Arc. Mi. Sci., Vo. 6 (06), No 3, p. 65 676 Eectroic versio (i coor) of tis paper is avaiae: ttp://iig.arcives.p DOI 0.55/asc-06-0046 ILIE ONICA*, VIOREL MIHĂILESCU*, FELICIA ANDRIONI** ECONOMICAL OPTIMIZATION OF THE MECHANIZED LONGWALL FACES WITH TOP COAL CAVING MINING, IN HORIZONTAL SLICES OPTYMALIZACJA KOSZTÓW WYDOBYCIA ŚCIANOWEGO Z PROWADZENIEM STROPU NA ZAWAŁ, PRZY WYBIERANIU WARSTWAMI POZIOMYMI To icrease te ecooic a teci perforaces of te Jiu Vaey ar coa ies, te top coa vig, i orizota sices, iig etos (Bourai etos) were itrouce, aapte to te o geo-iig coitios. Tis iig was successfuy experiete y usig cassi tecoogy, usig te iiviua supports a coa astig. I te future, it is pae to aopt te ecaize tecoogy, wit frae supports a searers. Te ecaize ogwa faces wit top coa vig iig, i orizota sices, of coa sea o. 3 cou e efficiet oy if te sizes of te top coa eigt a te pae egt eterie a iiu cost of prouctio. Terefore, te goa of tis paper is te optiizatio of tese paraeters, fro a teci a ecooic poit of view, taig ito accout te geera oe of te cost fuctio, at te pae eve. For tat, it was ecessary to ae a certai sequece of aaysis ivovig: tecoogi uit estaiset, purpose fuctio a optiizig oe. Tus, tere attaiig to te ateati oe of te uit cost, after eteriatio of a te iiviua cuatio artices, regarig te preparatory worigs, coa face equipets, aterias, eergy, worforce, etc. Beuse of te copexity of te otaie teci a ecooic oe, to eterie te optiu sizes of te pae egt a top coa eigt, it was ecessary to arcive a sesitivity aaysis of te uit cost fuctio to te ai paraeters ipie ito tis ateati oe. Kaywors: top coa vig iig, orizota sice, paraeters optiizatio, prouctio cost, top coa eigt, pae egt W ceu poiesieia wyajości i opłaości wyoycia, w opaiac węga aieego w Doiie Jiu wprowazoo etoę wyieraia warstwai pozioyi, z prowazeie stropu a zawał (etoa Bourai), przystosowaą o paującyc w tereie waruów geoogiczyc i góriczyc. Wyoycie prowazoo z powozeie przy użyciu traycyjyc tecoogii: prac strzałowyc i systeu popór. W przyszłości pauje się zastosowaie wyieraia zecaizowaego, z wyorzystaie systeu * UNIVERSITY OF PETROŞANI, MINING FACULTY, UNIVERSITY STREET, NO. 0, ROMANIA. E-ai: oii004@yaoo. co, vri67@yaoo.co ** UNIVERSITY OF PETROŞANI, FACULTY OF SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY STREET, NO. 0, ROMANIA. E-ai: feicia_arioi@yaoo.co Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
65 ouów oraz wręiare. Wyieraie ściaowe warstwai pozioyi w prowazeie stropu a zawał w przypau połau r 3 ęzie efetywe jeyie wtey, gy opowieio orae zostaą wysoość węga stropowego i ługość poa wyieraia, ta y zapewić iiae oszty wyoycia. Cee iiejszego opracowaia jest optyaizacja tyc paraetrów, z uwzgęieie aspetów teciczyc i eooiczyc, z wyorzystaie ogóego oeu fucji osztu a aego poziou poa wyieraia. W ty ceu przeprowazoo wieoetapową aaizę, oejującą oreśeie paraetrów jeostowyc, fucji ceu oraz oeu optyaizacyjego. Mateatyczy oe fucji osztu opracowao po uwzgęieiu iezęyc o proceury oiczeiowej aspetów: prac przygotowawczyc, aaizy sprzętu używaego w rejoie przoa, ateriały, eergii, siły rooczej. Z uwagi a złożoość otrzyaego oeu tecoogiczego i eooiczego, ay oiczyć optyay wyiar poa wyieraia i wysoość węga stropowego, iezęe yło przeprowazeie aaizy wrażiwości fucji osztu jeostowego a ziay postawowyc paraetrów oeu. Słowa uczowe: wyieraia a zawał, wyieraia warstwai pozioyi, paraetry optyaizacji, oszt wyoycia, wysoość węga stropowego, ługość poa wyieraia. Geeraities Te Jiu Vaey is te ost iportat coa asi fro Roaia, ot cosierig te vaue of te aace reserves a of especia coe quaities of te wester asi. Jiu Vaey coa asi icues te foowig ai uits: Getic area, Autoto area a te seietary copex of te Petroşai asi wit te Cattia eve, wic icue te coa seas. Te geoogi coa reserves of te asi are cassifie ito te tegories II a III, fro te poit of view of geoogi copexity, eig itesivey tectoize, wit te iportat variatio of te quaitative a quatitative paraeters. Te iig ifficuties are apifie y te arge eissios of etae a te coa sef igitio teecy. Betwee te ietifie coa seas, te coa seas o. 3 a 5 represet aout 60% of te tota coa reserves a te coa sea o. 3, 48% of te ar coa reserves, eig preset i a te iig fies. Coa sea o. 3 is situate at 5-50 istace fro te Rupeia-Catia iits. It as variae ticess, ragig etwee 0.5 a 34, i soe paces eve 50, wit arge iffereces foowig te strie a te ip. Te appreciae ticess ay e ecoutere i te iig perieters Loea, Petria, Dâja, Aioasa, Vu a Lupei (Aăşa, 984; Oi, 995; Oi & Maria, 0). Geeray, i te iig fies situate i te easter af of te coa asi, te coa sea as te argest ticess. Te coa sea o. 3 is cosiste y tree roaceous iteratios, separate y ar grey cays, ore copacte i te upper zoe a ore o-oogeeous towar te foor, ispose i two copexes. Te stratigrapi caracteristic of te coa sea o. 3 is its wegig out a its sustitutio ito a gray-greeis, say-sae rocs copex, o te easter sie of te asi, startig wit te Paroşei perieter. Te coa sea o. 3 roof cosists of argiaceous sastoes or iestoe, very we ceete, wit ateratio of say-sae a traces of pats, a te foor cosists of sastoes wit sieritic cocretios (Aăşa, 984; Oi, 995; Oi & Maria, 0). Te geoetri caracteristics of te coa sea o. 3, te irreguar sape of te coa oies, copite tectoics wic a fracture te coa eposits ito severa geoogic ocs wit reuce strie sizes (Fig. ), are te ifficuties tat e to te ipossiiity to efficiety ecaize te iig of te coa sea o. 3. Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
