Famil: Portulacaceae Taxo: Talium paiculatum Som: Portulaca paiculata Jacq. (basiom) Portulaca pates L. Talium pates Juss. Commo Name: fameflower pik bab's breath jewels of Opar Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: H(HPWRA) Data Etr Perso: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 16 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, =-1 103 Does the species have weed races? =1, =-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, =-1 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 Prit Date: 7/7/2011 Talium paiculatum (Portulacaceae) Page 1 of 7
411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, =-1 603 Hbridizes aturall =1, =-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic =1, =-1 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, =-1 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, 1 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, =-1 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, =-1 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, =-1 705 Propagules water dispersed =1, =-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed =1, =-1 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, =-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, =-1 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, =-1 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, =-1 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, =-1 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: H(HPWRA) WRA Score 16 Prit Date: 7/7/2011 Talium paiculatum (Portulacaceae) Page 2 of 7
Supportig Data: 101 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 102 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 103 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 201 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 202 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 203 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H.. Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads 204 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 205 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 301 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 301 2000. Oppeheimer, H.L./Bartlett, R.T.. New plat records from Maui, O ahu, ad the Hawai i Islads. Bishop Museum Occasioal Papers. 64: 1-10. 301 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H.. Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads 301 2008. Foxcroft, L.C./Richardso, D.M./Wilso, J.R.U.. Orametal Plats as Ivasive Alies: Problems ad Solutios i Kruger Natioal Park, South Africa. Evirometal Maagemet. 41: 32 51. 302 1995. Co, B.J. (ed. ). Hadbooks of the flora of Papua New Guiea, vol. 3. Melboure Uiversit Press, Melboure, Australia [Is the species highl domesticated? No] No evidece [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-high] "Native to tropical America, southwester Uited States, ad the West Idies;" [Qualit of climate match data 2-high] "Native to tropical America, southwester Uited States, ad the West Idies;" [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) Yes] "I tropical Africa Talium paiculatum locall aturalized, usuall i cultivated lad ad roadsides, sometimes i forest edges, up to 2200 m altitude." [Elevatio rage exceeds 1000 m, demostratig a degree of evirometal versatilit] [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "Native to tropical America, southwester Uited States, ad the West Idies; aturalized at least o Kauai, Oahu ad Hawaii." [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "...T. paiculatum has bee widel itroduced elsewhere." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Native to tropical America, southwester Uited States, ad the West Idies; aturalized at least o Kauai, Oahu ad Hawaii." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Talium paiculatum (Jacq.) Gaert. New islad record. Sparigl aturalized at least o Kaua i, O ahu, ad Hawai i (Wager et al., 1999: 1075), it is ow kow from Maui as well. Material examied: MAUI: West Maui, Lahaia District, Alaeloa, voluteers i ard, 12 m, 29 Oct 1998, Oppeheimer H109808." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] " ative to tropical America, but is ow a patropical weed. It occurs scattered throughout tropical Africa, ad is locall cultivated as a vegetable i Ghaa ad Nigeria I tropical Africa Talium paiculatum locall aturalized, usuall i cultivated lad ad roadsides, sometimes i forest edges, up to 2200 m altitude." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Table 2. Orametal alie plat species recorded per camp i the Kruger Natioal Park, idicatig the umber of camps i which each species has bee recorded, as well as mode of itroductio" [Talium paiculatum Evidece of aturalizatio? Yes] [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? Yes] "...occurrig from sea level to about 50 m elevatio as a weed i villages or alog roadsides" [Fiji] Prit Date: 7/7/2011 Talium paiculatum (Portulacaceae) Page 3 of 7
