Genetic Diversity Analysis in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Genotypes using D Statistics

Indian Journal of Ecology (017) 44 (Special Issue-4): 17581 Manuscript Number: 34 NAAS Rating: 4.96 Genetic Diversity Analysis in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Genotypes using D Statistics Tulsi Ram Dhakar, Hemlata Sharma, Namrata and Prashant Bisen* Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology Udaipur- 313 001, India *E-mail: prashant.bgt@gmail.com Abstract: Genetic divergence using D analysis of 93 genotypes of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were studied during kharif - 014 at the Instructional Farm, College of Technology and Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur for fifteen characters. Significant genotype mean square obtained for most of the characters, indicated the presence of adequate variability among the genotypes. The genotypes were grouped into 8 clusters. The clusters VI was the largest containing 18 followed by 16 in cluster VII, 15 in cluster I, 1 in cluster V and cluster VIII, 10 in cluster IV, 7 in cluster III and 3 in cluster II. Maximum intra cluster values were recorded for cluster V (D = 101.80) followed by cluster IV (D =93.89), cluster VII (D =83.7), cluster VIII (D =8.6), cluster I (D =80.8), cluster VI (D =80.46), cluster II (D =65.93) and cluster III (D =58.06). While, maximum average inter cluster value was obtained between cluster III and VIII. The diversity among the genotypes measured by intra-cluster & inter cluster distance was adequate for improvement of groundnut by hybridization and selection. The genotype included in the diverse clusters can be used as promising parents for hybridization programme to obtain high heterotic response and thus better segregants in groundnut. Keywords: Genetic divergence, Cluster analysis, D analysis, Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), is the sixth most important oilseed crop in the world and grown for its high amount of oil (45-50%) and digestable protein (5-30%) in nearly 100 countries of the world (Namrata et al., 016; Janila et al., 013). Groundnut is grown on 5.44 million ha worldwide with a total production of 45. million t and an average productivity of 1777.33 kg ha (FAO, 013). Developing countries constitute 97 percent of the global area and 94 percent of the global production of this crop which is mainly concentrated in Asia and Africa (Nigam et al., 004). The demand for high oil cultivars of groundnut in developing countries is higher due to extensive use for various uses. Total groundnut oil production in India during the year 014-15 was 1.4 million tones. Recent polyploidization, selfpollination and the narrow genetic base of the primary gene pool in cultivated groundnut resulted in low genetic diversity that has remained a major bottleneck for its genetic improvement (Nigam et al., 004), but for breeding commercial groundnut cultivars with different objectives requires availability of genetically diverse genotypes to become the parents of a successful hybrid breeding programme which results in F1 with increased yield, wider adoption, desirable quality traits. To assess the existing genetic diversity among the genotypes D technique of Mahalanobis (1936) is intensively and widely used in crop improvement programmes. For knowing the source of genes for particular trait within the available germplasm the evaluation of genetic diversity present within the germplasm is also very important. So, it is essential to know the genetic diversity of the existing genotypes before undertaking any crop improvement programme. Therefore, the present study was carried out to estimate the nature and magnitude of genetic diversity present in a collection of 93 genotypes of groundnut. MATERIAL AND METHODS Experimental material and plan of work: The experimental material for the present investigation consisted of 90 genotypes along with 3 checks of groundnut received from different origins (Table 1), which were obtained from the All India Coordinated Research Improvement Project on Groundnut, MPUAT, Udaipur. The experiment was conducted in an Augmented Design with six blocks during kharif- 014 at the Instructional Farm, College of Technology and Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur. Each genotype was accommodated in a one row plot of 5.0 m length with a spacing of 30 cm between row and 10 cm between plants. The fertilizer in the experimental area was applied at the rate of 0 kg N ha and 60 kg P ha as it is a recommended dose for kharif cultivation of groundnut in the region. All the recommended agronomic cultural practices and plant protection measure were followed as and when required. Traits observed: Observations were recorded on five