653 a) ) c) Fig.. Histogras of te ai geoetri caracteristics of te coa sea o. 3 Jiu Vaey coa asi: a) ticesses; ) ips; c) oc egts (Oi, 995) Roaia s accessio to te Europea Uio ipose copiace wit te Europea rues a reguatios, i te ar coa iig area as we. A correct assesset of te future evoutio, cocerig te coa iig i te Jiu Vaey coa asi, ust tae ito accout te ipose costraits y te ecooic efficiecy of te iig a te eviroeta oes (Miăiescu, 04). Te evoutio of tota coa prouctio, ie a processe, otaie at te woe coa asi, i te perio 007-0, is sow i Figure a i te se of every iig eto, i Figure 3. Aaysig te ata, represete i te grapics, te foowig cocusios resut: prouctio as a ecreasig teecy, te coa quatity extracte at te e of year 0 is ess ta 0% y report to 007; te et coa quatity, processe a eivere, at te e of 0 is ess ta 463,940 toes, y report to year 007 (ecrease eig 3.3%). [tousa toes] 850 750 650 550 450 637.484 45.959 80.645 569.6 Tota ie coa 350 50 50 050 950 850 68.39 975.66 03.83 98.775.500 988. 007 008 009 00 0 [year] Net processe coa Fig.. Tota et coa prouctio, ie a processe, otaie at te coa asi eve Te uses tat e to tat situatio are aiy poiti a teci ecooic. Tus, i te tegory of te poiti uses cou e icue, easiy, te Europea Coissio Reguatio (EC) o.407/00, regarig te state ai for coa iustry, wic e to te cotiuous Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
654 ecrease of te Roaia state susiy for te ar coa proucers a te Couci Decisio 00/787/EU, regarig te state ai for te cosure faciity of o-copetitive coa ies (Miăiescu, 04). Aso, iterests regarig te icreasig efficiecy of te coa eposits exist trougout te EU, especiay i cetra a easter Europea coutries (Joe-Kowasa, 0, 03; Joe-Kowasa & Ture, 03). [tusa toes] 000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 00 00 0 888.80 633.50 575.00 59.00 50.50 48.80 388.80 36.00 569.70 58.60 46.90.60 04.50 7.33 7.60 9.0 5.5 76.30 9.60 3.70 5.70 677.70 77.97 535.80 509.70 38.33 39.4 85.75 54.70 3.83 3.4 34.50 3.00 47.80 30. 007 008 009 00 0 [year] fuy ecaize face iiviua support wa face sort face TCC face gete ip TCC face ie ip TCC ig ip preparatioaiteace Fig. 3. Acieve prouctio, i te se every iig eto, for etire coa asi Aog te teci-ecooic uses tat eterie te iiutio of te coa prouctio at te coa asi eve are te oes iste eow: reuctio of te prouctio pacities y icopiace wit te opeigs a preparatory uergrou worigs prograe, estaise y te aua iig pas a y teir epetio; reuctio of te coa ea fro te itera aret te ai custoers eig te power-statios of Paroşei a Mitia; iaiity to provie optia coverig wit worers, for te worig faces. Te asoat paceet of te iers i te faces eterie te reuctio of te aiy avaceet spee of te coa faces, icreasig te prouctio perio cyce a, ipicity, icreasig te perio of te stress cocetratio actig o te supports of faces a of preparatory gaeries- resutig te supports eterioratio a a iportat egraatio of te top coa a ajor ifficuties regarig te roc roof cotro operatio; teci acciets (rocs faiures, afuctios of te cuttig acies, etc) tat e to te icrease of te stagatio perios of te faces a a correspoig reuctio of te coa prouctio; two wor acciets, wit suaties, prouce at te Petria ie, i te triester IV, 008 a at te Urii ie, i te triester II, 00, acciets tat e to te cosig of te prouctio pacities a te aour reotio towar te reaiitatio of te acciet s cosequeces. Jiu Vaey eograpic rate is fuctuatig a ifficut to foow euse of te coigs a goigs percetage of popuatio to suggest te iage of trasit zoes, eve if iig copaies were cose, a a ac of oter epoyet ateratives (Arioi & Scit, 0). Successive stages of ecooic restructurig operate at te Hueoara Couty a Jiu Vaey area, te ac Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
655 of viae ivestet ateratives are cotiuousy geerate a ajor egative ipact aog te popuatio. Ecooic cosequeces ave ee fuy refecte o te socia icrease poverty i te area aagig te quaity of ife. Tese egative aspects ave iuce a accuuate ecooic a psycoogi iscofort to te iiviua eve (Arioi & Goia, 0). Aog oters, a tae easure for icreasig te ecooic efficiecy of te coa iig i tis asi is te itrouctio of te top coa vig iig etos, first for te eiu a gete icie seas of te coa sea o. 3, a ater for te tic a ip coa seas (Oi, 990; Oi & Ciri, 005). I te geo-iig coitios of Jiu Vaey tic coa seas, te use of top coa vig iig etos e to a sustatia icrease of otaie coa prouctio y report to te cassi iig etos, i sices (Covaci, 983; Oi & Ciri, 005; Oi et a., 0), a te prouctivity approacig te vaues otaie fro fuy ecaize faces. I tat irectio, i te foowig, te teci a ecooic optiizatio of te ai paraeters of te top coa vig iig eto, i orizota sices, use for te tic a ip coa seas, wi e presete. Te goa of tis stuy is te eteriatio of te optiu iterva i wic, te paraeters tae ito cuus (aiy, te top coa eigt a te straigt pae egt) satisfies a iiu cost, at te pae eve (Ciri, 00; Oi & Ciri, 005).. Estaiset of te tecoogi