302 2011. Dave's Garder. PlatFiles: Jewels of Opar, Fame Flower - Talium paiculatum. http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/777/ 303 2009. Freitas, F.C.L./Medeiros, V.F.L.P./Grageiro, L.C./Silva, M.G.O./Nascimeto, P.G.M.L./Nues, G.H.. Weed iterferece i cowpea. Plata Daiha. 27(2): 241-247. 303 2010. Gomes, G.L.G.C./Ibrahim, F.N./Macedo, G.L./Nobrega, L.P./Alves, E.. Weed commuit assessmet i the baaa culture. Plata Daiha. 28(1): 61-68. 303 2010. Soares, I.A.A./Freitas, F.C.L./Negreiros, M.Z./Freire, G.M./Aroucha, E.M.M./Grageiro, L.C./Lopes, W.A.R./Dombroski, J.L.D.. Weed iterferece i carrot ield ad qualit. Plata Daiha. 28(2): 247-254. [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? Yes] "O Ja 6, 2009, pecombe from Laurel, DE wrote: For two ears I was i love with this plat the the third ear it totall took over m garde. It is terribl ivasive ad the huge carrot-like roots are impossible to pull out b had. Do't give a to our frieds or the might ot speak to ou a more!... O Ma 15, 2008, ceejatow from The Woodlads, TX (Zoe 9a) wrote: I admired this sweet little plat i someoe's garde, ad she was so kid as to give me some. (Shame o her.) This plat reseeds freel ad the plats quickl develop a huge tuber that is difficult to dig up. Before I kew it, it was all over the place. I had to move to get rid of it. Never agai!... O Jul 15, 2002, Cocomo from Sa Jua, PR (Zoe 10b) wrote: This plat has some small pik flowers ad succulet leaves, that appeal to some gardeers. However watch out for this is a ivasive plat due to its abilit to produce hudreds of miute seeds o its ti fruits. Do ot plat i the ard sice the will take over the place ad ou will be pullig them like weeds over the ext couple of ears. If ou wat to grow this do so i a pot, where there is o dager of spreadig the seeds aroud. The roots looks kid of ice, like Giseg (but the are ot, of course), but that's about the ol ice thig I fid about this plat. The are hard to get rid of! I live i zoe 10. " [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? Yes] "This work aimed to determie the periods of weed iterferece i cowpea (Viga uguiculata), sow uder the covetioal sstem i Jul 2007. The experimet was arraged i radomized blocks, with the treatmets cosistig of periods of cotrol or itercroppig of the weeds with the crop. I the first group, the bea crop remaied free of weed iterferece i the periods 0-09, 0-18, 0 27, 0-36, 0-45 ad 0-60 (harvest)..i the secod group, the bea crop remaied uder iterferece from the time of emergece up to the same periods previousl described. The critical period of weed iterferece prevetio (CPIP) was from 11 to 35 das after crop emergece. Weed iterferece reduced the fial stad, umber of pods per plat, ad grai ield up to 90%." [Talium paiculatum reduces cowpea ields] [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? Possibl] "There are several weeds that develop associated with baaa, as spiderwort (Commelia diffusa), utsedge (Cperus spp.) maria-fat (Talium paiculatum), sour (Oxalis sp.) rubi ad (Leoorus sibiricus) (Alves, 2005)." [Traslated from Portuguese. No descriptio of impacts o baaa cultivatio give] [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? Yes] "ABSTRACT This work aimed to evaluate weed iterferece i ield ad qualit of carrots (Daucus carota). A experimet was carried out i a radomized block desig, with four replicatios. The treatmets were composed of six periods of weed cotrol (0-12, 0-24, 0-36, 0-48, 0-60 ad 0-72 das after emergece (DAE)). The characteristics evaluated were: ield of commercial roots, total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acidit (TTA), vitami C, TSS/TTA ratio ad ph of roots. The commercial root ields decreased with weed iterferece, with weed cotrol beig required util 36 DAE. Root TSS rates ad vitami C did ot var with weed iterferece. The presece of weeds for a loger period icreased ph ad TSS ad decreased TSS/TTA ratios." [Talium paiculatum reduces carrot ields] 304 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Evirometal weed? No] Mostl a disturbace weed [See 3.02] ad a weed of agriculture [See 3.03] 305 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Idex [Olie Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/ 401 1961. Duke, J.A.. Flora of Paama. Part IV. Fascicle IV. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 48(1): 1-106. 