An economic analysis of area, production, yield and export of Sugarcane in India. by Ms. Joel Mary John [a] & Dr. Sujata S. Mali [b] Abstract India is an agriculture based economy. 43% of India s territory comes under agricultural activities. Globalization and agriculture in India are both intricately connected to each other as agriculture in India prevails over all other sectors because it plays a pivotal role in the socio cultural life of its people. Hence, it is agriculture that is the most influential field as compared to others in India. It is also most affected due to globalization in terms of export and import of agricultural commodity. Sugarcane is one of the several species native to the warm temperate tropical regions of South Asia and it is a cash crop. It is used as a livestock fodder and also for the production of sugar. Brazil is the largest producer of sugar cane in the world. The next five major producers, in decreasing amounts of production, were India, China, Thailand, Pakistan and Mexico. Brazil led the world in sugarcane production in 2013 with a 739 267 TMT harvest.india was the second largest producer with 341 200 TMT tons, and China the third largest producer with 125 536 TMT tons harvest.the average worldwide yield of sugarcane crops in 2013 was 70.77 tons per hectare. The most productive farms in the world were in Peru with a nationwide average sugarcane crop yield of 133.71 tons per hectare. The present study is based on secondary data (time series data) sources collected for a period of fifteen years from 2000-2014. The secondary data is collected from various published and unpublished sources, the present study is covering various aspects related to year wise, state wise and country wise data on area, production and productivity of sugarcane, production, consumption, export of sugar in India etc. In the present analysis of data based on various statistical tools includes percentage, trend analysis annual growth rate and regression method and other appropriate statistical tools and the same is depicted by pictorial presentation. Keywords: Sugarcane, Sugar, Area, Production, Yield, Consumption, Population and Export [a] Ms. Joel Mary John #16, Lijoel cottage, Behind Christ the king school, Ramamurthy Nagar, Bengaluru-560016 Mob: 7829522353 [b] Dr. Sujata S. Mali Assistant Professor, Department of M.A Economics, Mount Carmel College, Bengaluru-52. Aano bhadraa krathavo yanthu vishwathaha -"Let the noble thoughts come to all from all directions". Page No.1
1.1 Introduction: Sugarcane is one of the several species native to the warm temperate tropical regions of South Asia and it is a cash crop. It is used as a livestock fodder and also for the production of sugar. Sugarcane belongs to the grass family Poaceae, an economically important seed plant family that includes maize, wheat, rice, and many forage crops. Sugarcane is an old energy source for human beings and, more recently, a replacement of fossil fuel for motor vehicles. Sugarcane is a tropical, perennial grass that forms lateral shoots at the base to produce multiple stems, typically it is three to four meters high and about five cm in diameter. All sugar cane species interbreed and the major commercial cultivars are complex hybrids. The stems grow into cane stalk, which when mature constitutes approximately 75% of the entire plant. A sugarcane crop is sensitive to the climate, soil type, irrigation, fertilizers, insects, disease control, varieties, and the harvest period. The average yield of cane stalk is 60 70 tonnes per hectare per year. India is an agriculture based economy. 43% of Indias territory comes under agricultural activities. Globalization and agriculture in India are both intricately connected to each other as agriculture in India prevails over all other sectors because it plays a pivotal role in the socio cultural life of its people. Hence, it is agriculture that is the most influential field as compared to others in India. It is also most affected due to globalization in terms of export and import of agricultural commodity. 1.2. Origin of the Sugarcane: It is stated that the cradle of cultivated sugarcane is the region where two wild species ie., saccharum spontaneum and robustum were found. Robustum is derived from; Natural crossing between spontaneum and miscanthis foridulus and the origin is new guinea, modern sugarcane is a complex hybrid of two or more of five species of the genus saccharum. It belongs to family graminnae, class gramineae, class monocotyledons and order glumaceae sub family panicoidae, tribe andripongoneae and sub tribe saccharininea. The cultivated canes belong to two main groups (a) thin, hardy north Indian types Sbarberi and the Chinese S.Sinense and (b) thick, juicy noble canes S.Officinarum. Aano bhadraa krathavo yanthu vishwathaha -"Let the noble thoughts come to all from all directions". Page No.2
