Report Page 4
References for carrot Compilation best set of figures 000 Debney, HG, 980, Australian United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association, Handling and Storage Practices for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables, Blacker, KJ; Redding, BJ; Watkins, JB 500 Joyce, D, 988, WA Department of Agriculture, Farmnote No. 28/88, Storage conditions for fruit and vegetables, Yuen, C 700 Morris, S, 985, Vegetable Growing Handbook 985, Ed., J. Salvestrin, p. 27-38, NSW Dept. of Agric., Griffith, Postharvest Handling of Vegetables, Wade, N 800 Hall, EG, 972, CSIRO Division of Food Science, Storage life of fresh fruits and vegetables 900 ASHRAE, 986, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc. (ASHRAE), 986 ASHRAE Handbook - Refrigeration Systems and Applications 2000 American President Companies, 986, American President Companies, A Handbook on Shipping Perishable Commodities 2200 International Institute of Refrigeration, 979, International Institute of Refrigeration, Recommendations for Chilled Storage of Perishable Produce 2208 International Institute of Refrigeration, 979, International Institute of Refrigeration (data source - The Netherlands), Recommendations for Chilled Storage of Perishable Produce 222 International Institute of Refrigeration, 979, International Institute of Refrigeration (data source - Switzerland, Recommendations for Chilled Storage of Perishable Produce 2300 National Federation of Cold Storage and Ice Trades, 957, National Federation of Cold Storage and Ice Trades, 957 Yearbook of the National Federation of Cold Storage and Ice Trades 2400 ASHRAE, 985, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Inc, ASHRAE Handbook - 985 Fundamentals 2500 Mercantila Publishers, 989, Mercantila Publishers, Copenhagen, Denmark, Guide to Food Transport - Fruit and Vegetables 2600 International Institute of Refrigeration, 967, International Institute of Refrigeration, Recommended Conditions for Cold Storage of Perishable Produce, Second Edition 2800 Stephens, BK, 982, Perspectives in Food Science, Transportation of fruit and vegetables, Baumgartner, PA and Skurray, GR; editors 2900 Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 979, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Refrigerated storage of fruit and vegetables 3200 Lipton, WJ, 977, Horticultural Report No. 28, July 977. Proceedings of the Second National Controlled Atmosphere Research Conference, April 5, 6 and 7, 977, at Michigan State University, Recommendations for CA storage of broccoli, brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, asparagus and potatoes 2600 Hardenburg, RE, 990, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Agric. Handbook No. 66, The Commercial Storage of Fruits, Vegetables and Florist and Nursery Stocks, Watada, AE; Wang, CY 2700 SeaLand, 99, SeaLand Corporate Marketing, 379 Thornall St, Edison, NJ 08837, Shipping Guide for Perishables 2800 McGregor, BM, 987, USDA Office of Transportation, Agric. Handbook No. 668, Tropical Products Handbook 2900 Australian Chamber of Shipping, 996, Australian Chamber of Shipping Ltd, Sydney NSW 2000, Code of Practise for Handling Fresh Fruit and Vegetables in Refrigerated Shipping Containers, CSIRO, Dept. Primary Ind. & Energy, AQIS 3300 Queensland Chamber of Fruit & Vegetable Industries, 995, Queensland Chamber of Fruit & Vegetable Industries, Brisbane, Fruit & Vegetable Manual. Volume 2 - Vegetables 3400 Story, A, 989, Australian United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association Ltd, Fresh Produce Manual - Handling and Storage Practices for Fresh Produce, Simons, DH 4200 Pantastico, EB, 975, AVI Publishing, Westport Connecticut, Postharvest physiology, handling and utilization of tropical and subtropical fruits and vegetables 4500 Snowdon, AL, 99, Wolfe Scientific, London, A colour atlas of post-harvest diseases and disorders of fruits and vegetables Vol. 2: Vegetables 4800 U.S.D.A., 996, U.S.D.A., ARS, Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page, http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp, USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release. 5200 Dept. Agriculture, NSW, 980, Agdex 250, NSW Department of Agriculture, Sydney, Fresh CSIRO 200 www.publish.csiro.au Reference Report Page 5
is Best Poster Series ( to 8) 5300 Postharvest Outreach Program, UCDavis, 997, http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/produce/storage/index.html, Properties and Recommended Conditions for Storage of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables 5400 Sastry, SK, 978, ASHRAE Transactions 84 (): 237-255, Transpiration rates of certain fruits and vegetables, Baird, CD, Buffington, DE 6500 Beattie, BB, 982, NSW, Department of Agriculture; Agdex No. 207/84, Seasonal Availability of Fresh Vegetables 7900 Australian Horticultural Corporation, 998, Australian Horticultural Corporation, Sydney, The Australian Horticultural Statistics Handbook 997/98 Edition 20207 ZAS International Agriculture BV, 2000, http://www.zas.nl/; Meadowbrook Farms (ZAS), PO Box 334, 230 AH Hoofddorp, Holland, Alphabetic List of Fresh Dutch Products 202 Ontario Ministry Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, 999, http://'www.gov.on.ca/availability.htm; Ontario Ministry Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada, Produce Availability 2025 Gorny, JR, 997, CA '97 Proceedings, Vol. 5. pp 30-66. Postharvest Horticultural Series No. 9, University of California, Davis., A summary of CA and MA requirements and recooemdations for fresh-cut (minimally processed) fruits and vegetables. CSIRO 200 www.publish.csiro.au Reference Report Page 6