Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) cultivation research Italy Monti L.M., Pace C. de, Scarascia Mugnozza G.T. Cubero J.I. (ed.), Saxena M.C. (ed.). Present status future prospects faba bean production improvement the Mediterranean countries Zaragoza : CIHEAM Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Sémaires Méditerranéens; n. 10 1991 pages 143151 Article available on le / Article disponible en ligne à l adresse : http://om.ciheam.org/article.php?idpdf=92605148 To cite this article / Pour citer cet article Monti L.M., Pace C. de, Scarascia Mugnozza G.T. Faba bean ( Vicia faba L.) cultivation research Italy. In : Cubero J.I. (ed.), Saxena M.C. (ed.). Present status future prospects faba bean production improvement the Mediterranean countries. Zaragoza : CIHEAM, 1991. p. 143151 (Options Méditerranéennes : Série A. Sémaires Méditerranéens; n. 10) http://www.ciheam.org/ http://om.ciheam.org/
~~ CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes Fababean (Vicia faba Cultivation L.M. MONTI* C. DE PACE** G.T. SCARASCIA MUGNOZZA** OF E 80055 OF S. 01100 E faba bean is the ma legume the sixth most wheat, maize, oat. Faba bean is also the seed consumption most sown annual oat). this situation, the sown to this 2.4% it 558,000 ha 1953 to 110,800 ha The ma the meat to the legume the human diet; (b) the the animal that fed maly seeds; (c) the high yieldg, biotic (Orobanche, black bean aphid) abiotic genetically stable, applied have been made at national level to the limits the negative bean cultivation. Importance, production farmg system faba bean cultivation Italy halfthe 90 g capita day is plants et al., 1979a; Foti, 1979b). an capita daily legume consumption 11 g seeds 31 g seedspods (Table 1) (Fidanza, 1979) adjustg content, it means that the 45 capita plant consumed 1979, 5 g 11% comes legume plants. 1979, 19% 61% seed legume faba bean seeds, assumg all the faba it means that at the most 2.2 g 5%) the daily take plant the diet is faba it can be implied that faba bean is used On the h faba bean seeds components livestock The faba bean used human (maly as seeds also to the V. faba major botanical the V. faba Options Série n.o 10 1991: 143151 Serie A: Semaires mediterraneens
CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes Table 1. consumption (g/day/per capita)=. q (X 106) b Seed seed pods 19811985 19011905 19261930 19511955 19651969 19711973 33.2 38.1 35.3 14.8 14.8 12.3 10.7 7.1 7.9 8.8 17.5 26.6 24.7 30.7 4.5 4.0 3.5 faba bean common bean peas chickpea lentil.i lup ha (XlOOC 55c 500 450 400 Fidanza (1979) a faba bean common bean peas chickpea lentil lup n 3.0 J W 2.5 S a a 250 Fig. lb. 200 150 if the is to be used seed 100 O Fig. la. L 53 73 76 82 83'84 85 '87 88 year sown with faba mor V. faba equa botanical types animal feedg. used the systems, faba bean is cultivated as annual ments seed with occasional 144 Production major mor faba bean types The highest yield is obtaed sowg, at a density about 30 plants/m2. 1953 558,000 ha devoted to this which 0.53 tons seeds (Fig. la lb); 1973, only 43% this was used to faba bean, 1988 the faba bean to 110,800 ha (which is only 20% the cultivated 35 that gave a total seed 0.13 million tons. These data dicate that 1953 to 1988 a 2.3% took place. The same (2.4% was the same Serie A: Semaires mediterraneens
CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes the legume bean, peas, chickpea, lentil, lup, vetch). faba bean the most legume fact, 45.7% the total legume was devoted to faba bean 1953, up to 68% 1985. the same the faba accounted 62% legume yield (excludg soybean Arachis) (Table 2). Nety the faba bean is obtaed the between 37"OO' 42"40' latitude that clude 46% the (Fig. 2). The which faba bean is Sicily, (Fig. 3a 3b). Production major faba bean type for fresh consumption The sowg time this type ion is the end at a that allows a plant density 20 plant/m2 50 cm About 20,000 ha used to type faba bean seedconsumptionwith an 0.11 million tons (Table 3). This sents 20% the total legume (common bean, peas, faba seed consumption. The yieldha was 6.3 tha 1982 which to 5.45 tha 1988. This yield is about 2.0 t less than the utilizable beans ha obtaed by the consumption (common bean peas). Production mor equa faba bean types for green fodder production is maly obtaed annual faba bean gated conditions. The highest yield is obtaed at a that allows a plant density at least 80 plants/m2. The total sown 36,000 ha (Table 4), 0.8 million (equivalent to lxlos t. units) is obtaed. This output makes faba bean the annual specialized Italian territory AREA faba Fig. 2. Faba bean cultivation (d) (f) seed Table 2. Area, production yield faba bean other legume crops (common beans, peas, chickpea, lentil, lup gnd I I I Faba bean 1953 558.0 1973 240.0 1976 1982 200.0 149.7 1983 148.4 1984 145.1 1985 135.8 1986 120.1 1987 120.8 1988 110.8 (O00 ha) 661.8 125.6 110.3 73.7 71.2 69.4 64.0 58.3 54.6 52.0 % faba bean 145.7. 