1.3. History: Sugarcane was first grown in South East Asia and Western India around 327 B.C. It is theorized that sugarcane was first domesticated as a crop in New Guinea around 6000 BC.It was introduced to Egypt around 647 A.D. and, about one century later, to Spain. i.e. (755A.D.). Since then, the cultivation of sugarcane was extended to nearly all tropical and sub-tropical regions. Portuguese and Spaniards took it to the New World early in the XVI century. It was introduced to the United States of America in the year 1741.the Sugarcane growing countries of the world are lying between the latitude 36.7 north and 31.0 south of the equator extending from tropical to subtropical zone. New Guinean farmers and other early cultivators of sugarcane chewed the plant for its sweet juice. Early farmers in Southeast Asia and other places have also boiled the cane juice down to a viscous mass to facilitate transportation, but the earliest known production of crystalline sugar began in northern India. The earliest evidence of sugar production comes from ancient Sanskrit and Pali texts. 1.4. Sugarcane in India India has the largest area under sugarcane cultivation in the world and it is the world s second largest producer of sugarcane after Brazil. The cane production registered a dramatic increase of 93 per cent in the decade 1951-61 as a result of diversification of agriculture but this spurt slackened to 14.9 per cent growth between 1960-61 and 1970-71 mainly as a result of the farmers withdrawal of land under cane owing to internal market fluctuations. However, production began looking up again with the establishment of sugar mills during the decade 1971-81 and growth rate was 22 per cent. The production of sugarcane reached an all time record 299.3 million tonnes in 1999-2000 after which varying trends have been observed.as in case of production area under sugarcane, cultivation registered a rapid increase from 1.7 million hectares in 1950-51 to 4.1 million hectares in 1998-99 after which the area under sugarcane cultivation increased at a slow rate. Aano bhadraa krathavo yanthu vishwathaha -"Let the noble thoughts come to all from all directions". Page No.3
Top ten sugarcane producing states in India: Table 1: Sugarcane Producing States in India -2014-15 Rank Name of the States Production- (000MT) 1 Uttar Pradesh 132427.6842 2 Maharashtra 69648.0768 3 Karnataka 35732 4 Tamil Nadu 33919.17 5 Andhra Pradesh 15567.00 6 Bihar 12741.42 7 Gujarat 12690.00 8 Haryana 7437.00 9 Uttarakhand 6784.82 10 Punjab 5919.00 Source: Indiastat.com II. Review of literature D.V.Ragnekar (2014): states that how sugarcane has emerged as one of the major agro industries in the rural areas of India during the last few decades. He views that there is fairly a strict government control on sugar and its by products, the industry faces some problems while receiving a certain amount of protection from the government. Murali P, Balakrishnan (2012): in his report shows how in the recent past, labour scarcity is coupled with high labour wage rate and has greatly affected the irrigation and harvesting of sugarcane crop in time.he pointed out that it has reduced sugarcane area from 3.91 lakh ha in 2006 07 to 3.14 lakh ha in 2009 10. Aano bhadraa krathavo yanthu vishwathaha -"Let the noble thoughts come to all from all directions". Page No.4