uit for optiizatio Specifiy for te iig iustry, te operatig process oeys te sae ecooi aws as ay iustria process. Teir oeig respects te foowig scee: { [S] }Y; were: Y = (y i ) is te syste s outputs voue, i =, ; = (xi ) te quaitative a quatitative factors tat ifuece te syste s outputs y i, i =, ; S syste structure troug te factors xi tat ifuece te outputs y i (Miăiescu et a., 0, 03). A iig operatig process cou e represete, sceatiy (Fig. 4), y a series of sets as: te cosuptio factors tat eter i te process = {x, x,..., x }; te rues tat te tie eveopet foows L = {,,..., }; te iig proucts (te prouctio factors tat are coig out of te process) Y = {y, y,..., y } a te severa perturatio factors U = {u, u,..., u p } (Miăiescu et a., 0, 03). Aaysig te iig eto (Fig. 5) a iig tecoogy (Fig. 6) for te tic coa seas, it is oserve tat tey are caracterize y a series of paraeters cassifie ito 3 iportace groups, as i: a) Mai paraeters: represet te pae eeets a tose tat are eterie ase o teir iterepeeces, soe auxiiary paraeters a te teci a ecooi iitors; ) Auxiiary paraeters: eterie or are eterie fro ai paraeters i fuctio of te appie tecoogi variat specificity a ave a eterie roe i te iig eto ecooy; c) Specific paraeters: are specifiy oy for a certai iig variat or eto a ave a ifuece, especiay, o te aour prouctivity at te coa cuttig, oaig a exaustio. Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
656 Rus of prouctio process L = {,,.., } Cosuptio factors - iputs = {x, x,.., x } PRODUCTION PROCESS Prouctio factors - outputs Y = {y, y,.., y } Perturatio factors U = {u, u,.., u p } Fig. 4. Pricipe scea of te prouctio process Fig. 5. Logwa faces top coa vig iig eto, i orizota sices, appie at te coa sea o. 3, for te ip of 45 / trasport/vetiatio irectioay gaery; 3/4 trasport/vetiatio pae cross-cut gaery; 5 trasport raise; 6 sort cross-cut gaery; 7 vetiatio raise; 8/9 trasport /vetiatio preparatory strie gaery; 0 ogwa face wit top coa vig Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
657 Te ai variae paraeters tat caracterise tis copou of te iig uit a wic ust e optiize are te pae egt ( ) a te top coa vig eigt ( ). Te criteria use i te optiizatio proe sovig are te foowig: te cost of te uit prouct c (c i); te output pacity P (P ax) a te aour cosuptio M (M i) (Ciri, 00; Oi & Ciri, 005; Jaszczu & Kaia, 008). For sovig te ateati a ecooi oes, resute fro te appie certai prograig eto, oy oe optiizatio criterio is tae ito cosieratio, for te oter oes eig ipose restrictios (Ciri, 00; Oi & Ciri, 005), tus: if te use asis criterio is te cost of te prouct uit (ei/toe) te te purpose fuctio as te for: C i, wit te restrictios: P P pa a M M ais ; if te output a te aour cosuptio are cosiere as a asis criterio, te: P ax, M i, wit te restrictio: c c pa (were: pa targete; ais aissie). Te ogwa face iig eto, wit top coa vig (Oi & Ciri, 005), i orizota sices (i cofority wit te fraewor project) is sow i te Figure 5. Te ogwa face wit top coa vig etai te foowig equipets: frae powere supports type GEROM GP 50/00 of iigeous prouctio (Fig. ); coa searer type ESA 60 L; coveyor type TR-7A, o te coa face ie a (i certai tecoogi ses) a rear coveyor TR-3, for ve coa. Fig. 6. Frae powere supports type GEROM GP 50/ 3. Estaiset of te purpose fuctio of te optiizig oe At te eve of te iig ecooi uits, te cost prouct o te priary cost eeets as te foowig structure: ) raw, asic a auxiiary aterias; ) fue; 3) eergy a water; 4) epreciatio a fixe assets; 5) oter ateria costs; 6) tota aterias costs ( 5); 7) saaries; Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
658 8) isuraces a socia protectio; 9) oter aour costs (icuig te recovery of te geoogi researces); 0) tota aour costs (7 9); ) tota costs (6 + 0) (Miăiescu, 04). Tota coa iig costs are efie as a aout of te average costs geerate i te frae of every tecoogi process stage (pae preparatio, coa face extractio, coa trasport) a for te estaiset of teir voue are appie te provisios reatig to cosuptio s cuatio seets, tariffs a uit cosuptios, rues a orative for iig iustry, effective expeses acieve y te ies. I te foowig ateati oes, te sua cost ue to azars (coa sef-igitios, etae exposios, roc fa-ows, teci acciets, etc), eig te rao evets, was ot tae ito cosieratio at te pae eve, tese eig ivove i te ie eve cost. Tus, te geera for of te optiizatio criterio is: i c C i, i ei/toe () R eu (pura ei ) te asic uit of oey i Roaia; euro = ~ 4.5 ei year 04. e Were: c represets te uit cost of te coa iig at te ogwa face eve, i ei/toe; C i te tota costs, i ei; R e te iustria coa reserves of te iig pae, i toes. Te pae iustria coa reserves are cuate wit te reatio: Re a, î toe () si Were: represets te pae egt, i ; a ogwa face egt, i ; ora si ticess of te coa sea, i ; α coa sea ip, i ; a face eigt, i ; top coa eigt, i ; ρ coa apparet specific esity, i toe/ 3 ; coefficiet tat taes D ito cosieratio te recovery factor η a te iutio factor D. Te ateati oe of te geera costs, eaorate for te ogwa face wit top coa vig, i orizota sices, as a asic tecoogi uit, cotais a te average cost tegories effectuate for te coa iig at te pae eve (Ciri, 00; Oi & Ciri, 005; Miăiescu et a, 03; Miăiescu, 04): P I U M E C A, i ei (3) Were: C represets te tota costs effectuate at te pae eve, i ei; P preparatory worigs costs, i ei; I preparatory worig aiteace costs, i ei; U ogwa equipets (cuttig, support a trasportatio) costs i ei; M aour costs, i ei; E eergy (eectri, peuatic) costs, i ei; A auxiiary costs (equipet aiteace, aterias wire es, woo, exposive ateria), i ei. Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