176 Tulsi Ram Dhakar, Hemlata Sharma, Namrata and Prashant Bisen Table 1. List of genotypes used in the present study and their pedigree Name of Genotypes Pedigree Origin UG-3 Selection from ICGV9881 UG-4 Selection from ICGV981 UG-6 ICGV93373 ICGV94 UG-9 ICGV953 ICGV96398 UG0 ICGV9314 (LI ICGS44) UG5 ICGV93134 (LI ICGS44) UG6 ICGV93143 (LI ICGS44) UG7 GAJAH (NU ICGS44) (LI ICGS44) UG9 [{(ICGV86347 ICGV8031) JL-4} Gajah (NU ICGV87883)] UG-0 (ICGV411 ICG7637) Gajah ICGV UG (TAG-4 ICG8666) UG- (ICGV8790 ICGV87846) UG-4 (ICGV8790 TAG-4) UG-56 B-95 HPS0- UG-57 BAU3 SEL1- UG-59 GG-0 Kadiri-3 UG-60 ICGV86031 TAG-4 UG-61 GG-0 Chico UG-6 PBS0176 NRCG4891 UG-64 (EDRGVT ICGV03056) UG-65 (EDRGVT x ICGV0306) UG-67 B95 Giri UG-68 PBS0176 NRCG489 UG-69 P95 GG- UG-71 GG- JCA16 UG-85 ICGV86031 TAG4 UG-86 (ICGS44 CSMG84) GG- UG-87 TAG-4 ICGS75 UG-88 PBS0176 Code6 UG-89 ICG 00010 UG-90 ICGS76 ICGV86031 UG-91 TAG-4 ICGV76 UG-9 PBS9017 NRCG489 UG-93 (ICGS44 CSMG84) ICGV86031 UG-94 TAG-4 ICGS76 UG-95 ICGS44 CSMG84- UG00 PBS0176 Code6 UG0 ICGS44 CSMG84 UG03 (ICGS44 CSMG84) GG- UG04 PBS11039 ICGV86031 UG05 PBS11039 TAG-4 UG07 (ICGV86031 TAG-4) CGMS84 UG08 ICGS76 ICGV86031 Cont...

Diversity Analysis in Groundnut using D 177 UG09 ICG 000103 UG09 ICG 000103 UG10 ICGS44 CSMG84 UG11 PBS11039 TAG4 UG1 PBS9031 ICGV86031 UG13 ICGS44 CSMG84 UG14 ICGS76 ICGV86031- UG15 PBS11039 NRCG489 UG16 ICGV03063 UG17 Kadiri-3 TKG19A UG18 ICGS1 SB 1- UG19 ICG 00153 UG0 ICGS76 ICGV8635 UG J-83 TG-41 UG3 ICG 00091 UG4 CSMG84 ICGV4747 UG5 TAG-4 ICGV4747 UG6 CSMG84 ICGV86031 UG7 ICG 00093 UG8 UG9 UG30 UG3 UG33 UG34 UG35 UG36 UG37 UG38 UG39 UG40 UG41 UG4 UG43 UG44 UG45 UG46 UG47 UG48 UG49 UG50 UG51 UG5 UG53 UG54 UG55 ICG 00041 ICG 990160 ICG 010014 ICGS1 SB 1 ICG 040116 ICG 040117 ICG 040119 ICG 04010 ICG 00048 ICG 070064 ICG 050061 ICG 05006 ICG 050064 ICG 050066 ICG 050069 ICG 05007 ICG 050075 GG-0 ICGV91114 GG-0 ICGV91114 ICGV91114 ICGV86564 PBS8014 NRCG1463 PBS600 PBS9017 AK159 NRCG5001 AK159 NRCG5001 AK159 NRCG5001- ICG 00106 (TKG19A Kadiri-3) TKG19A Cont...