402 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 403 1961. Duke, J.A.. Flora of Paama. Part IV. Fascicle IV. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 48(1): 1-106. 404 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H.. Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads [Cogeeric weed? Potetiall] Several Talium species listed as aturalized or weeds, but evidece of impacts is lackig [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] "Herbaceous plats, erect, sleder, glabrous throughout, the root ofte thick ad flesh. Leaves alterate, broadl elliptic to obovoid, rarel oblaceolate, 4-13 cm. log, 1.5-5.5 cm. broad, acute to obtuse at the apex, cueate or atteuate at the base, plae, petiole 3-15 mm. log." [Allelopathic? No evidece] "...T. paiculatum has bee widel itroduced elsewhere." [Broad distributio as a weed ad a cultivated plat, but o evidece of allelopath metioed i the literature] [Parasitic? No] "Herbaceous plats, erect, sleder, glabrous throughout, the root ofte thick ad flesh." [Portulacaceae or Taliaceae] [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Ukow] "The shoots ad leaves of Talium paiculatum are added to stews ad soups, e.g. i Ghaa, Nigeria, ad DR Cogo. The are also eate as a vegetable i tropical America." [Palatable to humas, so probabl palatable to aimals] Prit Date: 7/7/2011 Talium paiculatum (Portulacaceae) Page 4 of 7
405 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H.. Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads 405 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 406 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 406 2008. Te Miute Gardeig. Talium paiculatum (Jewels of Opar). The Official Blog of Bert's Bloomers, http://bertsbloomers.com/talium-paiculatumjewels-of-opar/ 407 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H.. Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads 408 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 408 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H.. Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads 409 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H.. Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads 410 2011. Lear 2 Grow. Talium paiculatum. http://www.lear2grow.com/plats/taliumpaiculatum/ 411 1961. Duke, J.A.. Flora of Paama. Part IV. Fascicle IV. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 48(1): 1-106. 412 2000. Oppeheimer, H.L./Bartlett, R.T.. New plat records from Maui, O ahu, ad the Hawai i Islads. Bishop Museum Occasioal Papers. 64: 1-10. 412 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H.. Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads 501 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 502 1961. Duke, J.A.. Flora of Paama. Part IV. Fascicle IV. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 48(1): 1-106. 503 1961. Duke, J.A.. Flora of Paama. Part IV. Fascicle IV. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 48(1): 1-106. 504 1961. Duke, J.A.. Flora of Paama. Part IV. Fascicle IV. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 48(1): 1-106. 504 2011. Lear 2 Grow. Talium paiculatum. http://www.lear2grow.com/plats/taliumpaiculatum/ 601 1961. Duke, J.A.. Flora of Paama. Part IV. Fascicle IV. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 48(1): 1-106. [Toxic to aimals? No] No evidece [Toxic to aimals? No] No evidece [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? No evidece] [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? No evidece] "Pests: isect resistat Diseases: disease resistat" [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No] "The shoots ad leaves of Talium paiculatum are added to stews ad soups, e.g. i Ghaa, Nigeria, ad DR Cogo. The are also eate as a vegetable i tropical America." [Used for huma cosumptio with o evidece of toxicit] [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] "Erect, flesh pereial herbs 3-8 dm tall." [No evidece i Hawaii. Flesh plat probabl ulikel to bur] [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] No evidece i Africa [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Yes] "I cultivatio, it prefers well-draied, moist soil rich i orgaic matter, ad full su. It is drought ad shade tolerat." [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Yes] "Soil ph: Acidic, Neutral; Loam, Sad" [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? No] "Herbaceous plats, erect, sleder, glabrous throughout, the root ofte thick ad flesh" [Forms dese thickets? No] "Sparigl aturalized at least o Kaua i, O ahu, ad Hawai i (Wager et al., 1999: 1075), it is ow kow from Maui as well." [No evidece from Hawaiia Islads] [Forms dese