4. Mateati oe of te uit cost, afferet to te ogwa face wit top coa vig iig 4.. Preparatory worigs costs 4... Preparatory worigs costructio costs 659 Te preparatory worig scee, afferet for te pae represete i te Figure 5, is copose of te foowig worigs: trasport preparatory strie gaery, o te coa foor, rive o te pae egt ; vetiatio preparatory strie gaery, uer te coa roof, rive o te pae egt ; startig face preparatory gaery, wit te face egt a ; raises etwee te cross-cut gaeries, at te iiu 0 istace fro te coa sea foor, wit te egt equa a to sc ; raises etwee te cross-cut gaeries, isie te coa sea roof, wit te egt si a equa to sa ; sort cross-cut gaeries, at te sices eve, wit te egt aout 0 ; si trasport/vetiatio irectioay gaeries, rive i te rocs, wit te egt of ; trasport/ve - tiatio pae cross-cut gaeries, wit te egt aout 0. Te quatifitio of te acieve costs for te pae preparatio is ie fro te trasversa sectio, support a arrageet of te preparatory worigs (epeig o te roe of every worig). Te startig face worigs wi e rive wit te sae sectio wit te two irectioa preparatory gaeries, ut wit te aitioay costs geerate y te face equipet outig. Aso, te raises ave a circuar sape wit a cross sectio of 6.5. Beuse of te ifficut coitios of te coa ies, recoverig a reusig certai aterias, as preparatory worigs supports eeets, are ipossie or ifficut to e provie a wit uge costs, surpassig teir purcase vaues. Taig ito accout of tese aspects, te reatio tat quatifies te costs geerate y te costructio of te preparatory worigs is: P g gti g a pa sa / sc s K, i ei (4) 60 60 Were: is te egt of te trasport/vetiatio preparatory worigs rive at te sice eve, i ; g uit cost of te previous worigs, i ei/; first ter uer of te cross-cut 60 gaeries rive fro te trasport/vetiatio raises i te foor, respectivey i te roof (see te Fig. 5: is two raises; 60 istace etwee two successive raises); gti = 0 egt of te pae cross-cut gaeries; a face egt, i ; coa sea ticess, i ; si α coa sea ip, i ; pa uit cost for costructio of te startig gaery, i ei/; seco ter coutig uer of raises rive i te rocs foor a roof; s uit cost for raise 60 costructio, i ei/; sa egt of te itereiary pae roof raise, i ; sc egt of te itereiary pae foor raise, i. Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
660 sa a sc, i (5) si K 976.08 6.36 343.83, i ei (6) si si Were: K represets te powere supports uits outig a eoutig cost, afferets to te operatig iig face. Repacig te paraeters vaues, i te previous reatio, resuts: P.33 g a 0.033 si 976.08 6.36 si si s si 343.83 pa (7) 4... Cost of te preparatory worigs aiteace Te size of te aiteace cost of te preparatory worigs, afferets to te pae, epeig o te tie of te preparatio a iig of te pae sice coa reserve. As coa reserve is ie, te sice preparatory gaeries are reuce a te rises egt reais costat urig te sice iig perio. Te exact assesset of tese costs is practiy very ifficut euse te various spatia coitios of te coa sea a te variae stress a strai states, epeig o te iig eve. Fro te fiacia ata aaysis, existe at te ies, resuts tat te aiteace vaue rages fro 0-5% (for easy coitios) to 80-00% (for eavy coitios) fro te costructio vaue of te preparatory worigs. Tus, te reatio tat quatifies te aiteace cost of te preparatory worigs as te foowig for: I i P Tex, i ei (8) Were: i is a coefficiet of te weigtig of te aua aiteace cost i te tota preparatory worig costructio cost; i P tota aua aiteace cost of te preparatory worigs, i ei/year. Te aiy coa prouctio is cuate wit foowig reatio: P z si v a, i toe/ay (9) Were: v represets te average aiy avaceet spee of te coa face, i /ay; ρ coa specific esity, i toe/ 3. Te pae iig perio T ex cou e eterie wit te forua: T ex N v 56v, i years (0) N = 56 ays te average uer of te worig ays at te coa ie asi eve. Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
66 Fiay, te cuus equatio of te aiteace preparatory worigs cost is: I v 4 a 6.80 g 9.90 s, i ei () si 3 4.. Miig equipet cost equatio Te iig equipet use i te coa faces are te foowigs: cuttig acies: searer Eicoff ESA-60L (ae i Geray); powere supports: frae supports GEROM GP 500/00 (ae i Roaia); coveyors: TR-5 or TR-7A (at te coa face), TR-3 (at te top coa vig a o te sice trasport gaery) aso, ae i Roaia. Regarig te coa face equipet (powere supports, cuttig acies, coveyers, etc), tese cou e purcase or tae y easig. Beuse of te estructio ris of te iig equipet i te very ifficut uergrou coitios, te iig copay poicy is to purcase te equipet. Tus, te epreciatio cost of te equipets is oe y te reatio: V U T, i ei () ex i Aa Tex Were: A a represets te aout of te epreciatio auay rate of te coa face equipets; T ex iig perio of te coa pae, i years. Acquisitio price of te cuttig acie: V t = ut ut, i ei (3) Were: ut represets te vaue of te supports equipets use i te coa face, i ei; ut uer of cuttig acies. Acquisitio price of te face supports uits: Nuer of te face support uits is estaise wit te reatio: si s.5, i support uits (4) s si Acquisitio vaue of te etire face supports is: Vs.5 cs, i ei (5) si Were: s istace etwee two ajacet frae supports, i ; s represets te price of a support uit, i ei. Acquisitio price of te coveyors: V tp ta i, i ei (6) is te uer of te coa face coveyors; ta price of te coa face coveyor; price of preparatory worig coveyor. Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
