EUROPEAN SOCIETIES AROUND 1492 OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors that led European countries to explore the world
Factors that encouraged exploration Crusades Growth of commerce Population increase Rise of Nations Renaissance Better sailing
Crusades 1093 to 1270 -Church inspired wars to drive Muslims from Spain and Holy Land (Urban I) Led to increased trade with Asia Weakened Church Strengthened Kings
Growth of Commerce In 1400s new ways of doing business emerge in Europe Joint Stock Companies- people invested or pooled money-company used $ for trade-investors share profits
Growth Of Population Population increased in Europe during 1400 s after Black Death towns/cities grew led to increase in moneybased trade/business pressure for new lands Primogeniture-forces younger sons out
RISE OF NATIONS The Kings of England, France, Spain and Portugal grew in power Kings encouraged exploration Needed money from overseas trade to keep armies and power.
The Renaissance (1400s) Change in how Europeans viewed world Seek new discoveries and adventure Revived cartography and knowledge of geography
Better Sailing By 1400s- improved navigation tools (Compass Astrolabe)aided ocean journeys-sailors willing to venture from coast Portugese lead waydevelop Caravel (best sailing ship) Prince Henry opens navigation school
CHINESE COMPASS Adapted later by Europeans
Calculated Ship s Latitude by measuring position of stars ARABIC ASTROLABE- later adapted by Europeans
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION Countries began to explore as a way to increase trade and to spread Christianity and also for personal wealth- GOLD-GOD-GLORY Portugal and Spain would lead way- Dutch French and English follow
Portugal-Bartholomeu Dias In 1488 he sailed around the Cape of Good Hope Portuguese will develop African trading posts Gold/slaves
Portugal-VASCO Da GAMA 1497-1499 He was the first to sail to India- Calicut Sets up posts-portugal wants monopoly in Indian/Asia spice trade His return cargo of cinnamon/pepper worth 60x investment
Portuguese East Asian Trading Alfonso de Albequerque planner of Port. Empire 1510 Port. Take GOA in s. India from Muslim traders Then take port of Malacca in Malay peninsula Empire
Portuguese East Asian Trading Empire Portuguese trade building in old Goa
Portuguese East Asian Trading Empire Malacca waterfront
Portuguese East Asian Trading Empire 1513- Portuguese reach China Establish trade network Eventually missionaries will follow Most famous Matteo Ricci 1543- Port. Establish contact with Japan
Ricci in Imperial Court of China
Spain King Ferdinand and Isabella unify Spanish Kingdom Eager to explore finance Columbus expedition for shorter route to India
Spain- CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS He was one of the earliest to explore to the west in 1492 he landed in the West Indies He died believing he had reached India Actually landed in Hispaniola
Nina, Pinta & Santa Maria
Spain-FERDINAND 1519- He was the first to sail around South America His crew made it around the world-reach Pacific from Seville Dies in Philippines 1522- crew returns to Seville with spice cargopays for trip MAGELLAN
Magellan s Journey
Spain- Cortes /Mexico 1519- leads expedition that will destroy Aztec Empire 1521 takes Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) Gold and Silver surplus for Spanish Treasury Depiction of Aztec/ Conquistador battle
Spain- Pizarro/Incas 1531- Pizarro leads expedition and conquers Incas 1533-establishes city of Lima (Peru) Spain increases control of S. America GOLD SILVER
Other European Nations- Dutch By 1600 had largest merchant fleet- carried goods for other countries Competes with Portugal for Asia trade Colonies- 1614- New Amsterdam (Manhattan) 1652- Cape of Good Hope in South Africa as naval store station
Other Countries- France 1534- Cartier claims N America for France 1608- Quebec first permanent settlement 1600 s competes with England in W. Indies and India Pondicherry-At one time a French post in India
Other Countries- England 1500 s Elizabeth I encourages Sea Dogs against Spanish shipping Rivalry w/ Spain/France leads to N. American Colonies Motivations- extend Protestantism Trade Naval supplies