thickets? No] No evidece from Africa [Aquatic? No] "Herbaceous plats, erect, sleder, glabrous throughout, the root ofte thick ad flesh." [terrestrial] [Grass? No] Portulacaceae or Taliaceae [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] "Herbaceous plats, erect, sleder, glabrous throughout, the root ofte thick ad flesh" [Portulacaceae or Taliaceae] [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? Yes] "Herbaceous plats, erect, sleder, glabrous throughout, the root ofte thick ad flesh" [thick ad flesh root, but ot a true geophte] [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? Yes] "I subtropical climates the plat is evergree ad becomes quite large with a deep brittle taproot, makig eradicatio difficult. I areas with cool witers it goes dormat ad resprouts i sprig." [Fuctioall a geophte] [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] No evidece Prit Date: 7/7/2011 Talium paiculatum (Portulacaceae) Page 5 of 7
602 1961. Duke, J.A.. Flora of Paama. Part IV. Fascicle IV. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 48(1): 1-106. 603 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Hbridizes aturall? Ukow] 604 2003. Morales, C.L./Galetto, L.. Ifluece of Compatibilit Sstem ad Life Form o Plat Reproductive Success. Plat Biolog. 5(5): 567 573. 604 2003. Valerio, R./Ramirez, N.. Exogamic depressio ad reproductive biolog of Talium paiculatum (Jacq.) Gaerter (Portulacaceae). Acta Botáica Veezuelica. 26: 111 124. 605 2003. Valerio, R./Ramirez, N.. Exogamic depressio ad reproductive biolog of Talium paiculatum (Jacq.) Gaerter (Portulacaceae). Acta Botáica Veezuelica. 26: 111 124. 605 2008. Hard, P.B./Deis, R.L.H.. Shiftig butterfl habitats ad biotope accompa use of alie ectar sources after deforestatio. Acta Zoologica Siica. 54(1): 77-83. 606 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H.. Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads 607 2003. Dequa, L./Gilbert, M.G.. Flora of Chia Vol.5 - Portulacaceae. Missouri Botaical Garde ad Harvard Uiversit Herbaria, Beijig & St. Louis 701 1995. Co, B.J. (ed. ). Hadbooks of the flora of Papua New Guiea, vol. 3. Melboure Uiversit Press, Melboure, Australia 701 1999. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Sohmer, S.H.. Maual of the flowerig plats of Hawaii. Revised editio.. Uiversit of Hawai i Press ad Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI. 702 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H.. Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Capsule ovoid to globose, 3-5 mm. log, 3-5 mm. i diameter; seeds strogl reiform, 0.75-1.0 mm. i diameter, the testa miutel striate, black, idistictl strophiolate." [Self-compatible or apomictic? Yes] "Table 1. Breedig sstem ad atural fruit set of a sample of 32 species growig i the Chaco Serrao forests." [Talium paiculatum is listed as SC: self-compatible] [Self-compatible or apomictic? Yes] "The proportio of fruit ad seed produced b self polliatio was sigificatl higher tha the proportio produced b crosspolliatio which suggest that high levels of autogam ma be associated with outbreedig depressio, favourig geotpes highl adapted to small forest fragmets located i urba areas." [Requires specialist polliators? No. No evidece] "The reproductive biolog of Talium paiculatum (Portulacaceae), a hermaphrodite herb i a remat of semideciduous forest i Caracas, Veezuela, was studied. Polliatio biolog, breedig sstem, ad fruit ad seed set were determied. The flowers were actiomorphic, ellowish, small, ad live for ol four hours. These floral traits were correlated with the polliator tpes ad sizes, which were represeted b bees from differet families (Apidae ad Halictidae)." [Requires specialist polliators? No. No evidece] "Table 1 Status of flowerig plats i Rizal Provice, Philippies, used b butterflies as ectar sources" [Icludes the itroduced T. paiculatum, which is widel aturalized ad is able to produce seed withi its itroduced rage] [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? No] "It Is propagated b seed or cuttigs." [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 1] "Herbs aual or pereial, 30-100 cm." [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall? Possibl] "...a weed i villages or alog roadsides" [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall? Possibl] "Capsules reddish, globose, ca. 3 mm log, 3-valved. Seeds black, gloss, ca. 0.9-1.2 mm log, the surface miutel tuberculate" [Possible due to small size, although o meas of exteral attachmet] [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] " cultivated as a garde orametal ad pot plat." 703 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? Possibl] A weed of some cultivated crops, so potetiall ma cotamiate produce. Direct evidece ot foud. 704 2003. Valerio, R./Ramirez, N.. Exogamic depressio ad reproductive biolog of Talium paiculatum (Jacq.) Gaerter (Portulacaceae). Acta Botáica Veezuelica. 