66 Te auay epreciatio assets, cocerig te coa face equipets (A a ), is cuate wit te reatio: V i Aa, i ei/year (7) i Were: V i epreciae vaue of te coa face equipets, i ei; i epreciatio perio of every equipet, i years. Te cost geerate y te equipet use is: U V V i V t Vs tp Aa Tex Tex, i ei (8) i 56v 3 By repacig certai previous paraeters, te reatio ecoes: ut cs ta U.5 56v si 3, i ei (9) 4.3. Laour cost of coa reserve iig It is equivaet to te costs geerate y te aour force, operatig i te coa face, urig te iig of te coa pae reserve. To quatify te aour cost, it is ecessary to ae te prouctio process aaysis at te coa face eve, i view to estais te ifecyce of prouctio process a te aiy avaceet spee of te coa face. Tis aaysis supposes te rowsig of te foowig sequeces: eteriatio of te asis of orgaisatio tat ivoves te ietifitio of te teci, tecoogi a orgaisatioa ata, avig a ifuece o te prouctio process; sipe prouctio process aaysis, eteriig te tie a wor rues of tese, i view to fou te prouctio ifecyce. I te cuus, te irect saary is icrease wit a coefficiet equa to.85, taig ito accout te ifferet wages a eefits provie y te actua egisatio, regarig te coa iig activity. Te equatio tat expais te worig cosuptio i te coa face is te foowig: t M (0) Were: represets te sift worers uer i te coa face; t = 360 i ife sift; M su of wor cosuptio of te operatios eveope i te coa face to provie a coa prouctio cyce for a avaceet step of.5. M M 0 M 0... M, i worer. iutes/cyce () Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
Tota wor cosuptio, ecessary for a copete coa prouctio cyce, is cuate wit te reatio: 663 M 067. 66.0 6.55 66. 5 si si () Fro te prouctio process aaysis tere is estaise te sift uer, ecessary for coa face avaceet wit a step equa to w c =.5 : c 0.8 0.045 0.8 5.74 si si, i worer. sift/cyce (3) Tota sift uer, ecessary to iig te coa reserve of te pae, wit te egt, is: or c, i sifts (4) w c 0.44 0.036 0.44 4.59, i sifts (5) si si Taig ito accout te previous reatios, te aour cost i te coa face e eterie: M S, i ei (6) r S a represets te irect saaries of te worers fro te coa face, i ei; tota uer of te sifts ecessary to ie te etire pae coa reserve. Te effective saaries, icuig te oter wages, are: Tus, te aour cost is: M a a S a a S. 85, i ei/sift (7) S. 85 S, i ei (8) a a M 0.34 0.078 si si Sa, i ei (9) 0.34 0.0 4.4. Deteriatio of te coa prouctio process tie It is ecessary to tae ito accout te copexity of te coa prouctio process. I tis way, te operatios i te coa face prouctio process cou e groupe as foowig: te operatios eveope oy aog te coa face ie, te operatios eveope oy aog te top coa vig ie a operatios superpose o te first two groups, ut wic oes ot ifuece te Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
664 prouctio tie cyce. Tus, te tie of coa prouctio cyce T c, ito a top coa vig face, is expresse y te forua (Ciri, 00; Oi & Ciri, 005): Were: t fi i t sj j q t r t p p T c t t fi sj i j q t r t p p, i iutes (30) represets te specific tie of te repeatae a o-superpose operatios, oy aog te coa face eve; repeatae operatios, superpose at te eve of coa face ie a top coa vig ie; repeatae a o-superpose operatios aog te top coa vig ie; o-repeatae operatios tie.,,q,r operatios uer afferets to te previous tegories. After a copex aaysis of te coa prouctio process, te effective tie of prouctio process for coa face avaceet wit a step equa to w c =.5, is cuate wit te reatio: 067. Tc 66.0 5.5.06, i iutes (3) si si Were: is te worer uer i te coa face. Te avaceet aiy spee of te coa face is eteriate wit te reatio: w w, i /ay (3) T Were: T c w represets te prouctio tie of cyce, expresse i ays. c w c w Tc Tc, i ays (33) 440 T w c 0.045 0.0038 0.05.435 si si (34) Tus: v 0.036 0.003 0.0.48 si si, i ays (35) Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
665 4.5. Cost of eergy Te cost of eergy is expresse y te reatio: E Eet EeT Ees, i ei (36) Were: E et represets te cost of eergy for coa prouctio trasport; E es cost of eergy for coa face supports; E et cost of eergy for coa face cuttig. 4.5.. Cost of eergy for coa prouctio trasport It is cuate wit te reatio: E c T P, i ei (37) et e ft Were: c e represets te price of W of eectric power; T ft operatio tie of te coveyors for te etire pae coa reserve; ti coveyors uer; P ti coveyors istae power. si ti ti P Qta a Eet ce u ta P Q, i ei (38) Were: u is te utiisatio coefficiet of te coveyor; Q, Q ta teci pacity of te gaery coveyor, respectivey face coveyor; P, P ta istae power of te gaery coveyor, respectivey face coveyor. 4.5.. Cost of eergy for coa face cuttig E et c P e a a si v, i ei (39) Were: v is te cuttig spee of te searer; cuttig strip wit of te searer; P a searer istae power. 4.5.3. Cost of eergy for coa face supports E t si es ce Pa s, i ei (40) Were: is te wit of te powere support uit; t operatio tie of te yrauic pat; s siutaeity coefficiet; P a eectric otor power of te yrauic pat of te powere supports. Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