65.6 64.4 67.6 67.6 68.9 68.0. bean 167.2 (O00 t) % faba bean 317.2 535.7 62.8 167.0 264.0 61.3 150.6 222.0 59.6 109.3 182.5 62.5 67.0 1023 61.9 106.8 205.2 65.8 91.7 183.9 66.7 68.0 87.3 165.9 67.3 65.5 80.0 163.1 67.1 81.8 134.8 62.2 T Faba bean 0.96 1.10 1.11 1.22 1.13 1.41 1.35 1.38 1.35 1.22 Yield Wha).. I 0.45 1.33 1.36 1.48 1.44 1.54 1.43 1 S O 1.46 1.57 145 Serie A: Semaires mediterraneens
CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes.a I f Fig. (O00 ha) sown with faba bean 1984 Fig. (O00 ha) sown with faba bean. 1984 seed seed Table 3. Area, production yield faba bean other legume crops (common beans peas) grown 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 Faba bean (O00 ha) (O00 t) Yield (tha) % 19.9 70.5 22.0 19.6 68.3 22.3 19.3 66.0 20.1 66.0 23.3 17.5 18.8 60.3 23.8 20.2 58.8 25.6 125.5 511.9 123.4 499.8 126.2 22.6 9% faba Faba 7.26 6.3 1 19.7 7.32 6.29 19.8 6.52 20.1 500.4 7.58 20.0 529.5 6.56 132.1 8.02 19.1 479.5 6.48 113.4 21.6 7.57 63.4 7.64 5.99 19.7 460 20.1 436.4 5.45 110.0 7.41 Source: The data mentioned above dicate that the total ant wheat, maize, used to faba bean seed, seed, oat. the faba bean was 204,000 ha 1983 legume is not sufficient the 175,424 1987; this to 2.2% 1.9% dem, it has been estimated (Foti, 1979a) that the l used to annual seed 50,000 tons faba bean seeds (Table 51, which makes faba bean the sixth most 146 Serie A: Semaires mediterraneens
CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes Table 4. Faba bean cultivation for forage production 1983 1984 1986 1987 "F.U. = F.U.a (ha) (O00 t) 106) 36,501 39,103 36,665 35,784 Units 758.9 838.2 894.7 801.4 96 106 112 101 Table 5. 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 for producg dry seeds, green seeds forage (cut green fodder). seeds 149,660 148,396 145,178 135,814 120,120 120,820 110,766 seeds 19,895 19,599 19,356 20,138 17,494 18,818 20,203 36,506 39,106 36,665 35,784 Total 204,501 203,640 174,280 175,424 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.9 Faba bean production constrats the annual sown with faba bean, considthat 1983 9,050,000 ha sown with annual available The ma a (80%) faba last 35 lack well faba bean (b) low yieldg ability, low level high genotype X showed by the faba bean populations; (c) low to biotic (Orobarzche, Aphis fabae, Botrytis fabae, etc.) abiotic the faba bean populations, maly those havg seeds (major types); (dj sufficient (i.e. optimal plant density, phase supply, weed etc.) the seeded culti the human diet legume seeds; (f) the to comes, such as lack use the faba bean seeds although have been positive settg 1979a; 1979). to Foti (1979bj, the uctivity mentioned above not the cause but the consequence the faba bean cultivation fact, Foti (1.c.) suggested that the cause the faba bean should be found the followg: (a) the meat to the legume the human diet; (b) the (i.e. cows, etc.) fed wetted) faba bean seeds; (c) the lack high yieldg, genetically stable, culti out the causes listed, the two (especially the second) not so sce is a dem faba to be used feed livestock place soya bean seeds. The cause is fact, the 36,500 ha faba bean 147 '1984, it 7,200 t seeds; 1,000 t to the 1984) these came only five faba 'Gemi', Lama Lama 'Vesuvio') cluded the to have about 6,000 t fied seeds 30 seeds/m2 a seed weight 1 g) sowg the 19,895 ha faba bean seed consumption, but only 900 t available 19821988). The five dicated the only This means that the the fields sown with local populations which seed genetic cause the stability the gene these populations to new faba bean need to be These should have genes to the ma biotic (Orobanche black bean aphid maly the faba such as Sicily, abiotic be endowed with a high level (i.e. the should be maly syn The ma aspects to the above been the the needed to attempt a scientific et al., 1979). the followg section view volved as studies faba bean cultivätion will be given. Serie A: Semaires mediterraneens
CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes Currently operatg research system major research achievements to the listed the sections, ma have been developed (19761980) which a jot at scale, to assess the yield potential the available to study the methods suitable to constitute new faba bean The (National Council) (19761980) on genetic legumes. The (19821987) to study novative to dealt with V. faba basic The a possible extension to on the quantitative qualitative legume faba bean, chickpea lentil. the EEC the ma the meetgs, one which took place et al., 1979), the most obtaed the Jot Field Test et al., 1983). The was out 12 locations major rnor type United dom, The cluded. the out sowg at latitude 45 30 (by the the 41 OO (by the these conditions it was possible to assess that: (a) the types (i.e. CV cluded the best yieldg although no one the tested than the local check, maly at latitude; (b) only vegetative CV suitable ments. the the aims the faba bean cultivation by evaluatg collections local populations all the selectg new les The the activities have been published (Foti, 1979a; 1979) can be as follows: 148 collection evaluation. The evaluation than 700 accessions dicated that populations Ethiopia, Egypt, Afghanistan showed the highest content; 87 accessions Sicily some showed seed weight (up to 3.25 g/seed) content (up to 32%). Evaluation the system high yieldg les have been selected seed 20/2, 21/3, CV Aguadulce, Locale di An analysis pollation the values about et a1.,1979) the conclusion that faba bean is a species with a system, O to a maximum 50% dependg on the bees the fields. The pollatg sects the consequent have effects on the yield the population the followg absence pollatg sects, lack ability the plants to found to be the ma causes yield 1982). Estimation use selectg high yieldg les. sense estimated at 42 OO latitude was high (h2>0.54) date onset seeds pod, 100seed weight. These showed also the lowest genotype X selection yield showg high h2 is expected to the yield stability the selected yieldg stable equa les (T5/25 2814) mor les (C54/ 13, LS 245 vt, 125 vlt) to the pective (CV Gemi CV have been selected. bean the faba type faba bean showed functional to the tes soya bean, that is: 70% 2% solubility at capacity ties; usg a mor type faba bean seeds contag 28% a at high efficiency (88%) a 62% was achieved; this showed a biological value 0.4 comto lactoalbum; pasta made with Serie A: Semaires mediterraneens
CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes a showed good semo1a:faba cookg quality test The the ideal contuation the tended to multipleevaluation the available V. faba genetic stocks to identifyg that could aid the the yield potential these genotypes the cultivation The had the followg les: Evaluation, 10 out the six mor type cluded the National plus 14 mor major type les new constitution. The evaluated those to the yield components. The stitutions have been the sities Catania, Naples, ENEA. Study the diffusion, diagnostic to the most common pathogenic fungi (Botrytis fabae, Ascochyta fabae, etc.) (Orobanche crenata). The stitutes volved the thology Catania, the the utilization the les with high yield potential stability, with imquality. this the the Naples. Assessment the possibility mechanical sowg faba bean. Establishment novative that may the the yield potential faba bean the vestigation (a) sowg dates (between fi) sowg, seed fillg); (c) chemical weedg; (d) plant densities plant the field usg faba bean isolates. the last two only one the the not yet been published, expectations that to faba bean cultivation. 149 vestigations on basic aspects V. faba genetics that focused on the study seed genes, genes, physiology. The ma achievements have been the followg: genetical analysis seed study on the effect unstable mosomes on V. faba out at the sity Naples. The noaffity) seed used mutant faba bean les blottg analysis, allowed the identification (acidic) legum subunit five vicil subunit The legum subunits was studied on F2 seeds, dications that legum behaves as the a sgle A cytogenetic study was out on the effect a duced pollen: mutafound which showed that also V. faba the duction be a tool duction new as found et al., 1984). the genetic seed a collection faba bean was out at the The legum vicil Afghanistan Ethiopia showed the highest ability legume subunits the highest quency legum subunits et al., 1989). to genome, V. faba major legum genes, was out at the sity Tuscia, A legum type npt genes (npt gene was chosen as selectable that to the antibiotic (3418) have been to Only the twenty days on media contag the antibiotic (3418, but shoot was on the so situ cate that legum genes located on two mosomes (on the arm the L on one the the V. faba genome et al., 1989). studies on faba bean plant out at the Serie A: Semaires mediterraneens
CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes tute, A plant habits to tested physiological to was that dehabit is by a allele at a locus which seemed to the effect the yieldg ability the homozygous genotypes that allele (Filippetti, 1986). Stomata1 benot useful selection 1988). out at ogy Tuscia. have been found V. faba Vicia species which due to the the genes 2000 copies at one locus. The V. faba Vicia species those dicated that the genes V. faba evolved a those Vicia spp. no close can be implied with V. narbonensis, V. galilaen, V. V. bythica, etc. et al., 1988). Usg the funds with Cm the Education the followg on V. faba is beg conducted: lation studies, selection selection methods yield Usg net cages a modified selection scheme based on:. A cycle pollation (two open pollation). Selection applied the second selftility the combg ability, it was possible to identify mor type with good combg ability yield adequate Tuscia, The followg activities beg developed. Assess the yield potential synthetic major type one (Syn l), two (Syn 2), (Syn 3) consecutive plots isolated by distance. The synthetics based on six les (showg 89 92% self The the les the effect due to gave to the Syn 2 the best yield when comto Syn Study the ability V. faba to use + analysis wheat. (i.e. light) at plant when to identify genes. So five new isozyme gene have been identified et al., 1989).. V. faba genome is cona lkage map biochemical The physiological aspects yield the effect plant density on the yield ability faba bean is beg studied. They have been able to show that a 30 plant/m2 density allowed the highest tions mor ('Vesuvio') equa ('Gemi') faba bean et al., 1986). The tion faba bean accession usg pat seed is contug. A chemotaxonomical analysis (based on the phenolic compounds) Vicia species is beg out with the identifg the closest Vicia faba species. evaluation the collection faba bean to takg place et d., 1988). This activity the 'Locale di Castellana' (it 147 453 seeds a 30 plant/plot when fested with 164 48 plants, while all the tested accessions less than 100 seeds/plot even at low level festation. Extensive selection field testg is out at many omy stitutes Catania, etc.) to fd suitable les seed consumption, food, canng. Casaccia, A faba bean is out to the followg les: g.. Yield test Selection cluded stocks. the selected to enhance the genotypes. A close has been established between Aleppo, 150 Serie A: Semaires mediterraneens
CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes. The faba bean mate plant type. to chocolate spot ascochyta blight. evaluation, etc., sent to the Field testg selection g to the local objectives conditions, the have been benefited Conclusions Faba bean is one the legume the system. its ( the legume is due legume seeds the human diet, low come that the the faba bean because the small high stable yieldg lack novative sowg, faba bean seeds. The stitutions devotg also to solve addidion to the above dicated the the able to fd new well accepted faba bean seeds, seed well as livestock the the faba bean cultivation could be stopped a few References (eds.) (1979): Some on Vicia faba C., LA (1984): duced by a Vicia faba L. Vicia faba: Lockwood, G., eds.). Nijhf The The Neth Yield, yield stability, phenological faba bean (Vicia faba L.) a wide 2. zenzüchtung 9095105. V., C., F. (1988): Evidence on length Vicia faba Genetica 42(1) V., (1989): Legum Vicia faba major: tion, location codg 15(1):1317. F. (1979): legumes human 928 pei, C., ed.) ( bullet (i duced Vicia faba major by ethyl methane sulphonate S. activity the wheat the Enna, Nov. 34, 1979 S. the legume legume the Enna, Nov. 34, 1979 (Foti, S., effects sect pollation on the yield zenzüchtung 84:323328. field V. Vicia faba L. Appl. Gen. 72657667. L. faba Faba Webb, C., eds.). Nijhf The The ls. ad ation to Vicia faba L. Seed Ethiopia 15(1):1316. on the use faba bean (Vicia faba L.) 5June 2, 1979, technological economical aspects ( E., L., N. (1980): Analysis Vicia faba L. zenzüchtung 84:313322. (1979): Genetics legumes (F ompei,c.,ed.) (i stomata1 Vicia faba L. 24. ista E. status legume (m potential L., SARNO, L. (1986): Effects plant density on Vicia faba L. eqzca Vicia faba L. mor a 45. Serie A: Semaires mediterraneens