Diversity And Classification of Flowering Plants: Eudicots: Rosids Michael G. Simpson
ROSIDS Very large, monophyletic group of Eudicots Linked by no clear non-molecular apomorphies Ovules bitegmic (2 integuments) & crassinucellate [contrast with Asterids] 13 orders
Brassicales Glucosinolates - major plant secondary products in the Brassicaceae and close relatives. - deter herbivory and parasitism - flavoring agents in the commercially important members of the Brassicaceae, such as brocolli, cauliflower, and mustard.
Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) Mustard family (name used by Pliny for cabbage-like plants). 365 genera / 3250 species. herbs, rarely shrubs glucosinolates (mustard oil glucosides) perianth cruciate (petals usually clawed) usually 2+4, tetradynamous stamens gynoecium with a superior, 2- carpellate/loculate ovary axile-parietal placentation BRASSICALES 2-valved, dehiscent fruit with a replum (silique or silicle). K 2+2 C 4 A 2+4 G (2), superior.
stamen arrangement placentation valves replum false septum replum 2 lines of dehiscence c.s. silique transverse suture fruit type silicle
corolla cruciate stamens tetradynamous
false septum silique replum
false septum replum silicle
The Brassicaceae have a worldwide distribution. Economic importance includes numerous vegetable and flavoring plants (notably the crucifers or mustard plants), including horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), broccoli, brussels sprouts, cauliflower, cabbage, collards, kale (all cultivars of Brassica oleracea), rutabaga and canola oil (B. napus), mustard (B. nigra), turnip (B. rapa), wasabi (Eutrema japonicum), radish (Raphanus sativus), and many more; plus numerous cultivated ornamentals, dye plants (Isatis tinctoria, woad), and some noxious weeds; Arabidopsis thalliana is noted as a model for detailed molecular studies.
Brassica nigra
Cakile maritima
Cardamine californicum
Hirschfeldia incana
Raphanus sativus
Thysanocarpus laciniatus
BRASSICACEAE - Mustard family Armoracia rusticana HORSERADISH (L. armoracia, "horseradish" + pertaining to the country) Part used: ROOT (more as a flavoring than a vegetable)
BRASSICACEAE - Mustard family Brassica campestris [=B. rapa] ("of the fields") TURNIP Part used: ROOT (+ Hypocotyl) [2000 BC (India); held in low esteme; turnip from English name "to turn," appear to be turned on a lathe; First Jack O'Lantern (Irish) for All Saints' of All Hallow's Day; Americans first used pumpkins.] top of root somewhat flat
BRASSICACEAE - Mustard family Brassica napus RUTABAGA [RAPE, SWEDISH TURNIP] (with little turnip-like root)
BRASSICACEAE - Mustard family Brassica napus RUTABAGA [RAPE, SWEDISH TURNIP] Part used: ROOT (+Hypocotyl) Pointed at upper end (but often cut off) Cultivars selected for rape or canola oil [Hybridization/polyploidy (2n=38) bet. cabbage (2n=18) & turnip (2n=20)] top of root more pointed seeds source of Canola oil
BRASSICACEAE - Mustard family Brassica oleracea ("resembling garden cooking herbs"): cultivated by Greeks by 650 BC; active artificial selection, many varieties that look very different today!
BRASSICACEAE - Mustard family Brassica oleracea v. acephala ( no head ) Part used: LEAVES (or entire shoot) KALE, COLLARD
BRASSICACEAE - Mustard family Brassica oleracea v. botrytis BROCCOLI [= B. o. v. italica] ("cluster of grapes") Part used: FLOWERING SHOOT (flowers fertile, can turn into inflorescence) [Bred in Europe, mid-17th century]
BRASSICACEAE - Mustard family Brassica oleracea v. cauliflora CAULIFLOWER (B. o. v. botrytis) (Gr. kaulos, "stem" + flora, flower) Part used: FLOWERING SHOOT (Flowers abortive or immature) [Bred by Arabians in 12th century; leaves gathered and tied around flowers to prevent exposure to sun and therefore green color.]
BRASSICACEAE - Mustard family Brassica oleracea v. capitata ( head ) CABBAGE Part used: LEAVES (and stem of shoot) [Bred in Germany 1160 AD; both red & white (green) vars. grown. Sauerkraut =shredded leaves & salt in earthenware crock to preserve]
BRASSICACEAE - Mustard family Brassica oleracea v. gemmifera BRUSSELS SPROUTS ("jewels, buds" + "bearing") Part used: Bud-like SHOOT arising from aerial stem
BRASSICACEAE - Mustard family Raphanus sativus RADISH ("Greek raphanos for "quick-appearing" + "cultivated") Part used: ROOT In orient, long white or black-skinned forms = DAIKONS [Found in Egyptian tombs, 4000 years BP]
BRASSICACEAE - Mustard family Raphanus sativus RADISH Long white or black-skinned forms = DAIKONS Daikons
Cleomaceae K 4 C 4 A 6 G (2) Stamens exserted, not tetradynamous Locule 1, placentation parietal Peritoma arborea
Cleomaceae Cleome bassleriana