Slide 1 Slide 2 Slide 3 Slide 4 Utah s Early People: The American Indians Chapter 3 The Mood Many groups of prehistoric people with many different lifestyles lived in North America & South America The Ice Age was over and prehistoric animals roamed the land. For thousands of years different groups of people moved in and out of the place we now call Utah. They were Utah s first explorers, hunters, farmers, artists, teachers, students, and religious and government leaders. When the Mormon pioneers came to the Great Basin in 1847, there were five main groups of native people living here. Timeline 11,000 B.C. Paleo-Indians live all over the American continents and in Utah. 6,500 B.C. Archaic people live in the Great Basin and Plateau Regions. 300 B.C. The Anasazi culture spreads into the canyons and mesas along the San Juan River 400 A.D. The Fremont culture develops throughout the Great Basin. 1100 The Numic peoples (including the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute) move into Utah. 1300 -- Fremont and Anasazi lifestyles are gone from Utah. 1620 The Navajo people move into the San Juan River area. 1765 Spanish explorers meet the American Indians of Utah. 1949 Danger Cave is first explored. 1960 s Hogup Cave is explored. Historical Sources History is the story of what has happened in the past. They are written records of the past Prehistory is before written records were kept Primary sources First hand accounts Secondary sources Second hand accounts (after-the-fact accounts). Your Utah: A Journey of Discovery book has both primary and secondary sources. Can you tell which are which?
Slide 5 Slide 6 Slide 7 Slide 8 Learning Log! Work Alone! On your Learning Log assignment, number your next entry from 1 to 8 and put a P for primary source, or an S for secondary source for each item. 1) A film made today about the Civil War 2) Photos taken of a Civil War battle 3) A notebook full of rough drafts of Emily Dickinson poems 4) A letter written by George Washington 5) A rock painting made 6,000 years ago 6) A modern copy of an old rifle 7) An interview with a historian 8) The phone bill of a thief Archaeologists Scientists who study early people and their artifacts are archaeologists. Artifacts are objects that are man-made or produced by humans. (has man s influence) Examples: Tools, weapons, pottery, etc. There are still many things of which we have no evidence, or we don t know what the artifacts mean. We have to make educated guesses in some cases. Prehistoric American Indians Research suggests that humans have lived in Utah for about 11,000 to 13,000 years. Much of what we know about some early people in Utah comes from two caves in the west desert near Wendover. Danger Cave Hogup Cave Danger Cave Jesse Jennings from the University of Utah found a variety of fascinating artifacts in this cave. Textiles Beetle wings Leather scraps Pieces of string Nets of twine Coarse fabric Basket fragments Bone tools Wood tools Weapons Millstones The oldest materials tested, were 11,000 years old. This is one of the oldest sites in all of North America. We believe that these people were small in numbers, and they were huntergatherers.
Slide 9 Slide 10 Slide 11 Slide 12 Hogup Cave This limestone cave has two chambers: the outer one is about the size of a large house; the second one is half that size. Three different cultures used this cave, the first dating back 8,000 years, the second being the Fremont people, and finally the Shoshone. Artifacts were found from all three eras in time, in the 1960 s. Unfortunately, the whole area was vandalized in 1970. Vandalizing is still an issue with archeological sites today. Why would someone vandalize a site? Did you know that is illegal, and that it is illegal to take anything from an archeological site? The Paleo-Indian People These are the earliest people we know of that lived in Utah, though they also lived outside of Utah. Paleo means Ancient. They were nomadic hunters, meaning they followed animals wherever they went, for food. Some of the animals they hunted are now extinct. Saber-toothed tiger Giant camel Woolly mammoth They also would have eaten seeds, nuts, and other wild plants to eat. Because they were always on the move, they did not stay in one place for a long time. The Archaic People The Archaic people came after the Paleo-Indian People. These people were also hunter-gatherers or nomadic hunters. These people lived inside Utah and in other areas as well, just like the Paleo-Indian People. They lived for around 6,400 years. We also call them the Desert Gatherers, because they lived in very dry places. They were more advanced than Paleo-Indian People, and lived long after prehistoric animals went extinct. They moved more methodically, going to the same places, the same times each year to benefit from the abundance in different areas at different times. Archaic Peoples Foods & Houses Gathered duck eggs Fished for trout Gathered tender cattail plants Gathered berries Gathered nuts Acorns, pinion nuts Gathered seeds Grass seeds, sunflower seeds Ate bulrush, sego lily bulbs, and other roots and bulbs. Hunted deer, antelope, and mountain sheep. Ate lizards, insects, mice, gophers, rabbits, and birds of all kinds. They lived in wicki-ups most of the time, and in caves in the winter.
Slide 13 Slide 14 Slide 15 Slide 16 Archaic Peoples Baskets, Tools & Weapons They made all kinds of baskets from plant fibers. Flat baskets were used to dry foods Deep, cone-shaped baskets were used to carry and gather things. Tightly woven jug-like baskets were lined with pinion gum in order to carry water. With plant fibers (like yucca), they also made shoes, ropes, string, and thread. They wove rabbit and mouse skins, and sometimes bird feathers, into robes and blankets. Their main weapon was the atlatl and spear. Atlatl The Anasazi and Fremont Over time, the Archaic People left or mixed with two newer cultures: Anasazi Fremont The Anasazi The Anasazi lived in what is now the Southwest U.S. (Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona) from about 1AD until around 1275 They irrigated the desert in order to farm They created a network of roads to link dozens of towns. Traders traveled these roads, carrying cotton, sandals, and blankets woven from turkey feathers It is somewhat of a mystery as to why their culture disappeared Ancestors of modern Hopi and Navajo
Slide 17 Slide 18 Slide 19 Slide 20 Anasazi Houses The Anasazi built large houses with walls of stone and adobe, or sundried brick. When the Spanish later saw these houses in the early 1500 s, they called them pueblos, the Spanish word for village. About 1,000 years ago, some Anasazi villages faced attacks from warlike neighbors. To escape the threat, they built new homes along steep cliffs. The Anasazi left their artwork in many places. This is Newspaper Rock in Utah Pictographs verses Petroglyphs "Boulder House" is one of the ruins at Hovenweep in southeastern Utah.