178 Tulsi Ram Dhakar, Hemlata Sharma, Namrata and Prashant Bisen UG56 UG57 TG37A PM- Pratap Raj Mungphali GG-0 ICGV8750 TKG19A Kadiri-3 TG5 TG6 ICGV-86055 ICG-(FDRs 10) Selection from ICGV 983 BARC, TROMBAY MPUAT, Udaipur MPUAT, Udaipur randomly selected competitive plants of each genotype in each plot for various characters viz. plant height (PH), number of branches plant (BN), number of mature pods plant (MP), dry pod yield plant (DPY), kernel yield plant (KPY), sound mature kernel (SMK) except days to 50 per cent flowering (DF), days to maturity (DM) and 100-Kernel weight (KW), which were recorded on plot basis. Shelling percentage (SP), biological yield plant (BY), harvest index (HI) were calculated by using formulas. For observation of Dormancy (D), germination count was made in the seeds incubated at 7 ºC ± 3 ºC, Oil content (OC) was determined by the Soxhlet's Method (A.O.A.C., 1965) and average oil content in per cent was worked out and for calculating Protein content (PC), nitrogen content of kernels was obtained by the standard Micro Kjeldahl method (Lindner, 1944) then value of nitrogen obtained was converted to crude protein per cent by multiplying with a factor of 6.5 and average protein per cent was worked out. The mean data for all characters ware computed for the statistical analysis. Statistical analysis: The variance for each trait was analysed as per procedure given by Federer (1956). Multivariate analysis of D was done for all fifteen characters by using Mahalanobis Statistics (1936) and different clusters were formed by following the Ward (1963) method. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The significant treatment mean square indicated adequate variability among the genotype for almost all characters (Table ). On the basis of observed distance among genotypes, 93 genetically diverse genotypes were grouped into 8 clusters (Table 3). Cluster VI contains maximum number of genotypes i.e. 18 followed by 16 in cluster VII, 15 in cluster I, 1 in cluster V and cluster VIII, 10 in cluster IV, 7 in cluster III and 3 in cluster II. On considering (Table 4) average inter cluster values, maximum was obtained between cluster III and VIII. While at intra cluster level, maximum values were recorded for cluster V (D = 101.80) followed by cluster IV (D =93.89), cluster VII (D =83.7), cluster VIII (D =8.6), cluster I (D =80.8), cluster VI (D =80.46), cluster II (D =65.93) and cluster III (D =58.06). UG51 and UG53 genotypes had one parent common but they are found in cluster III and VIII, respectively which are situated at maximum distance (Table 4), so clustering pattern revealed that genotypes from same origin showed no tendency to be in same cluster. As well as UG33 genotype from and UG51 genotype Table. Mean squares for various characters in groundnut Character Block Treatment Check Germplasm C v/s G Error DF 1.6 5.66** 0.7 5.77** 6.3** 0.46 DM 4.3 0.91*.39 1.04* 46.3* 6.7 PH (cm).08 8.43* 6.06 8.7* 7.97**.31 BN 0.36 0.96** 0.01 0.97**.07* 0. MP 4. 6.99**.08 5.54* 145.91** 1.57 DPY (g) 1.1 6.11** 4.5* 6.03** 16.89** 1.03 KPY (g) 0.46 3.31** 4.** 3.1** 9.87** 0.53 KW (g) 6. 7.40 44.89 4.7 71.11** 11.57 SMK (%) 10.9.77* 10.87.07* 109.14** 7.77 SP (%) 8.89 19.85*.39 19.95* 6.3 6.9 BY (g) 5.74 16.05 10.7 15.7 96.33** 9.0 HI (%) 6.19 34.9* 5.39 7.94* 715.3** 10.46 D 0.59.48** 3.56*.48** 0.31 0.56 OC (%) 1.11 7.14** 5.38** 6.76** 44.71** 0.53 PC (%) 0.84* 4.00** 0.1 3.30** 73.8** 0.4 *, ** Significant at 5 % and 1%, respectively

Diversity Analysis in Groundnut using D 179 Table 3. Groundnut genotypes included in each cluster Clusters Number of genotypes Name of genotypes I 15 UG-59, UG-69, UG-88, UG-90, UG07, UG1, UG14, UG15, UG16, UG19, UG3, UG43, UG- 151, TG37A and UG-5 II 3 UG-85, UG04 and UG41 III 7 UG0, UG5, UG-0, UG-64, UG3, UG36 and UG51 IV 10 UG-9, UG6, UG-86, UG-94, UG-95, UG13, UG9, UG30, UG34 and UG4 V 1 UG-6, UG-65, UG-91, UG00, UG8, UG33, UG35, UG37, UG38, UG44, UG5 and PM- VI 18 UG-3, UG7, UG9, UG-, UG-4, UG-56, UG-61, UG-68, UG05, UG17, UG4, UG7, UG40, UG45, UG46, UG50, UG54 and UG56 VII 16 UG-4, UG-6, UG, UG-57, UG-60, UG-71, UG-9, UG0, UG10, UG10, UG5, UG39, UG- 147, UG48, UG49, UG53 and UG57 VIII 1 UG-67, UG-87, UG-89, UG-93, UG03, UG08, UG09, UG11, UG18, UG0, UG and UG- 16 Table 4. Average intra and inter-cluster D values in 93 genotypes of groundnut Cluster I II III IV V VI VII VIII I 80.8 36.90 7.5 18.59 1.98 85.56 133.86 08.80 II 65.93 68.63 3.56 435.55 11.70 319.69 340.40 III 58.06 19.04 18.36 340.40 139.47 57.64 IV 93.89 147.13 103.83.90 143.5 V 101.80.90 161.79 438.06 VI 80.46 187.96 148.59 VII 83.7 506.5 VIII 8.6 Diagonal value = intra cluster Table 5. Cluster mean values of 15 different characters of 93 genotypes Cluster/ Character I II III IV V VI VII VIII DF 3.0 31.33 31.57 3.00 30.88 30.8 31.06 31.5 DM 107.67 113.00 108.14 101.90 106.35 108. 109.75 10.50 PH (cm) 30.4 9.74 7.83 30.48 9.78 9.93 31.48 9.78 BN 6.7 6.7 6.70 6.60 5.68 6.47 6.7 6.63 MP 1.3 8.47 8.31 10.89 9.87 10.99 9.65 13.30 DPY (g) 13.75 1.07 9.87 1.46 11.37 13.43 10.74 16.43 KPY (g) 9.69 7.80 6.14 8.39 7.50 9.64 7.69 11.5 KW (g) 38.94 47.97 39.7 43.4 38.05 45.0 37.60 46.19 SMK (%) 83.16 90.91 80.86 88.54 81.06 88.93 8.3 89.8 SP 70.8 65.00 6.14 67.60 66.04 71.78 71.63 68.4 BY (g) 33.9 36.46 31.9 3.54 8.07 3.85 3.61 37.53 HI (%) 41.33 33.0 31.63 38.35 40.59 40.97 33.06 43.75 D 6.67 8.33 6.57 7.50 7.10 6.50 6.69 6.50 OC (%) 39.86 39.04 4.13 40.86 41.69 38.74 40.53 37.36 PC (%).4 1.65.41.76.6 1.5.57 1.08 DF= Days to 50 per cent flowering, DM= Days to maturity, PH= Plant height, BN= Number of branches plant, MP= Number of mature pods plant, DPY= Dry pod yield plant, KPY= Kernel yield plant, KW= 100-Kernel weight, SMK= Sound mature kernel, SP= Shelling percentage, BY= Biological yield plant, HI= Harvest index, D= Dormancy, OC= Oil Content, PC= Protein content

