;"rgfsf] xs / k ]; ljgos'df/ s;h"

k ]; sfplg;n g]kfnåf/f ;+rflnt ldl8of ;+jfb sfo{qmd, @)^% r}q &, df k :t't ;"rgfsf] xs / k ]; ljgos'df/ s;h" ;"rgfsf] xs dflg;sf] df}lns clwsf/ ;g\!($^ df ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3n] cfkm\gf] k f/ldes cj:yfdf Pp6f k :tfj kfl/t u/]sf] lyof], h;df elgpsf] lyof] M æ;"rgfsf] xs dflg;sf] df}lns clwsf/ xf] === of] ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3 h'g :jtgqtfsf nflu ;dlk{t 5 tl ;a} :jtgqtfnfo{ hffrg] s;l xf].æ ;"rgfsf] xsnfo{ dfgjclwsf/ 3f]if0ffsf] wf/f!( df o;/l :ki6 kfl/psf] 5 M æx/]s JolQmnfO{ ljrf/ / clejolqmsf] :jtgqtfsf] clwsf/ 5. of] clwsf/leq s'g} afwf lagf s'g} klg ljrf/ dfgg] / s'g} klg dfwodaf6 / ;Ldfsf] agwglagf ;"rgf vf]hg], kfpg] / aff8g] :jtgqtf k5{.æ wf/f!( n] clejolqm :jtgqtfsf b'o6f dxtjk"0f{ kifnfo{ :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 M!_ ljifoj:t' (Content) sf] :jtgqtf M s'g} klg ljrf/ ug]{, ljrf/ dfgg], ljrf/ clejoqm ug]{, ljrf/ k fkt ug]{ :jtgqtf. cyf{t\ s;}nfo{ klg ljrf/ ug{, dfgg, egg, n]vg, vf]hg, kfpg /f]sg kfofb}g. ljrf/ u/] afkt, ljrf/ dfg] afkt, larf/ clejoqm u/] afkt tyf ljrf/ vf]h] / kfp afkt s;}nfo{ b08 ;hfo ug{ kfo{fb}g. @_ dfwod / k ljlw (Media & Technology) sf] :jtgqtf M ljrf/ / ;"rgf s'g} klg dfwod / k ljlwaf6 vf]hg, kfpg / aff8\g km}nfpg ;lsg5. cyf{t\ celjolqm :jtgqtfsf nflu lnlvt, d'lb t, lrq, Wjlg, rnlrq, >Job[Zo cflb s'g} klg dfwod tyf 5fkf, tf/o'qm, tf//lxt, Pgfnu, l8lh6n, cgnfog cflb s'g} klg k ljlw k of]u ug{ ;lsg5. ;fy} o;leq efiffsf] :jtgqtf klg k5{. cyf{t\ s'g} klg efiffsf] k of]u u/]/ ljrf/ / ;"rgf kfpg / km}nfpg ;lsg5. of] clwsf/n] ljrf/ / ;"rgf km}nfpg] sfddf /fhosf] ef}uf]lns / /fhgllts ;LdfnfO{ klg dfgb}g. ;"rgfsf] xs / k ]; ljgo s;h" 1

nf]stgqsf nflu ;"rgfsf] xssf] dxtj nf]stflgqs Joj:yfdf hgtf b]zsf] dflns x'g5. hgtfn] ;/sf/ agfpf5. ;/sf/ hgtfk lt pq/bfol x'g5. hgtfn] lt/]sf] s/af6 / hgtfsf] gfddf k fkt epsf] ;xof]uaf6 /fhosf] vr{ rn5. ;/sf/n] u/]sf] x/]s cfdbfgl vr{sf] lx;fa hgtfn] yfxf kfpg' k5{. /fhosf] 9's'6Laf6 tna eqf vfg] / ;'ljwf pkef]u ug]{x n] kblo x}l;otn] u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ sfds'/f hgtfn] yfxf kfpg] clwsf/ x'g5. jf:tjdf ;/sf/;fu epsf ;a} ;"rgf hgtfsf] gf;f] xf]. ;/sf/n] To;sf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg ug]{ efq} xf]. ;/sf/n] s] lg0f{o u/\of] eg]/ hgtfnfo{ lg0f{o ;'gfp/ dfq} k'ub}g. s'g} lg0f{o lsg / s;/l ul/of] egg] s'/f klg hgtfn] yfxf kfpg' k5{. nf]stflgqs Joj:yfdf hgtfn] cfˆgf k ltlglwx sf x/]s ultljlw / lg0f{osf af/]df hfg]/ dfq} k'ub}g ltgn] u/]sf lg0f{ox dgqfnob]lv ufpf;dd s;/l sfof{gjog ep eg]/ hfgg kfpf5g\. cfkm"n] lt/]sf] s/af6 rng] / cfkm\gf] / b]zsf] gfddf cfpg] ;xof]u lng] ;/sf/ dfq} xf]og cgo ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfn] klg s;/l sfd ul//x]sf 5g\, slt vr{ ul//x]sf 5g\ OToflb s'/f hfgg] clwsf/ ;Dk"0f{ gful/snfo{ 5. nf]stgqdf ;/sf/l tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf x/]s sfd sfjf{xl kf/bzl{ / hgtfk lt lhdd]jf/ x'g'k5{. kf/blz{tf / lhdd]jf/l ;'zf;gsf cfwf/ x'g\. ;'zf;g lagf nf]stgq x'g ;Qm}g / ;"rgfsf] xs lagf ;'zf;g x'g ;Qm}g. o;}n] ;"rgfsf] xs sfg'gn] goff nf]stgqnfo{ hgtfsf] lxtdf sfd ug{ Pp6f alnof] cfwf/ lbg5. o;n] ;fdgtjfbl zf;gsf] xltof/ ag]sf] uf]kotfnfo{ lrg{ ;S5. ;/sf/l sfdsf] uf]kglotfsf] gfddf df}nfpsf] e i6frf/sf] hfnf]nfo{ o;n] RofTg ;S5. k ltlglwd"ns ;+;blo zf;gdf hgtfsf] clwsf/ ef]6 v;fng] sfddf dfq ;Lldt x'g lbfb}g, pglx nfo{ hgtfk lt hjfkmb]xl klg agfpf5. hgk ltlglw / g]tfx nfo{ lg/+s"z aggaf6 hf]ufpg ;S5. ;/sf/ / zf;sx nfo{ hgtfk lt pq/bfol agfp/ o;n] nf]stgqnfo{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ dxtjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]ng ;S5. ;"rgfsf] xsn] nf]stgqdf hgtfsf] e"ldsf / ;xeflutf a9fpg;s5. ;dfj]zl nf]stgq, ;"rgfsf] xs / k ]; ljgo s;h" 2