Slide 21 Slide 22 Slide 23 Slide 24 The Fremont About the same time as the Anasazi people lived in the plateau regions, the Fremont culture was spreading over much of the dry valleys and mountains in the Great Basin. A variety of cultures developed. Most Fremont people were full-time farmers, growing corn, beans and squash. Others were full-time hunter-gatherers, and some shifted between lifestyles. Fremont Houses Pit houses were the style of home built by the Fremont. Part of the pit house was underground, then wooden poles would complete the walls and roof. Nearby, they would have granaries for storing food and gardens that grew food. Fremont watch tower ruins at Nine Mile Canyon, Utah
Slide 25 Slide 26 Slide 27 Slide 28 Mouth of Cottonwood Creek in Nine Mile Canyon End of the Anasazi and Fremont Both the Anasazi and Fremont cultures disappeared sometime after 1000 A.D. After these two cultures ended, advanced forms of farming and permanent cities also ended in Utah and people began hunting and gathering once again. We are not sure why? Perhaps climate change? Perhaps soil erosion? Were they invaded? This change happened slowly. It was very complex and did not happen everywhere at once. Historic American Indians After the Fremont and Anasazi groups left Utah, other groups lived here. We refer to the later groups as historic Indians because we have a written history about them. Explorers began coming to the lands where different groups of Indians lived some 250 years ago. First came the Spanish and Catholic priests. Then came fur trappers, and then pioneers. Historic Native Americans Essay Native Americans have lived in North America since the ice ages. Europeans brought horses, new diseases, religions and ideals that were new to the Native Americans. Laws were passed to remove Native Americans from their land, led to many bloody battles. Native American tribes have been broken up into nine different regions based on language, culture, and geographic location. Northeast (Eastern Woodland) Southeast Great Plains Pacific Northwest Plateau California Artic/Subarctic (not in the U.S.) Great Basin Southwest The regions are somewhat artificial because the Native Americans never used them or created them.
Slide 29 Slide 30 Slide 31 Slide 32 Francisco Coronado 1540-1542 explored the southwest United States Looking for the 7 cities of gold During his expedition, some of his horses escaped and became wild horses known as Mustangs The largest herd is in Oklahoma Historic American Indians in Utah The Utes Largest group in Utah. Had horses. Traveled with the seasons. Lived in tepees. Wore animals skins, and even wove different grasses and barks for clothes and other items. The Shoshone Had horses Hunted and gathered like the Utes Lived in tepees Wore animals skins, and even wove different grasses and barks for clothes and other items Labeled as pretty
Slide 33 Slide 34 Slide 35 Slide 36 The Navajo Call themselves the Diné. Lived in the dry regions of southern Utah. Raised sheep and goats and farmed. Later, after the Utes, the Navajo were able to get and use horses. Lived in hogans. Used sheep wool to make yarn, then wove it into many items like rugs, blankets and clothing. The Navajo Indian Placement Program Kids used to live with Mormon foster families to go to school -1947 to 2000 WWII Code Talkers The Japanese could not break their language The Paiute Also lived in a dry region. Irrigated and farmed corn, beans, and squash (and even wheat). Hunted small animals and gathered other foods. Lived in wicki-ups. Wore few clothes. In the summer, children went nude. Men wore breechcloths, women wore skirts. The Goshute Lived in a dry region. Others called them Root Diggers, because they used over 100 different kinds of desert plants, often digging for their roots. Ate insects like crickets. In this harsh environment, the Goshutes often went hungry. Lived in wicki-ups. Wore few clothes: men wore loin cloths, women wore grass skirts. In the winter, they used rabbit-skin blankets.
Slide 37 Slide 38 Slide 39 Slide 40 Traditions Change When the pioneers and settlers came, they opened trading posts where they sold cotton shirts, pants and dresses to the American Indians. In many photographs, the people are wearing a mixture of traditional clothes and more modern western clothes, shoes, and hats. Sharing Traditions Many American Indians, despite their many differences and uniqueness, shared two things with other peoples. Respect for nature Spiritual beliefs (most of which were first past on through stories, orally, before they could be written). End of an Era After pioneers and settlers continued to pour in to Utah, the American Indians way of life would change forever. Indian Sovereignty Since colonial times the Native Americans have been treated as a Sovereign Nation also called Indian Sovereignty Sovereignty gives them the power to govern themselves Especially true on the Indian Reservations They are their own group within the nation A nation within a nation 500 Nations within the United States
Slide 41 Slide 42 Utah Native American Reservations Quiz 1. What do archaeologists study? (1 point) 2. What do they use for clues to the past? (1 point) 3. How do we know about Utah s prehistoric people? (2 point) 4. How did the first people get food? (2 points) 5. How did the atlatl improve the Indians hunting skills? (1 point) 6. What happened to the Fremont and Anasazi peoples? (2 points) 7. What are Utah s five main historic Indian groups. (5 points) 8. Why did the people tell stories and legends? (2 point)