III. Statement of the problem The study emphasizes on the overall area, production and yield of sugarcane in India. The trend pattern of export and production of sugarcane has been undertaken to know the direction of India s export of sugar. The top five states producing sugarcane and their contribution to India for the time period 2000-01 to 2014-15. IV. Scope of the study In this study an attempt has been made to evaluate various aspects of sugarcane production, area, productivity and exports. The finding of this study could be gainfully utilized by the administrators, policy makers, scientists and extension workers to know about the status of sugarcane production and to make the cultivation of sugarcane more profitable and economical. V. Objectives of the study: The Main Objectives of the study: 1. To Study the Annual Growth Rate of Area, Production and Yield of Sugarcane in India from 2000-01to 2013-14 2. To Analyse the top five state-wise production of sugarcane in India from 2000-2014. 3. To calculate the percentage share of sugar to GDP in India (2000-2001 to 2013-2014) 4. To Compute the Trend Value of sugar exports for 2000-2001 to 2013-2014 5. To fit a Multiple Regression Model and Establish a Relationship between Production and its determinants. 6. To examine the relationship between the total population and total sugarcane production in India during the period 2000-2001 to 2013-2014. VI. Data and methodology: The present study is based on secondary data (time series data) sources collected for a period of fifteen years from 2000-2014. The secondary data is collected from various published and unpublished sources. The data is collected from the Economic Survey, RBI, Ministry of Statistics/Industry/Finance, and Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR). the present study is covering various aspects related to year wise, state wise and country wise data on area, production and productivity of sugarcane, production, consumption,export of sugar in India etc. In the present analysis of data based on various Aano bhadraa krathavo yanthu vishwathaha -"Let the noble thoughts come to all from all directions". Page No.5
statistical tools includes percentage, trend analysis annual growth rate and regression method and other appropriate statistical tools and the same is depicted by pictorial presentation. VII. Analysis and Interpretation: Objective 1. : to study the annual growth rate of area, production and yeild of sugarcane in india from 2000-2001 to 2013-2014. Table 2: Annual Growth Rate of Area, Production and Yield of Sugarcane in India (2000-2014) YEAR AREA (LAKH /HA) PRODUCTION (MILLION TONNES) YIELD (MILLION TONNES / HA) 2000 2001 1.40 0.25-1.20 2001 2002 2.20 0.44-1.73 2002 2003 2.47-3.47-5.78 2003 2004-12.87-18.49-6.44 2004 2005-7.00 1.38 9.00 2005 2006 14.71 18.59 3.38 2006 2007 22.58-8.66 3.51 2007 2008-3.16-2.41 0.77 2008 2009-11.44-18.13-7.56 2009 2010-5.50 2.55 8.53 2010 2011 17.06 17.12 0.05 2011 2012 4.17 4.46 0.27 2012 2013-0.49-5.23-4.75 2013 2014-0.63 5.19 5.85 Source: department of food and public distribution and agricultural statistics (for production and area of sugarcane) Annual growth rate is calculated using the formula: Present value past value 100 Past value Table 2. shows the Annual Growth Rate of Area, Production and Yield of Sugarcane in India from 2000 2014. Based on the Area, Production and Productivity of sugarcane the Annual Growth Rate has shown a mixed trend, in terms of increase and decrease. Aano bhadraa krathavo yanthu vishwathaha -"Let the noble thoughts come to all from all directions". Page No.6
The Growth Rate of Area under Sugarcane was highest in the year 2006 2007 with 22.58% and the area under harvest was lowest in the year 2004 2005 and 2008-2009 with -7 and -11.44 % The Growth Rate of Production of Sugarcane was highest in the year 2005-2006 with 18.59% and was the lowest in the year 2003 2004 with -18.49%. The Growth Rate of Yield of Sugarcane in India was highest in the year 2009-2010 with 8.53% and was lowest in the year 2008-2009 with -7.56%. Graph 1: Annual Growth Rate of Area, Production and Yield of Sugarcane in India (2000-2014) Above graph-1 depicts the Annual Growth Rate of Area, Production and Yield of sugarcane in India from period 2000 2014. The growth rate of sugarcane under area, production and productivity faced a lot of fluctuations over the years. Aano bhadraa krathavo yanthu vishwathaha -"Let the noble thoughts come to all from all directions". Page No.7