180 Tulsi Ram Dhakar, Hemlata Sharma, Namrata and Prashant Bisen II 8.1 18.45 16.39 17.88 15.5 14.56 3.93 0.87 19.05 III 7.6 11.37 11.87 16.39 16.50 1.7 VII 9.15 11.57 0.97 13.71 14.93 16.39 VI 9.5 10.19.50 IV 9.69 1.19 11.98 VIII 9.09 V 10.09 1.13 I 8.99 11.34 11.34 14.45 11.09 Fig. 1. Cluster diagram of 93 genotypes of groundnut based on D from were in the same cluster III with minimum intra cluster value showing that geographical distance between the genotypes had no relation with the genetic divergence. These finding are in close agreement to earlier reported Islam et al. (005), Dolma et al. (010), Zaman et al. (010), Yadav et al. (014) and Bhakal et al. (015). Inter-cluster distances were greater than intra-cluster distances revealing considerable amount of genetic diversity present among the genotypes. The mean values of cluster VIII ranked first for dry pod yield per plant (16.43g), kernel yield per plant (11.5g) 100 kernel weight (46.19), low oil content (37.36%) and early maturity (10.5 days) (Table 5). The mean values of cluster III ranked higher for oil content (4.13%) and protein content (.41%). Same results also reported by Sarker et al. (004), Khote et al. (010) and Kumar et al. (010) in groundnut. CONCLUSION Geographical distance between the genotypes had no relation with the divergence genetically present among them. Genotypes from distantly situated clusters like cluster III and VIII could be used to produce the desirable transgressive segregants and selecting better genotypes for those characters which are having high mean values in these clusters for future groundnut improvement programme. REFERENCES AOAC 1965. Official methods for oil analysis for association of Official Agricultural Chemists. 10th (Edn.). Washington, D.C. Anonymous 013. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation Statistics Division. Bhakal M and Lal GM 015. Studies on Genetic Diversity in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Germplasm. Journal of Plant Science Research : 18. Dolma T, Sekhar MR and Reddy KR 010. Genetic variability and character association in Spanish bunch groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Journal of Oilseeds Research 7: 15860. Federer WT 1956. Augmented designs. Hawaiian Planters Record 55: 191-08. Islam MT, Alam S, Islam MZ and Hossain MK 005. Genetic variability and diversity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The Agriculturist 3: 9603. Janila P, Nigam SN, Pandey MK, Nagesh P and Varshney RK 013. Groundnut improvement: use of genetic and genomic tools. Frontiers in Plant Science 4: 3. Khote AC, Nichal SS, Patil SP and Zape AS 010. Genetic divergence in some exotic genotypes of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Journal of Oilseeds Research 7: 16163.

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