;fdflhs GofonfO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;3fpg;S5. jf:tjdf ;"rgfsf] xslagf hgtfsf c clwsf/x cw'/f x'g5g\. ;"rgfsf] xs sfg'gsf cfwf/e"t l;4fgtx ;"rgfsf] xs;dagwdf ljzjsf ljlegg b]znfo{ ;3fO/x]sf] cfl6{sn gfolg6g gfds ;+:yfn] ;"rgfsf] xs P]gsf] gd'gf klg agfolbpsf] 5. sltko b]zdf P]g sfof{gjog ug]{ d];f]df c;n ;"rgfsf] xs sfg'g s:tf] x'g5 egg] s]xl cg's/0flo gd'gfx / cfwf/e"t l;4fgtx ag]sf 5g\. lgzro g} ;a} b]zsf sfg'gx ;"rgfsf] xs l;4fgtsf] s;ldf v/f] pqg ;Qm}gg\. t/, ltgn] c;n ceof; s] xf] egg] gfkg] cfwf/ lbg5, hf] ljbdfg sfg'gnfo{ cyof{pg / ltgsf] JofVof / ljzn]if0f ug{ sfd nfu5. ;fy} sfg'gdf ;'wf/sf] nflu cleofg rnfpg klg cfwf/ / ;xof]ul x'g5. ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL l;4fgtx sf] of] ;"rl cfl6{sn gfolg6gsf] ;"rgfsf] clwsf/ sfg'gsf l;4fgtx af6 lnopsf x'g\ M!= ;"rgfsf] xs sfg'g clwstd v'nfkg, cyf{t\ ;"rgfsf] ;fj{hlgsls/0fsf] l;4fgtåf/f lgb]{lzt x'g'k5{. @= ;fj{hlgs lgsfox df dxtjk"0f{ ;"rgf k sflzt ug]{ bflotj x'g'k5{. #= ;fj{hlgs lgsfox n] ;lqmotfk"j{s v'nf ;/sf/nfo{ k j4{g ug'{k5{. $= ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ug'{ gkg]{ jf ckjfbsf ljifox :ki6 x'g'k5{ / To:tf ljifo ;s];dd yf]/} x'g'k5{. %= ;"rgfsf] dfunfo{ ;s];dd l56f] / lgikif 9+un], ljj]sk"j{s sfjf{xl ug'{ k5{. ;"rgf lbg OGsf/ ul/psf] ljifodfly :jtgqtfk"j{s 5fglag, ;dliff, / k'g/fj]bg ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'k5{. ^= ;"rgf dfubf w]/} lgj]bg b:t'/ lng] / gssn jf ;"rgf lbfbf w]/} z'ns lng] Joj:yf /fv]/ ;"rgf dfug]nfo{ b'?t;flxt ul/g' x'fb}g. &= ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf a}7sx cfdgful/ssf nflu v'nf x'g'k5{. *= clwstd v'nfkgsf] l;4fgt;fu aflemg] sfg'gx ;+zf]wg ug'{ jf x6fog' k5{. ;"rgfsf] xs / k ]; ljgo s;h" 3

(= ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf x'g] clgoldttf, e i6frf/sf] ;"rgf lbg] ;DalGwt lgsfos} sd{rf/l, z+v3f]ifsx sf] ;+/If0f ul/g' k5{. ;"rgfsf] xs;dagwdf ;+o'qm /fi6«;+3sf ljz]if k ltj]bs tyf cd]l/sl /fhox sf] ;+u7gsf ;"rgfsf] xssf ljz]if k ltj]bsn] klg ;"rgfsf] xssf l;4fgtx sf] of] ;"rlnfo{ dfgotf lbpsf 5g\. ol l;4fgtx sfplg;n ckm o'/f]ksf] sld6l ckm ldlg:6;{n] l;kmfl/; u/]sf ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf ;"rgfdf kx'frsf l;4fgtx ;Fu d]n vfg5g\. g]kfnsf] cgtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ;"rgfsf] xssf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cgtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f!@ sf] :jtgqtfsf] xscgtu{t pkwf/f -#_ -s_ df k To]s gful/snfo{ ljrf/ / clejolqmsf] :jtgqtf df}lns xssf] kdf k Tofe"t ul/psf] 5. 1 ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f!% df k sfzg, k ;f/0f tyf 5fkfvfgf ;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf o;/l ul/psf] 5 M -!