Objective 2: to analyse the top five state -wise production of sugarcane (2000-2014) Table -3: The Top Five State-Wise Production of Sugarcane in India (In percentage) YEAR UTTAR PRADESH MAHAR- ASHTRA KARNATA KA TAMIL NADU ANDRA PRADESH OTHERS TOTAL 2000-2001 36.01 16.75 14.50 11.21 5.97 15.56 100 2001-2002 39.68 15.18 11.10 10.97 6.08 16.99 100 2002-2003 42.14 14.69 11.31 8.42 5.38 18.03 100 2003-2004 48.21 10.97 6.84 7.55 6.44 19.99 100 2004-2005 50.06 8.63 6.01 9.86 6.63 18.77 100 2005-2006 44.62 13.81 6.49 12.48 6.27 16.29 100 2006-2007 37.53 22.01 8.03 11.52 6.07 14.80 100 2007-2008 35.80 25.39 7.53 10.93 5.81 14.51 100 2008-2009 38.25 21.27 8.18 11.50 5.44 15.32 100 2009-2010 40.07 21.94 10.41 10.17 4.00 13.37 100 2010-2011 35.20 23.91 11.58 10.00 4.36 14.91 100 2012-2013 36.01 23.90 10.85 10.98 4.66 14.59 100 2013-2014 37.00 18.34 10.54 10.38 4.62 19.12 100 Source: Agricultural dept of India, CMIE report The Above Table -3 shows the Total Percentage of Sugarcane produced by the top five sugarcane producing states of India from 2000-2014. Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra were the top two states who contributed more to India, followed by Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and the other states. Aano bhadraa krathavo yanthu vishwathaha -"Let the noble thoughts come to all from all directions". Page No.8
Graph - 2 Depicts the Total Percentage of the Five Major States towards the Production of Sugarcane in India from 2000-2014 Above graph - 2 States that, the explanation in the above is cleared with the help of pictorial representation which shows that among the top five states Uttar Pradesh stands at the first place in terms of sugarcane production even though there were ups and downs.this was due to more facilities provided by the government to the state in terms of subsidy, infrastructure development, technology etc., there were also many incentives provided by the government to the other mentioned states because of which they are one among the top five sugarcane producing states of India. Objective 3.: to calculate the percentage share of sugar exports to the india gdp from 2000-01-2013-14. Table -4: Sugar Exports share to Total GDP 2001-2002 to 2013-2014. YEAR EXORTS GDP % SHARE OF SUGARCANE TO GDP 2000-2001 430.98 1,852,227 0.023 2001-2002 1728.29 19954330 0.09 2002-2003 1769.49 21453897 0.061 2003-2004 1216.59 27773420 0.041 2004-2005 149.53 29714640 0.005 2005-2006 569.1 32530730 0.017 Aano bhadraa krathavo yanthu vishwathaha -"Let the noble thoughts come to all from all directions". Page No.9
2006-2007 3127.47 35643640 0.087 2007-2008 5412.16 38966360 0.13 2008-2009 4448.74 41586710 0.106 2009-2010 110.21 45160710 0.002 2010-2011 5419.16 49185330 0.11 2011-2012 8766.78 52475300 0.167 2012-2013 8576.63 54821110 0.156 2013-2014 7125.69 57417910 0.124 Source: department of economic analysis and processing (NABARD) Table 4 shows that the Exports and Total GDP in India during the period 2000-2001 to 2013 to 2014. Here, the Total sugar exports witnessed fluctuations over the years,in the year 2000-2001 the sugar exports were at 430.98 whereas from 2001-2003 the exports showed an increasing trend,followed by the years 2003-2006 we can see a fall in the exports,again there have been an increasing trend in the further three years The 2000-2001 lowest export in India was due to the semi-recession faced by the US is one of the India s biggest trading partners. After The terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre. Thus due to the reasons the GDP also showed fluctuations over the years. Graph 3.Total Sugar Exports Share to Total GDP from 2000-2001 to 2013-2014. Graph-3 shows that the Exports and Total GDP in india during the period 2000-2001 to 2013 to 2014. Here, the Total sugar Exports witnessed fluctuations in exports and the highest was in 2011-2012, the lowest was in 2005-2006.and 2009-2010. After 2009-2010 there has been an increase in the share of %age share of sugar exports. Later in the year 2013-2014 shows a slight decrease in the %age share of sugar to GDP. Aano bhadraa krathavo yanthu vishwathaha -"Let the noble thoughts come to all from all directions". Page No.10
As per, table-5. Depicts the actual and trend value related to the exports of sugar over the fifteen years. In 2000-2001 there were 430.98 crores export but the quantity has increased to 7125.69 crores during 2013-2014.The highest exports was in the year 2011 2012 with 8766.78 crore units and 2012 2013 with 8576.63 crore units. The exports of sugar was lowest in the year 2009-2010 and 2004-2005 being 110.21 and 149.53 crore units. Objective 4. : to compute the trend value of sugar exports in india from 2000 2014 Table 5: Trend of Sugar Exports in India (in crore units) YEAR EXPORTS(Rs. Crore) X X2 XY TREND VALUE 2000-2001 430.98-6.5 42.25-2801.37-346.1354286 2001-2002 1728.29-5.5 30.25-9505.595 