666 Tus, te eergy cost is te su of te previous tree tegories: E ee c e 4.6. Auxiiary costs 4.6.. Maiteace costs a P u Q si a Pa P v a P Q ta ta t s, i ei (4) Fro practi experiece, te aiteace costs are aout 0% fro te epreciatio vaue of te equipets use i te prouctio process. Tus: A 0. U, i ei (4) Repacig te equipet vaue, te previous reatio ecoes: r i A 3.9 0 r 4 4.880 v 4 v ut ta si cs 3, i ei (43) 4.6.. Materias cost Materias costs ivove te foowig aterias: wire es, woo, exposive aterias, etc. A A A r p 65.6 c A A p ex A cs 3.9 0 4 v ut 8. c p 0.0 c 4 si cs 4.880 v a ta 3.5 c ex c cs, i ei (44) Were: A r represets aiteace costs; A p wire es costs; A woo costs; A ex exposive costs; A cs exposive priers costs; c p uit cost of wire es, i ei/ ; c uit cost of te woo, ei/ 3 ; c ex uit cost of te exposive, i ei/g; c cs uit cost of te exposive prier. Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
667 5. Tota cost of te coa pae iig Te cuus reatio of te tota cost of coa pae iig, taig ito accout te reatios (),(),,(44), resutig (Oi & Ciri, 005; Miăiescu et a., 03; Miăiescu, 04): 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si si A E M U I P C i, i ei (45) Te coefficiets,,..., 9 are expresse y te foowig reatios: ; 65.6 0 4.9.33 3 3 p ta ut g c ; 0.05 8. 0.34 0 6.5 0.54 3 3 4 p s a a a e ta ta u a e a cs ta ut c c t P v P c Q P Q P c S ; 0.34 0 5.4 3 5 3 a ta ut S ; 0.078 0 6.43 0.0 0.8 5 3 5 4 a cs ta ut ta ta u e S c Q P Q P c Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
668 0.033 ; 6 0.08 s; 7 pa 976.08; 5 s 8 7.8 4 0 g 5 ; 9.45 0 ; g 6.04 0 g 3 5 8 ; 7.00 4 5 3.560 s s 0.07 s 4 ; 4.880 s 0.0 s ; 8.64 0.90 0 6.36; 4 4 s cs ; ; 4 6.80 s 9.600 343.83 0. 0 S 5 a ; cs ; 6 0 8.7 0 g 5 7.97 0 s ; ; ; 6. Uit cost reatio Fiay, taig ito accout te previous equatios a every eeet of te costs, te foowig ateati oe of te uit cost c (, ) is otaie, i ei/toe, as a epeet fuctio (Miăiescu et a, 03; Miăiescu, 04) were: te pae egt a te top coa eigt are iepeet a variae paraeters; coa sea ticess a te ip α are te ow ata, ut ifferet i orer to te geoogi coitios of te coa eposit. Aso, te uit cost fuctio cotais a cai of costats,,..., 0 tat resuts fro te ifferet fixe eeets of cuatio. c i 6.6.6.6 si 8 4 4 si 3 4 4 si 4 9 0 3 4 5.6.6.6si 4.6 4 si 5 4 si 7 4 4 4 si.6 8 9 3 5.6.6.6si.6 si 9 8 0 7 0.6.6 4 si.6 si Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
669 0 4 6 7 6 7 4 4 4 4.6.6 4 4 si si 8 9 3 4 5 6 si si 4.6.6 4 4.6 4.6 si si i ei/toe (46) For tis proe sovig of te optiizatio of te iig eto paraeters, y tis eto, oe ust set te coitio tat te fuctio c i C(, ) ave a iiu vaue, tat is te otaie coa toe cost to e owest, wic eas tat te partia erivatives of tis fuctio, y report to te variaes a ust e zero (Oi&Ciri, 005): C C,, 0 0 (47) (48) Te expressios (47) a (48) copose a syste of two equatios, wit te uows a. Beuse of te fact tat tis syste is very copex a is ot to e sove aaytiy, it is preferre to ae a sesiiity aaysis of te fuctio y report to te optiizatio variaes (te variats eto). 7. Data aaysis to estais te optiu vaues of te pae egt a te top coa eigt i fuctio of te uit cost Te optiu vaues of te pae egt a of te top coa eigt cou e otaie y two etos: a) aayti eto (y fiig te iiu of te uit cost fuctio); ) variats eto (aayzig te sesitivity of te uit cost fuctio to te optiizig paraeters variatio) use i te coitio of te teci a ecooic oe (46). I our se, te iput vaues i te uit cost fuctio (46), are te foowig: = {7, 0, 5, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55} ; α = {46, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75} ; ={00, 00, 300, 400, 500, 600} ; = {,,,5}. Aso, a set of uer of worers per sift was tae ito cosieratio, so tat: = {6, 8, 0,, 5}. I te asis of otaie ata, tere was provie a series of grapi represetatios of uit cost variatio i fuctio of te stuie paraeters (Fig. 7-0) (Miăiescu et a., 03; Miăiescu, 04). Te top coa eigt vaue for wic are otaie te iiu costs is opti = 4, regaress of te coa face egt a te worers uer. Te optiu iterva for te appitio of te ecaize top coa vig iig eto, is etwee te foowig iits:for a = (0-40), opti = (3-6) ; for a = (5-56 ), opti = (3-5) ; for a = (60-78), opti = (-5). Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