26: 111 124. 705 2003. Valerio, R./Ramirez, N.. Exogamic depressio ad reproductive biolog of Talium paiculatum (Jacq.) Gaerter (Portulacaceae). Acta Botáica Veezuelica. 26: 111 124. 706 1961. Duke, J.A.. Flora of Paama. Part IV. Fascicle IV. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 48(1): 1-106. 707 2003. Valerio, R./Ramirez, N.. Exogamic depressio ad reproductive biolog of Talium paiculatum (Jacq.) Gaerter (Portulacaceae). Acta Botáica Veezuelica. 26: 111 124. [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? Possibl over short distaces] "Whe it opes, the fruit exposes the seeds which fall to the groud or are take to three feet b the wid." [Traslatio from Spaish. Short distace wid dispersal] [Propagules water dispersed? No] "Whe it opes, the fruit exposes the seeds which fall to the groud or are take to three feet b the wid." [Propagules bird dispersed? No] "Capsule ovoid to globose, 3-5 mm. log, 3-5 mm. i diameter; seeds strogl reiform, 0.75-1.0 mm. i diameter, the testa miutel striate, black, idistictl strophiolate." [Not flesh-fruited] [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? Yes] "Although biotic dispersal agets were ot observed, seeds are apparetl adapted for dispersal b ats. A little flesh remais ver close to the fuiculus, which was rich i fats i the histochemical test with Suda III, a tpical characteristic of at species" [Traslated from Spaish] Prit Date: 7/7/2011 Talium paiculatum (Portulacaceae) Page 6 of 7
708 2006. Jolaosho, A.O./Olaite, J.A./Oifade, O.S./Oke, A.O.. Seed i the faeces of rumiat aimals grazig ative pastures uder semiitesive maagemet i Nigeria. Tropical Grasslads. 40: 79 83. 801 2004. Grubbe, G.J.H.. Vegetables. Volume 2 of Plat resources of tropical Africa. PROTA, Wageige, Netherlads 802 1999. Miller, P.M.. Effects of Deforestatio o Seed Baks i a Tropical Deciduous Forest of Wester Mexico. Joural of Tropical Ecolog. 15(2): 179-188. 802 2008. Roal Botaic Gardes Kew. Seed Iformatio Database (SID). Versio 7.1. http://data.kew.org/sid/ [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Possibl] "While seed recovered from cattle faeces was from a wider rage of species tha from sheep ad goats, it is ot possible to draw ma coclusios o aimal prefereces as the differet aimal species grazed differet areas, ad small rumiats ma have digested some seed to a greater extet tha cattle. It is sigificat that Ageratum cozoides was recovered from all aimal species ad P. maximum, Brachiaria deflexa, Digitaria horizotalis, Cperus spp., Euphorbia heterophlla, Amarathus spp. ad Talium triagulare were eate b at least 2 species. This provides useful iformatio o the grazig prefereces of the differet species. However, as metioed earlier, some species were immature durig the collectio period so seed was ot available for cosumptio ad these species do ot appear as havig bee cosumed. While this stud has provided" [Related species cosumed ad potetiall dispersed b cattle] [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)> Ukow] "There are about 5000 seeds per g." [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? Ukow] "Table 2. Dicot species germiatig from referece forest soils (RF), pre-bur (Pre), 1-d post-bur (1-d), ad l- post-bur (l-) soils. All plats were idetified b E. J. Lott, Uiversit of Califoria, Riverside; paretheses idicate a tetative idetificatio." [Talium paiculatum did ot germiate oe ear after a fire. Ma ot form a persistet seed bak, or fire ma effect seed viabilit] [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? Ukow] "Storage Behaviour: Orthodox Storage Coditios: Log-term storage uder IPGRI preferred coditios at RBG Kew, WP. Oldest collectio 18 ears; germiatio chage 99 to 100%, 13 ears, 1 collectio" [Ukow from field coditios] 803 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Ukow] No iformatio o herbicide efficac was foud 804 2011. Lear 2 Grow. Talium paiculatum. http://www.lear2grow.com/plats/taliumpaiculatum/ [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] "I subtropical climates the plat is evergree ad becomes quite large with a deep brittle taproot, makig eradicatio difficult. I areas with cool witers it goes dormat ad resprouts i sprig. Use this pereial with cautio i the rocker or mixed border, where seedligs ca be a problem." 805 2011. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall? Ukow] Prit Date: 7/7/2011 Talium paiculatum (Portulacaceae) Page 7 of 7