_ ljb'tlo k sfzg, k ;f/0f tyf 5fkf nufotsf cgo h'g;'s} dfwodaf6 s'g} ;dfrf/, ;DkfbsLo, n]v, /rgf jf cgo s'g} kf7\o, >Job[io ;fdu Lsf] k sfzg tyf k ;f/0f ug{ jf 5fKg k"j{ k ltagw nufog] 5}g. 2 -@_ s'g} >Jo, >Job[io jf ljb'tlo pks/0fsf] dfwodaf6 s'g} ;fdu Lsf] k sfzg tyf k ;f/0f u/] jf 5fk]afkt To:tf] ;fdu L k sfzg tyf k ;f/0f ug]{ jf 5fKg], /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, cgnfog jf cgo s'g} lsl;dsf] l8lh6n jf ljb'tlo, 5fkf jf cgo ;~rf/ dfwodnfo{ agb, hkmt jf btf{ vf/]h ul/g] 5}g. 1 t/, -!_ v08 -s_ sf] s'g} s'/fn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;qf, cv08tf jf ljlegg hft, hflt, wd{ jf ;Dk bfox sf alrsf] ;';DaGwdf vnn kg]{ jf ufnl j]ohhtl jf cbfntsf] cjx]ngf x'g] jf ck/fw ug{ b'?t;fxg lbg] jf ;fj{hlgs lzi6frf/ jf g}ltstfsf] k lts"n x'g] sfo{df dgfl;a k ltagw nufpg] u/l sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufpsf] dflgg] 5}g. 2 t/ g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;qf jf cv08tf jf ljlegg hft, hflt jf ;Dk bfo alrsf] ;';DaGwdf vnn kg]{, /fhob f]x, ufnl a]ohhtl jf cbfntsf] cjx]ngf x'g] jf ck/fw ug{ b'?t;fxg ug]{ jf ;fj{hlgs lzi6frf/ jf g}ltstf k lts"n x'g] sfo{df d'gfl;j k ltagw nufpg] u/l sfg"g agfpg /f]s nufpsf] dflgg] 5}g. ;"rgfsf] xs / k ]; ljgo s;h" 4

-#_ s'g} ;dfrf/, n]v, ;DkfbsLo, /rgf jf cgo s'g} kf7\o ;fdu L d'b 0f jf k sfzg u/]afkt s'g} ;dfrf/kq, klqsf jf 5fkfvfgf agb, hkmt jf btf{ vf/]h ul/g] 5}g. -$_ sfg"g adf]lhd afx]s s'g} 5fkf, ljb'tlo k ;f/0f tyf 6]lnkmf]g nufotsf ;~rf/ ;fwgnfo{ cj?4 ug{ ;lsg] 5}g. ;"rgfsf] xs;dagwl P]g, @)^$ sf] p2]zo M g]kfnsf] ;"rgfsf] xs;dagwl P]g, @)^$ sf] k :tfjgfdf P]gsf] p2]zo o;/l :ki6;fu /flvpsf] 5 M ;/sf/sf] sfd v'nf / kf/bzl{ agfpg', ;/sf/l tyf ;fj{hlgs lgsfox nfo{ gful/sk lt hjfkmb]xl agfpg', ;fj{hlgs lgsfodf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs dxtjsf ;"rgfdf cfdgful/ssf] kx'fr ;lhnf];fu k'/\ofpg', gful/ssf] ;';"lrt x'g] xs nfu" / ;+/If0f ug{', /fho / gful/ssf] lxtdf k lts"n k efj kfg]{ ;"rgfsf] ;+/If0f ug{'. of] P]gcg';f/ ca g]kfnl gful/sn] ;/sf/l sfof{noaf6 dfq} xf]og s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs lgsfoaf6 ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ;"rgfsf ;fy} cfkm\gf] ;/f]sf/sf ;"rgf dfug ;S5g\. ;/sf/ / ;fj{hlgs lgsfo;fu ltglx sf] sfdsf af/]df k Zg ;f]wg ;S5g\. ltglx sf] clen]vx hffrg / gssn lng ;S5g\. ;fy} ;/sf/sf b}lgs sfddf ;xeful x'g ;S5g\. ca s'g} klg ;/sf/l / ;j{hlgs lgsfosf sfd uf]ko x'fb}g. v'nfkg ;fdfgo / uf]kglotf ckjfb x'g5. ;"rgfsf] xs;dagwl P]gsf] dxtj jf:tjdf ;"rgfsf] xs cgo ;a} xs lbnfpg] d'vo ; f]t / cfwf/ xf]. lsgls ;"rgfsf] xsn] dflg;nfo{ cfkm\gf] hljg / eljiosf af/]df hfgg] / gllt tyf of]hgf agfpg] cfwf/ k bfg u5{. ;"rgfsf] xsn] hgtfnfo{ M ;"rgfsf] xs / k ]; ljgo s;h" 5

!= ;/sf/ jf c zlqmzfnl lgsfox df /x]sf cfkm\gf] ;/f]sf/sf ;"rgfdf kxf'r kfpg] clwsf/ lbg5. @= ;/sf/l / cgo zlqmzfnl lgsfox sf] ultljlw yfxf kfpg] / ;+:yfx leq x'g] clgoldttf, e i6frf/sf] hfgsf/l ;fj{hlgs ug]{ clwsf/ lbg5. #= ;+;b cyjf sfg'g agfpg] / ;/sf/ rnfpg] lgsfox n] s] ul//x]sf 5g\ ToxfF s] eo/xsf] 5 egl x]g]{, ;'Gg] / hfgg] clwsf/ lbg5. $= cbfntleq s] eo/x]sf] 5 egl yfxf kfpg] clwsf/ lbg5. %= ;fy} cfly{s, jftfj/0flo, :jf:yo / cf}ifwl, JolQmut / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff OToflb hg;/f]sf/sf ;a} ljifodf yfxf kfpg] clwsf/ lbg5. ;f/df M ;"rgfsf] xssf] k efjsf/l sfof{gjog eof] eg] o;n] gful/snfo{ o:tf] ;dfhdf affrg ;xof]u u5{ hxff e i6frf/ sd x'g5, ef]saf6 dg]{ ;Defjgf sd x'g5, dfgjclwsf/, JolQmsf] uf]kglotfsf] clwsf/, jftfjf/0fsf] ;Ddfg x'g5. ;dfh a9l :j:y / ;'vl x'g5. ef]saf6 d'qm / :j:y ;dfhdf affrg ;3fpF5. b]z a9l ;'/lift x'g5. /fhgllts Joj:yf a9l nf]stflgqs x'g5. ;/sf/ / k zf;g a9l ;Ifd / pq/bfol x'g5. lg0f{o k lqmof a9l nfstflgqs x'g5. cy{tgq ;Ifd, kf/bzl{ / lhdd]jf/ x'g5. ;fj{hlgs lgsfox n] gful/sx nfo{ emg /fd f], lhdd]jf/o'qm / ;+j]bgzln Jojxf/ u5{g\. P]g sfof{gjogsf] l:ylt nf]stgqdf ;"rgfsf] xsnfo{ olt dxtjk"0f{ ljifo dflgptf klg ;/sf/l sfof{nox df epsf ;"rgfdf cfdgful/ssf] kx'fr x'g] clwsf/nfo{ s]xl jif{cl3;dd Tolt Jofks kdf lnopsf] lypg. l:j8]gsf] ;+ljwfgdf!&&^ b]lv g} ;"rgfsf] :jtgqtfsf] k Tofe"lt ul/psf] lyof], t/ of] ;fx } ;Lldt lyof]. lgjf{lrt kbflwsf/l cfkm\gf] sfof{nosf] nflu xf], lgjf{rsx sf nflu xf]og egg] cd]l/sl n]vs jfn6/ lnkdofgsf] ljrf/ lyof]. pgn] n]v]sf lyp, æhxff ;/sf/nfo{ cfdhfgtfsf] cledtn] lgogq0f u5{ ToxfF zlqmsf] sfof{gjogdf cjoj:yfsf] /f]u nfu]sf] x'g5.æ (an elected official s duty was to his or her office, not to the electorate: Where mass ;"rgfsf] xs / k ]; ljgo s;h" 6

opinion dominates government, there is a morbid derangement of the functions of power. Walter Lippmann) o:t} u/l ;+;blo k hftgqsf] a]nfotl k 0ffnL ;/sf/l sfdsfjf{xlsf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ sfd ;+;bsf] xf], hgtfsf] xf]og, egg] ;f]rfodf cfwfl/t lyof]. la l6; kfln{ofd]g6/l ueg{d]g6sf l;4fgtsf/ jfn6/ Jofux6sf zabdf M k hftgqn] Tolt a]nf dfq} sfd ug{ ;S5 æha ;xl zf;sx?vf] e2f k Zgx af6 ;'/lift x'g5g\.æ (British system of parliamentary democracy was based on the assumption that it was the legislature that scrutinised government actions, not the public. In the words of Walter Bagehot, democracy could only work if its real rulers are protected from vulgar enquiries.) ;g\!($) sf] bzsdf cfok'ubf klg o:tf wf/0ffx n] /hfof u/]sf lyp / g]kfn / cgo ljsf;zln d'n'sf] ;Gbe{df, OdfGbf/L k"j{s egg] xf] eg] xfdl sxff clxn] klg o:t} wf/0ffn] h/f uf8]sf] 5 / xfd f clwsf+z sfd sfjf{xldfly oxl ljrf/sf] k e'tj 5. sltko gjnf]stflgqs b]zx n] ;"rgfsf] xs sfg'g agfptf klg ;"rgfsf] xs P]gsf gfddf ;"rgf n'sfpg] P]g ag]sf 5g\. cyf{t\, egbf ;"rgfsf] xs egg] t/ jf:tjdf ;"rgf lgogq0f ug]{ sfg'g agg ;S5. o;}n] ;"rgfsf] xssf cfwf/e"t l;4fgtx sf] cfjzostf / dxtj x'g5. jf:tjdf ;"rgfsf] xs s] xf] of] xs hgtfn] pkef]u ug{sf nflu s:tf] P]g sfg'g rflxg5 egg] ljifodf cgt/f{li6«o l;4fgt / d"nodfgotfx klg :yflkt epsf 5g\. ;"rgfsf] xs sfg'g log} l;4fgt / d"nodfgotfcg';f/ agg'k5{. k ]; / ;/sf/sf] sfddf ;"rgfsf] xs P]gsf] k of]u / k efj a]nfotdf ;"rgfsf] xs P]g, @))) sf] cfwf/df ldl8ofdf ljut b'o{ jif{df xhf/f}f ;dfrf/x n]lvpsf 5g\. xltof/sf] Jofkf/, c:ktfnsf untlx n] ubf{ epdf d[to', agb's / 5'/L k of]u u/l epsf ck/fwx, ;/sf/l sdko'6/ k 0ffnLsf] c;kmntf, ;/sf/n] lt/]sf] ctolws k/fdz{ z'ns OToflb ljifodf uxg cwoog / l/kf]6{ k sflzt epsf 5g\. cd]l/sfdf u}/sfg'gl y'gf / JolQmut hf;';l, jftfj/0flo ;d:ofsf ;dfrf/x aflx/ cfpsf 5g\. ;"rgfsf] xs sfg'gsf ;DaGwdf w]/}h;f] b]zsf cg'ejx ldnbfh'nbf 5g\. olb ;"rgfsf] xs sfg'g gepsf] ep tl ;"rgf aflx/ cfpg] lypgg\. ;"rgfsf] xs / k ]; ljgo s;h" 7