670 Te optiu oai, for te pae egt, fits i te atura iits of te geoogi ocs i wic te iig eto is appie, respectivey of (00-600) ; te uit costs varyig i tis se wit te vaues ragig etwee ei (for a = 0 ) a ei (for a = 78 ). I percets, tese are situate i te iterva of.3% a.83%. Te icrease of te coa face egt as a ajor ifuece o te cost vaue otaie at te pae eve. Tus, icreasig te coa face egt fro 0 to 78 eterie a uit cost reuctio wit 47 ei/toe, tat is wit 00%. Aso, icreasig of uer of te worig tea, fro 6 to 5 worers/sift, oes ot ave a sigifit ipact o te cost reuctio. Te percetage of cost reuctio, we 5 worers/ sift exist i te face, y report to 6worers/sift, is a axiu of %, for a aayze coa face egts. Atoug te coa face operatios are ecaize, te appropriate uer of worers pace at te face es for specia operatios is very iportat, to aitai a costat avaceet spee of te coa face. Cost [ei/toe] 400 300 00 00 000 900 800 700 00 50 00 50 300 350 400 450 500 600 L [] H= H= H=3 H=4 H=5 H=6 H=7 H=8 H=9 H=0 H= H= H=3 H=4 H=5 Fig. 7. Variatio of te uit costs, for a = 30 a N sift = 6 worers Cost [ei/toe] 000 900 800 700 600 500 400 00 50 00 50 300 350 400 450 500 600 L [] H= H= H=3 H=4 H=5 H=6 H=7 HB=8 H=9 H=0 H= H= H=3 H=4 H=5 Fig. 8. Variatio of te uit costs, for a = 60 a N sift = 6 worers Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
67 cost [ei/toe] 400 00 000 800 600 400 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 3 4 5 a=0 a=4 a=30 a=40 a=5 a=56 a=60 a=70 a=78 H [] Fig. 9. Variatio of te uit costs, for = 00 a N sift = 6 worers Cost [ei/toe] 600 400 00 000 a=0 a=4 a=30 a=40 a=5 a=56 a=60 a=70 a=78 800 600 400 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0345 H [] Fig. 0. Variatio of te uit costs, for = 600 a N sift = 6 worers Te top coa eigt icrease, fro 3 to 5, i te se of worers tea, wit N sift = 6 worers, geerates a prouctio cyce (Fig. a ) icreasig wit up to 65% (for a = 0 ), respectivey 3.94% (for a = 78 ). Te coa face cyce uratio ecreases we i te coa face exists a tea of 5 worers/sift, wit up to 54.5% (for = 3 a a = 0 ), respectivey wit 5.34% (for = 3 a a = 0 ), y report to a tea wit 6 worers/sift. Te aiy avaceet spee (Fig. 3) of te coa face ecreases at te sae tie wit te top coa eigt a te coa face egt. For a top coa eigt variatio etwee 3 a 0, te avaceet spee ecreases wit 65% (for a = 0 ), respectivey wit 3.44% (for a = 78 ). Icreasig te coa face egt, fro 0 to 78, eas to a face spee reuctio wit 66.43% (for = 3 ), respectivey wit 33.77% (for = 5 ). Te coa face avaceet spee icreases we i te coa face exist a uer of worers N sift = 5, y report to N sift = 6, wit vaues ragig etwee 54.6%-39.4% (for = 3 a a = 0-78 ), respectivey 5.9%-0.% (for =3 a a =0-78 ). Coa face aiy prouctio (Fig. 4 a Fig. 5) icreases at te sae tie wit te top coa eigt, fro 3 to 5, te otaie vaues eogig to te iterva of 9.94% (for a = 0 ), respectivey.98% (for a = 78 ). Icreasig te coa face egt fro 0 to 78 ipies a prouctio icrease wit 46.6% (for = 3 ), respectivey 4.86% (for = 5 ). Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
67 Tc [i] 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000,000,000 0 0 4 30 40 5 56 60 70 78 La [] H= 3 H = 4 H = 5 H = 6 H = 7 H = 9 H = H = 3 H = 5 Fig.. Variatio of te coa face cyce T c = f( a ), i fuctio of te coa face egt, for N sift = 6 worers Tc [i] 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000,000,000 0 3 4 5 6 7 9 3 5 H [] a=0 a=4 a=30 a=40 a=5 a=56 a=60 a=70 a=78 Fig.. Variatio of te coa face cyce T c = f( ), i fuctio of te coa face egt, for N sift = 6 worers Vz [/ay].0.5.0 0.5 0.0 0 4 30 40 5 56 60 70 78 La [] H=3 H=4 H=5 H=6 H=7 H=9 H= H=3 H=5 Fig. 3. Variatio of te aiy face avaceet spee V z = f( a ), i fuctio of te coa face egt, for N sift = 6 worers Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
673 Pz [t/ay] 480 460 440 40 400 380 360 340 30 300 0 4 30 40 5 56 60 70 78 La [] H=3 H=4 H=5 H=6 H=7 H=9 H= H=3 H=5 Fig. 4. Variatio of te aiy coa prouctio P z = f( a ), i fuctio of te coa face egt, for N sift = 6 worers Pz [t/ay] 480 460 440 40 400 380 360 340 30 300 3 4 5 6 7 9 3 5 H [] a=0 a=4 a=30 a=40 a=5 a=56 a=60 a=70 a=78 Fig. 5. Variatio of te aiy coa prouctio P z = f( ), i fuctio of te coa face egt, for N sift = 6 worers Pf [t/sift] 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 0 4 30 40 5 56 60 70 78 La [] H=3 H=4 H=5 H=6 H=7 H=9 H= H=3 H=5 Fig. 6. Variatio of te worforce prouctivity P f = f( a ), i fuctio of te coa face egt, for N sift = 6 worers Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
674 Te worers uer growt i te coa face, fro 6 to 5 worers/sift, i te coitios of te top coa eigt icrease fro 3 to 5, eterie a suppeetary coa prouctio of 54.36%-5.40%, for a = 0, respectivey 34.8%-5.40%, for a = 78 (te iggest coa prouctio icrease are otaie for te saest top coa eigts). Worforce prouctivity (Fig. 6) as te sae icreasig teecy as te extracte prouctio, for te sae worers uer pace i te coa face. Tus, te growig te top coa eigt fro 3 to 5 as as ipact te worforce prouctivity icreasig wit 0% (for a = 0 ), respectivey.95% (for a = 78 ). Icreasig te coa face egt, fro 0 to 78, geerates a worforce prouctivity icrease wit 46.54% (for = 3 ), respectivey 4.5% (for = 3 ) a N sift = 6. Suppeetatio of te uer of worers i te coa face, fro 6 to 5 worers/sift, i te coitios of top coa eigt icrease, fro 3 to 5, oes ot ave as effect te worforce prouctivity growt. Eve if te coa prouctio is igger, te face worers uer ouig as as cosequece a prouctivity reuctio wit vaues ragig etwee 6.87% a 6% (for a = 0 ), respectivey 79.5% a 7.38% (for a = 78 ). 