sltko b]zdf cft+sjfbl ultljlw a9gfn] jf cgo sf/0fn] ;"rgfsf] xsdf sdl cfpsf] 5. of] sfg'g nfu" epsf sltko b]zdf ;'?d} o;df s6f}tl ug]{ k j[lq klg b]lvpsf] 5. cfo/nof08df ;"rgfsf] xs P]gdf ;+zf]wg u/l lgj]bg / k'g/fj]bg b:t'/ w]/} g} a9fpkl5 ToxfF of] xssf] k of]u pnn]vglo 9+un] 36]sf] 5. o;sf] alnof] c;/ ldl8ofn] ;"rgf dfu ug]{ sfddf k/\of]. ldl8ofsf] ;"rgf dfu ;g\ @))# / @))$ sf] alrdf *# k ltztn] 36\of]. 3 a]nfotdf ;"rgfsf] xs sfg'gsf] ldl8ofb\jf/f k of]unfo{ 36fpg ;/sf/sf] Pp6f k :tfj k]lg8ª 5. 4 n8{ rfg;n/sf] egfo 5, æ;"rgfsf] xs slxn] ldl8ofsf] cg';gwfgsf] c+usf] kdf dflgpsf] lypg / xfd f] tkm{af6 slxn] klg o:tf] dflgg] 5}g.Æ 5 ef/tdf of] sfg'g ;g\ @))% df nfu" epsf] ttsfn} ;/sf/l lg0f{osf] k lqmofdf ul/g] l6kk0flx ;fj{hlgs ul/g' x'fb}g egg] ljifodf 7"nf] ljjfb rnof]. To;nfO{ uf]ko /fvg] k of; clxn] klg hf/l 5. Gofofnosf] ultljlwnfo{ ;"rgfsf] xs P]gn] ;d]6\b}g egg] dfgotf /fvg] GofofwLzx 5Fb}5g\ / dfgotf :yflkt x'g afsl g} 5. t/ olb clejolqm :jtgqtfsf] ceof; / pkof]u k r"/ dfqfdf x'g5 tyf k ]; :jtgq / hljgt 5 eg] To:tf ljjfbnfo{ ;dfwfg ug{ / hgtfsf] lxtdf dfgotf :yflkt ug{ gful/s ;dfh / k ];n] ;lqmo e"ldsf v]ng ;S5. o;}n] clejolqm :jtgqtf / :jtgq k ]; lagfsf] nf]stgqsf] snkgf klg ug{ ;lsgg. k ];sf] sfd hgtfnfo{ ;"lrt ug'{, hgdt / bjfj l;h{gf ug'{ xf]. o;/l k ];n] Psflt/ ;"rgfsf] xssf] pkof]u u5{ eg] csf]{lt/ ;"rgfsf] xs :yflkt / k efjsf/l sfof{gjogsf nflu ;lqmo e"ldsf v]n5. k ];nfo{ hlxn] klg ;"rgfsf] vffrf] x'g5. ;"rgfsf] k d'v ; f]t ;/sf/ xf]. t/ ;/sf/l lgsfoaf6 ;"rgf kfpg' hxff klg ;Fw} ;d:of /x]sf] 5. ;"rgf zfvf, hg;dks{ ug]{ lgsfo jf k jqmfx sf] Joj:yf epsf ;/sf/l lgsfox af6 klg ;lhn};fu ;"rgf kfofb}g. cfkm"nfo{ 3 Office of the Information Commissioner, Review of the Operation of the Freedom of Information (Amendment) Act 2003, June 2004. 4 See CFOI, The Government's proposals to restrict the Freedom of Information Act. http://www.cfoi.org.uk/feesproposals.html#otherresponses _ 5 Speech by Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs Lord Falconer of Thoroton, Lord Williams of Mostyn Memorial Lecture, 21 March 2007. http://www.dca.gov.uk/speeches/2007/sp070321.htm ;"rgfsf] xs / k ]; ljgo s;h" 8

ck7\of/f] kg]{ ;"rgf lbg sf]xl klg tof/ x'fb}g. st}af6 ;"rgf k fkt ep klg To;nfO{ pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] u/l jf ;dfrf/ agfpg ldng] u/l k"0f{ ;"rgf k fkt x'fb}g. k fom e dftds ;"rgf k fkt x'g5. Pp6} lgsfodf dfq e/ gk/l ljlegg lgsfoaf6 ;"rgf k fkt ug'{, k fkt ;"rgfsf] ;Totf ljlegg lgsfoaf6 k/lif0f ug'{ h:tf kqsf/n] kfng ug'{ kg]{ cfwf/e"t cfr/0fx kfng gubf{ klg e d / ;d:of ptkgg x'g] u/]sf] b]lvg5. ;"rgfsf] xssf] cefjdf k ]; ;"rgfsf] xssf] cefjdf kqsf/x n] dgql jf prrkb:y sd{rf/l;fu JolQmut ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df ;"rgf kfpg] k rng 5. t/ of] Joj:yf ;/sf/, kqsf/ / cl8og; -kf7s, >f]tf / bz{s_ ;a}sf] nflu plqs} lxts/ x'g ;Sb}g. o:tf] pkfo k"0f{ ljzj;glo / :yfol klg x'fb}g. ;"rgfbftfsf] lxt o;df uffl;psf] x'g ;S5. sltko cj:yfdf ;"rgfsf] ; f]t / kqsf/alrsf] ;DaGwsf] ck ToIf k efj ;"rgfdf k/]sf] x'g5. JolQmut ;Dks{ ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df k fkt x'g] ;"rgfdf s;}sf] JolQmut lxt, u'0fufg jf k ;+zf jf :jfy{ n's]sf] x'g ;S5. slyt ljzj;glo ; f]tú n] s;};fu l/; km]g{ jf k]6sf] ls/f dfg{ jf c;gtf]if kf]vg klg ;"rgf lbg ;S5. kqsf/ cghfgdf s;}sf] xltof/ agg] ;Defjgf x'g5. ;dfrf/sf] ; f]tsf] /Iff ug]{ kqsfl/tfsf] cfrf/sf] cf8df ck/fwl n'sfpg] sfd klg x'g;s5. h'g JolQmsf] clgoldtfsf] e08fkmf]/ x'g'kyof]{ ToxL JolQm ;dfrf/sf] ; f]t ag]sf] x'g;s5. JolQmut ;Dks{sf] cfwf/df ;"rgf kfpg] tl/sfdf csf]{ klg vt/f 5. ;"rgfbftfn] eg]eg]sf] jf p;sf] cg's"n ;dfrf/ k sflzt x'fbf;dd p;n] kqsf/nfo{ :jfut u5{. t/ p;nfo{ dg gkg]{ ;dfrf/ jf p;sf] jf p;sf] sfof{nosf] clgoldtfsf] ;dfrf/ vf]tng vf]hof] eg] p;n] kqsf/;fu ;DaGw tf]8\g ;S5. o:tf]df kqsf/ s'g} sd{rf/lsf] s7k'tnl agg] ;+efjgf x'g5. ;"rgfsf] xs;dagwl P]gn] kqsf/nfo{ JolQmut ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df ;dfrf/ k fkt ug'{kg]{ jfwotfnfo{ ;dfkt kfl/lbg5. o;n] kqsf/nfo{ ;"rgfsf] goff / e/kbf]{ cfwf/ k bfg u5{. of] P]gsf cfwf/df p;n] ljz]if ;dfrf/ e]6\6fpg ;S5. vf]hl kqsfl/tfnfo{ klg o;n] lgss} ;3fp k'/\ofpf5. æ;"rgfsf] :jtgqfn] ;/sf/n] s;/l sfd u5{ egg] ljifodf ;"rgfsf] xs / k ]; ljgo s;h" 9

ldl8ofnfo{ vf]hl kqsfl/tf ug{ klg dxtjk"0f{ ;fwg pknaw u/fpf5. a]nfotdf ;"rgfsf] :jtgqtf P]g @))) sf] pkof]u u/]/ ;/sf/l kmfondf n's]sf xhf/f}f ;dfrf/x aflx/ cfp. c b]zdf klg o:tf pbfx/0fx kfog5g\. of] sfg'g nfu" gepsf] ep o:tf ;dfrf/ aflx/ cfpg] lypgg\.æ 6 sfg'gl kl/j]zdf kl/jt{g;fu} k ]; / ;/sf/sf] ;DaGwdf kl/jt{g clxn];dd ;/sf/l clwsf/lx nfo{ uf]kglotfsf] ;ky v'jfogyof] eg] ca kf/bblz{tfsf] ;ky v'jfpg' kg]{ 5. lnvtx sf] uf]kotf;dagwl P]g, @)#( / lghfdlt P]g cflbn] sfod u/]sf] uf]kotfsf] k/dk/fnfo{ ;"rgfsf] xs;dagwl P]gn] tf]8\5. ca s'g} klg k'/fgf sfg'gsf] cf8df hgtfsf] ;"rgfsf] xs vf]:g jf ;Lldt ug{ gkfog] sfg'gl kl/j]z tof/ epsf] 5. o;}n] ;"rgfsf] xs nfu" x'g'cl3 / kl5sf] kqsfl/tfdf tfltjs leggtf 5. kqsf/, k ];n] of] tfltjs leggtf / k'/fgf] k/dk/fdf cfpg] cfd"n kl/jt{g -o' 6g{_ nfo{ a'em\g' cfjzos 5. o;n] kqsf/nfo{ goff e"ldsf, cfwf/ / cj;/ k bfg u5{. ;dfrf/sf] Pp6f k rlnt kl/efiff o:tf] 5 M æh'g s'/f n'sfpg vf]lhg5 Tof] ;dfrf/ xf]. c ;a} lj1fkg xf].æ ;"rgfsf] xs P]gn] n'sfpg vf]h]sf] s'/fnfo{ kqf nufpg ;3fpF5. s'g} ljifodf ;"rgf lbg s;}n] OGsf/ u/\of] jf cw'/f] ;dfrf/ lbof] eg] kqsf/n] sxff u8a8l 5 egg] cg'dfg nufpg ;S5. cyf{t\ o;n] ;dfrf/sf] Sn' lbg5. ;"rgfsf] xs P]gn] ;a} ;/sf/l lgsfodf epsf / k ];nfo{ rflxg] ;xl / oy]i7 ;"rgf k jflxt / pknaw u/fpg jfwo kf5{. k To]s ;/sf/l lgsfosf] sfdsf] af/]df ;"rgf kfpg' kg]{ hgtfsf] clwsf/n] k ];sf] clwsf/nfo{ klg ;'lglzrt u5{. o;}n] ;"rgfsf] xs;dagwl sfg'gn] ;/sf/l lgsfox df ;"rgf lgsfox :yfkgf ug{ / ltgdf sfd ug]{ ;"rgf clwsf/lx nfo{ k ];;Fu Jojxf/ ug]{ biftf cyf{t\ hg;dks{ ;Lk k bfg ug{ ;3fpF5. o;}n] ;/sf/l lgsfodf s'g} JolQm;Fu ljz]if ;DaGw sfod u/]/ ;"rgf kfpg' kg]{ kqsf/sf] jfwotfnfo{ of] sfg'gn] ;dfkt kf5{. 6 Legal Protections and Barriers on the Right to Information, State Secrets and Protection of Sources in OSCE Participating States; Privacy International, Preliminary version 2/5/07) ;"rgfsf] xs / k ]; ljgo s;h" 10

;"rgfsf] xs M hgtfsf] ls kqsf/sf] < clwsf+z dflg;x n] cfkm}n], JolQmut / k ToIf kn] ;"rgfsf] xs sfg'gsf] k of]u, ceof; ub}{gg\. w]/} dflg;x k fom ;+;b / cbfntdf hffb}gg\. g t pglx n] ;/sf/l sfof{nodf epsf clen]v, lnvtx jf cgo ;"rgf lng vf]h5g\. t/ ;dfhsf clwsf+z ;b:ox n] ;"rgf kfpg rfxg5g\. o;sf nflu pglx n] cfd;+rf/sf dfwod cyf{t cvaf/, /]l8of] 6]lnlehg / ca cfp/ j]a;fo6sf] pkof]u u5{g\. hgtfn] k ];af6 ljlegg k sf/sf s'/fx sf] ck]iff u5{g\. ;dfhdf eo/x]sf dxtjk"0f{ ljifox af/] k ];n] hfgsf/l u/fo/fvf];\ egg] klg rfxg5g\. ;+;bdf s'g} sfg'g kf; x'g nfu]sf] 5, cbfntdf dxtjk"0f{ d'2fdf ax; eo/xsf] 5, ;/sf/n] s'g} dxtjk"0f{ cfly{s gllt agfpfb}5 jf dgqlnfo{ e i6frf/sf] cf/f]k nfu]sf] 5 eg] k ];n] tl ljifodf ;"lrt u/f];\ egg] cfdhgtfn] cfzf u5{g\. o;}n] k ];n] cfkm" ;"lrt ep/ hgtfnfo{ ;';"lrt ug{sf nflu ;"rgfsf] xs P]gsf] pkof]u u5{. t/ s'g} klg b]zsf] ;"rgfsf] xs P]gn] k ];nfo{ a]un} jf ljz]if Jojxf/ ub}{g, g t s'g} ;+:yf jf kbflwsf/lnfo{ ljz]if Jojxf/ u5{. b]zsf] gful/ssf] x}l;otn] of] clwsf/ k fkt x'g5. g]kfndf ;"rgfsf] xssf] nflu kqsfl/tf If]qn] ;a}egbf klxn] cfjfh p7fpsf] xf]. kqsf/ dxf;+wn] o;sf] nflu ljw]os th'{df klg u/]sf] xf]. o;}n] x'g;s5 ;"rgfclwsf/ k ];sf] dfq} ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] ls egg] e d w]/}nfo{ 5. t/, ef/tdf k zf;gdf, vf; u/l ;/sf/l lgsfodf JofKt e i6frf/ / zf]if0fsf] lj?4 n8gsf nflu gful/s ;dfhn] ;"rgfclwsf/sf] nflu cfgbf]ng u/]sf] lyof]. o;/l g]kfndf ;"rgfsf] xssf] p2]zo clejolqm / k ]; :jgqtfsf nflu xf] egg] a'emfo / ;f]rn] sfd u/]sf] b]lvg5 eg] ef/t / cgo clwsf+z d'n'sdf ;"rgfsf] xs ;'zf;gsf nflu k of]u ul/psf] b]lvg5. jf:tjdf clejolqm / k ]; :jtgqtf klg cflv/df ;'zf;g / nf]stgqs} nflu xf] egg] s'/f :ki6 5. lgzro g} k ];n] ;fj{hlgs lgsfo;fu ;"rgf dfug' eg]sf] cfkm\gf] nflu gep/ cfkm\gf cl8og;, / Jofks kdf egg' kbf{ gful/ssf nflu dfu]sf] xf]. k ];n] hgtfsf] k ltlglw ep/ of] clwsf/ dfu]sf x'g\. t/ ;"rgfsf] xs / k ]; ljgo s;h" 11

cfdhgtfn] k ];af6 kfpg] ;"rgf / ;/sf/af6 cfdhgtfnfo{ rflxg] ;"rgfalr w]/} leggtf x'g5. k ]; cfd;+rf/ epsf] x'gfn] To;nfO{ JolQmut jf yf]/} JolQm k efljt x'g] ;"rgf Tolt pkof]ul x'fb}g. cu{gfoh];g km/ ;]So'l/6L P08 sf]ck/];g Og o'/f]k (OSCE) n] æ;/sf/l ;"rgfdf kx'fr, ;/sf/l uf]kglotfsf] sfg'g / kqsf/sf] ; f]tsf] ;'/IffÆ sf af/]df u/]sf] cwoogsf] l/kf]6{n] klg k ];n] hgtfsf] nflu sfd ug]{ xf] egg] s'/f :ki6 kf/]sf] 5. ;"rgfsf] xssf] pkof]u s'g k]zfsf dflg;n] a9l u5{g\ eg]/ ;a} 7fpFdf clen]v /fv]sf] kfogg, t/ hltn] /fvg] u/]sf 5g\ ltglx af6 s] yfxf kfog5 eg] o;sf] pkof]u ug]{x dwo] kqsf/x s]jn!) b]lv @) k ltzt;dd x'g5g\. of] clwsf/ dfug]x dwo] w]/}n] cfkm\gf JolQmut, b}lgs hljg;fu ;/f]sf/ /fvg] / ljbfno, ;8s, vfg]kfgl l;frfo{h:tf ljsf; tyf :yfglo ljifosf ;"rgf vf]h5g\. h] ep klg ;"rgfsf] xs sfg'gn] kqsf/x nfo{ ;"rgf kfpg ;lhnf] x'g5 egg] s'/fdf z+sf 5}g. ;"rgfsf] :jtgqtfn] kqsf/;fu ;/sf/sf] Jojxf/ ;Ddfgk"0f{ agfpg klg ;3fpF5. ;/sf/l jf ;/sf/ lgolgqt ldl8of / u}/;/sf/l ldl8of alr e]befj x6fpg klg o;n] e"ldsf v]n5.æ 7 k ];åf/f ;"rgfsf] xssf] k of]usf ;Ldf / ;d:of ;/sf/ ;s];dd kf/bzl{ v'nf x'g' kg]{ / kqsf/x n] klg ;+j]bgzln ;"rgfx sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ kg]{ sfd alr ;Gt'ng cfjzos 5. ;/sf/l ;"rgfdf k ];sf] kx'fr geo{ x'fb}g. of] epg eg] k ]; ;"rgfaf6 a+lrt x'g] dfq} xf]og ;/sf/n] u/]sf dxtjk"0f{ sfddf hgtfsf] lgu/fgl k'ug / ljrf/ kfpg klg ;Qm}g. ;/sf/sf ultljlwx sf af/]df cfdhgtfsf nflu ;"rgf vf]hg] / kfpg] k ];sf] Ifdtf tlg j6f s'/f;fu uffl;psf] 5 M!_ ;"rgfdf kx'fr, @_ ;/sf/l uf]kglotf / #_ kqsf/x sf] ; f]tsf] ;+/If0f. ol tlg If]q cfk;df ;DalGwt 5g\. ;"rgfdf kx'frsf] clwsf/ tyf ;/sf/l uf]kglotf sfg'g b'a}n] ;"rgfdf kx'frnfo{ k efj kf5{. ;/sf/l uf]kglotf 7 Legal Protections and Barriers on the Right to Information, State Secrets and Protection of Sources in OSCE Participating States; Privacy International, Preliminary version 2/5/07) ;"rgfsf] xs / k ]; ljgo s;h" 12