8. Cocusios Te ecessity to iprove te ecooic-fiacia resuts of te Jiu Vaey coa iig i te coitios of te cotiuousy reucig, uti copetey eiiate puic support, te very ifficut coitios of te coa seas ave ipose te ecessity of repacig te cassi iig etos wit te ew iig etos a tecoogies ore efficiety fro te poit of view of teci a ecooic iitors. I tis way, te iterests of speciaists were focuse i two irectios: first irectio, ivovig te oerizatio of te faces y usig te copex ecaize ogwa iig; seco irectio, itroucig te ew iig etos tat esure te coa prouctio cocetratio at te pae eve, respectivey te top coa vig iig etos. I te Jiu Vaey coitios, te appitio of te top coa iig etos e to a iportat icrease of te face prouctivity, y report to te cassi iig etos. To icrease te teci a ecooic perforaces of faces, i orizota sices, i Jiu Vaey ar coa asi, te top coa vig iig eto (Bourai iig eto) was aopte. Tis eto was experiete usig cassic tecoogy (iiviua supports yrauic props a articuate ps a coa cuttig y riig-astig). I view to iprove te wor safety, coa recovery a ecrease te iutio rate, it is pae to itrouce te ecaize iig tecoogy, usig te frae powere supports a coa cuttig y searers. Te goa of tis stuy is to ae a teci a ecooic aaysis of te top coa vig iig eto a tecoogy to fi te optiu vaues of te pae egt a te top coa eigt for a iiu cost of prouctio. Terefore, te foowig stages ave ee copete: a) te coa face tecoogi process was aayze i etai a te reatio for te prouctio cyce a aiy face avaceet spee was eterie; ) tere was estaise te tecoogi uit for optiizatio top coa vig face, ecooic ateati oe a te purpose fuctio as iiu cost; c) for te ecooic oe, te geera costs a specific costs equatios were estaise; ) te optiizatio of te iepeet paraeters was otaie y a sesiiity aaysis of te teci a ecooic oe. Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
675 Te ai paraeters optiizatio of te ecaize top coa vig face, i orizota sices, as ee acieve y aaysig te geera cost fuctio, geerate at te pae eve. Te optiu vaue of te top coa eigt, for a iiu uit cost, is of opti = 4 (i te oai of -6, for ±5% cost eviatio), regaress of te coa face egt a te face worers uer. Te optiu oai of te pae egt is frae i etwee te atura geoogi ocs iits, respectivey of (00-600). Icreasig te coa face egt as a ajor ifuece o te cost vaues otaie at te coa face eve. Te growt of te worers uer of te face tea, fro 6 to 5 worers/sift, oes ot ave a sigifit ipact o te cost reuctio, ut as as effect te prouctio tie cyce reuctio (wic icreases at te sae tie wit top coa vig eigt). Te aiy avaceet spee of te coa face iiises at te sae tie wit te top coa eigt a coa face egt ecrease. Te aiy prouctio a te worforce prouctivity, at te coa face eve, grow wit te top coa eigt icrease. Refereces Aăşa B., 984. Miig of Roaia iera resources eposits, To I (i Roaia), Teci Puisig House, Bucarest, pp. 70-9. Arioi F., Goia C., 0. Profie of Socia Services fro Jiu Vaey i Ligt Professioas perceptio. Quaitative approac. [I:] Aas of te Uiversity of Petroşai, Ecooics, (3), p. 5-6. Arioi F., Scit M., 0. Ecooic a socia proes fro te Jiu Vaey a te ee for eveopet support etwor for eery peope fro Petrosai. [I:] Aas of te Uiversity of Petroşai, Ecooics, (), p. 5-3. Ciri G., 00. Optiizatio of te ai tecoogi paraeters of te top coa vig iig etos, appie i te tic a gete ip coa seas of Jiu Vaey. P.D. Tesis, Uiversity of Petroşai, 94 p (i Roaia). Covaci St., 983. Uergrou iig, To I. Diacti a Peagogi Puisig House, Bucarest, 44 p (i Roaia). Jaszczu M., Kaia J., 008, Coa prouctio costs copoets a coa price as crucia factors i te esigatio of coa output. Arc. Mi. Sci., Vo. 53, No, p. 83-4. Joe-Kowasa I., 0. Cost aaysis a assesset i te Pois ar coa iig iustry i years 006-0. A Ata, Vo., Iss., p. 35-40. Joe-Kowasa I., 03. Itrouctio to a etooogy of cost aageet i a coiery fro a perspective of ogwa ife cyce. Eur. Sci. J., Vo 9, No 5, p. 380-40. Joe-Kowasa I., Ture M., 03. Cost ratioaisatio of aitaiig post-iustria regios. Po. J. Eviro. Stu., Vo., No 3, p. 77-740. Miăiescu V., 04. Iproveet of te iig etos i te se of te tic a ip coa seas appie i te Jiu Vaey iig asi. P.D.Tesis, Petroşai, 94 p (i Roaia). Miăiescu V., Oi I., Coza E., 0. Paraeters optiizatio of te ogwa faces wit top coa vig iig, i orizota sices a iiviua support tecoogy. Aas of te Uiversity of Petroşai Miig Egieerig, p. 5-6. Miăiescu V., Oi I., Coza E., 03. Teci a ecooic optiizatio of te ecaize ogwa faces wit top coa vig iig, i orizota sices. Miig Revue, No., p. 3-38. Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM
676 Oi I., 990. Sef-fiacig ways of te Jiu Vaey coa asi iig. Miig Revue, Vo. 4, No. 8, p. 36-37 (i Roaia). Oi I., 995. Iproveet of ogwa iig tecoogies y usig te aequate powere supports, i te Jiu Vaey coa asi (i Roaia), PD Tesis, Uiversity of Petroşai, 56 p. Oi I., Ciri G., 005. Top coa iig i ogwa faces. AGIR Puisig House, Bucureşti, 9 p. (i Roaia). Oi I., Coza E., Miăiescu V., 0. Iproveet of ecooic efficiecy of ogwa iig i sort paes i te se of Jiu Vaey tic coa seas, Roaia. Proceeigs of te Iteratioa Mutiiscipiary Scietific Geocoferece, SGEM 0, 0-5 Jue, Sofia-Bugaria, 0, Puise y STEF9 Tecoogy Lt. Sofia-Bugaria, DOI: 0.5593/sge0, p. 80-808. Oi I., Maria D., 0. Grou surface susiece as effect of uergrou iig of te tic coa seas i te Jiu Vaey asi. Arc. Mi. Sci., Vo. 57, No 3, p. 499-59. DOI 0.478/v067-0-007-. Uautetite Dowoa Date /5/8 4:46 PM