sfg'g s8f eof] eg] lnvtx r'lxg] km'l:s]g ;Defjgf a9\5 / o;n] kqsf/sf] ; f]tsf] ;'/Iff ug'{kg]{ cfjzostf a9fpf5. ;"rgf lng] / lbg] sfddf k ];leq b'o{ k sf/sf ;d:of b]lvg5g\. Ps vfnsf] ;d:of k ];sf] cfkm\g} Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt 5 eg] csf]{ ;d:of ljzj;glotfsf] xf]. k ];sf] Joj:yfkg kif cyf{t\ To;sf] dflns sf] xf], lgogq0f / ;+rfng s;n] u5{, vr{ s;/l rn5, gfkmfsf] nflu xf] ls hglxtsf] nflu xf] < h:tf ljifon] k ];sf] sfd jf e"ldsfnfo{ k efj kf5{. o;n] k ];sf] ljzj;glotfnfo{ klg c;/ kf5{. log} ;d:of tyf sf/0fx n] ubf{ k ];n] cfddflg;sf] ;d:of /?lrnfo{ egbf cfly{s, /fhgllts / ;fdflhs zlqmdf epsf dflg;x sf s'/fdf a9l Wofg lbg k'u5g\. zlqmdf epsf dflg;x, rfx] /fhgllts zlqm;dkgg xf];\ rfx] cfly{s / j}rfl/s zlqm;dkgg, ltglx w]/}h;f] ;x/l Onfsfdf a:5g\, / lzlift af}l4s / ;DkGg JolQm;Fu To:tf zlqmx sf] a9l ;/f]sf/ x'g5. o;}n] cfdgful/snfo{ rflxg] ;"rgf;fu k ];sf] jf:tf gx'g ;S5. k ]; lghl If]qsf] xftdf k'ub}df :jtgq x'g5 egg ;lsgg. ldl8of xfp;sf] cfkm\g}?lr, :jfy{ / gllt tyf ldl8of dflnsx sf] cfk;l :jfy{ / c:j:y k lt:kwf{n] klg ldl8ofdf k :t't ul/g] ljifoj:t', ;dfrf/df k efj kf5{. ldl8ofsf] Jofkf/Ls/0fn] cfdhgtfsf ;/f]sf/ / lxtsf ;"rgf cf]em]ndf kg'{ clxn] ljzjjofkl k j[lq g} ag]sf] 5. o;n] ;"rgfsf] k jfxsf] ljljwtf / :jlge{/tfnfo{ vt/fdf kf/]sf] 5. csf]{lt/, af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/sf] sfg'gn] ;"rgf / 1fgnfO{ ;Lldt b]z / ;d'bfosf] lgogq0fdf /fvg vf]h]sf] b]lvg5. o;n] ubf{ ;"rgfsf] xssf] pkof]u / pkof]lutfdf k efj kg'{ :jfefljs b]lvg5. ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/lx df k ];sf] e"ldsfaf/] cgle1tf tyf sltko kqsf/x df kqsfl/tfsf cfwf/e"t dfgotfk lt a]jf:tf tyf Jofj;flos cfrf/ ;+lxtfaf/] r]tgfdf sdln] ubf{ klg ;d:ofx cfpg ;S5g\. ;fj{hlgs lgsfox nfo{ lhdd]jf/ / kf/bzl{ agfpg nflukg]{ k ]; :jo+ cfkm\gf] lhdd]jf/l / kf/blz{tfk lt slqsf] ;hu 5 < cgo ;fj{hlgs lgsfox n] em}f ldl8of xfp;x n] cfkm\gf] cfdbfgl vr{ ;fj{hlgs ug'{ k5{ ls kb}{g < To:t} ldl8ofn] s'g} sfo{qmd jf ;dfrf/ s;/l 5fG5, To;sf] k fyldstf s] xf] egg] s'/f cl8og;n] yfxf kfpg' k5{ ls kb}{g < ;"rgfsf] xs / k ]; ljgo s;h" 13

k ];sf] nflu goff cj;/ clxn];dd ;/sf/l ;"rgfx k fkt ug{ k ];n] cg]sf}f k sf/sf j}wflgs cj}wflgs ;fwg, uf]ko, ljzj;glo, z+sf:kb, k ToIf, k/f]if ;"q k of]u u'g{ kyof]{ h;sf] s'g} ljzj;glotf ;'lglzrt x'fb}gyof]. t/ ca ;"rgfsf] xs P]gn] k ];nfo{ ;"rgf k fkt ug]{ dxtjk"0f{ / j}wflgs cf}hf/ / zlqm lbpsf] 5. k ]; :jtgqtfsf] nflu of] 7"nf] pknlaw xf]. g]kfnl k ];sf] nflu ;"rgfsf] xs P]gsf] k of]u goff cg'ej xf]. o;sf] k of]u ;xl tl/sfn] ;xl 7fpFdf u/]/ jf+l5t kl/0ffd xfl;n ug]{ ceof; ug{ afsl g} 5. goff xltof/ rnfpg l;sg ;do nfug' :jfefljs xf]. t/ nf]stgqsf nflu kqsfl/ttf ug'{ 5 eg] of] ;Lk gl;sl x'fb}g. olb g]kfnl k ]; cfkm\gf] xftdf k/]sf] of] goff zlqmsf] af/]df ;r]t epg / nf]stgq / hgtfsf] lxtdf o;sf] k of]u ug{ yfn]gf}f eg] of] xsnfo{ v'drofpg] k of; ;'? x'g ;S5. o;af/] g]kfnl k ]; rgfvf] x'g' k5{. ca ;"rgfsf] xs ;DaGwL sfg'gnfo{ sfg'gsf 7]nLx df agb /fvg' x'fb}g k rngdf NofP/ o;nfo{ ltvfg{' cfjzos 5. ;"rgfsf] xs sfg'g agb}df of] nfu" x'g5 / ;a}n] v'nf / :j]r5fn] ;"rgf lnglbg yfn5g\ egg ;lsgg. o;sf] nflu ;f+:s[lts / dfgl;s kl/jt{gsf] cfjzostf x'g5. ;"rgfsf ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a} kifn] o;sf] nflu tof/l ug'{ k5{. sfg'g dfq} klg kof{kt x'fb}g. sfg'gsf] cif/; kfngf ub}{df jf:tljs ;"rgfsf] xs nfu" x'fb}g. ;a}egbf d'vo s'/f xf] efjgf, ljrf/ / Jojxf/df kl/jt{g. wgojfb Û ;"rgfsf] xs / k ]; ljgo s;h" 14