243.9383736 2002-2003 1769.49-4.5 20.25-7962.705 834.0121758 2003-2004 1216.59-3.5 12.25-4258.065 1424.085978 2004-2005 149.53-2.5 6.25-373.825 2014.15978 2005-2006 569.1-1.5 2.25-853.65 2604.233582 2006-2007 3127.47-0.5 0.25-1563.735 3194.307385 2007-2008 5412.16 0.5 0.25 2706.08 3784.381187 2008-2009 4448.74 1.5 2.25 6673.11 4374.454989 2009-2010 110.21 2.5 6.25 275.525 4964.528791 2010-2011 5419.16 3.5 12.25 18967.06 5554.602593 2011-2012 8766.78 4.5 20.25 39450.51 6144.676396 2012-2013 8576.63 5.5 30.25 47171.465 6734.750198 2013-2014 7125.69 6.5 42.25 46316.985 7324.824 2014-2015 7.5 7914.89 2015-2016 8.5 8504.97 2016-2017 9.5 9095.04 2017-2018 10.5 9685.11 2018-2019 11.5 10275.19 2019-2020 12.5 10865.26 48850.82 227.5 134241.79 Aano bhadraa krathavo yanthu vishwathaha -"Let the noble thoughts come to all from all directions". Page No.11
Graph 4- Shows the Trend of Sugar Exports in India (2000-2014) Above Graph-4 depicts a positive trend in the export of sugar. The graph shows a sharp fall in the export of sugar during the year 2009-2010, but showed a continuous increase in there number from 2009-2010 onwards. The projected increase in the exports for the year 2018-2019 to 2019-2020 are 10275.19 and 10865.26 respectively. The increase in export of sugar is mainly due to the following reasons: Improvement in the quality and quantity of sugar, Better infrastructure facilities provided by the government of India, Better irrigational facilities and bio technology for cultivating quality crops. Objective 5.: to fit a multiple regression model and establish a relationship between production and its determinants: Table 6.: Shows the Area Production and Yield of Sugarcane that has been used for the Calculation of Regression AREA YIELD PRODUCTION (MILLION TONNES) YEAR (LAKH /HA) (TONNES / HA) 2000 2001 43.16 68.57 295.95 2001 2002 44.11 67.38 297.27 2002 2003 45.2 63.48 286.93 2003 2004 39.38 59.39 233.86 2004 2005 36.62 64.74 237.09 2005 2006 42.01 66.93 281.17 2006 2007 51.5 69.28 356.81 2007 2008 49.87 69.82 348.19 2008 2009 44.16 64.54 285.03 2009 2010 41.73 70.05 292.31 Aano bhadraa krathavo yanthu vishwathaha -"Let the noble thoughts come to all from all directions". Page No.12
2010 2011 48.85 70.09 342.38 2011 2012 50.89 70.28 357.67 2012 2013 50.64 66.94 338.96 2013 2014 50.32 70.86 356.56 Source : ICAR The above study (Table-6) lays its focus on production of sugarcane to be dependent on the independent variable i.e. area and yield. Thus the functional relationship is outlined below: Y=α+β1X1+β2X2+µ Where Y is production, XI is total area, X2 is total yield Hypothesis formulation: Null hypothesis (H0): there is no significant impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Β1 = β2 = 0 Alternative hypothesis (H1): there is a significant impact of the independent variables on the dependent variables. Β1 β2 0 A multiple regression model for the period of 2000-2014 is fit and run on the annual figures with the help of excel tools and it bears the following result. Regression Statistics Multiple R 0.999575636 R Square 0.999151453 Adjusted R Square 0.998997172 Standard Error 1.351722243 Observations 14 The model explains 99.91 R square variations in the dependant variables production caused due to the independent variables (area and yield ) and the remaining 0.9% variations is due to residual factors such as exports, consumption etc. Aano bhadraa krathavo yanthu vishwathaha -"Let the noble thoughts come to all from all directions". Page No.13
ANOVA df SS MS F Significance F Regression 2 23665.89932 11832.95 6476.16785 1.2815E-17 Residual 11 20.09868324 1.827153 Total 13 23685.998 Standard Lower Uppe Lower Upper Coefficients Error t Stat P-value 95% r 95% 95.0% 95.0% - - - - - - 36.958 307.140 272.6 307.14 272.61 Intercept 289.8771721 7.843343552 37 6.8631E-13 2549 14089 02549 4089 7.011 67.623 6.56919 20510 6.5691 7.0112 Xvariable1 6.790198566 0.100412554 004 9.1772E-16 2025 8 92025 0511 4.601 29.311 8.58059E- 3.95868 45656 3.9586 4.6014 Xvariable2 4.2800722 0.146018414 866 12 7838 1 87838 5656 The P value depicted in the table is less than 0.05; hence the model is significant at 5% level of significance. Therefore H0 is rejected and H1is accepted, which states that there is a significant impact of the stated independent variables on the dependent variable (µ) production. Objective 6.: to examine the relationship between the total population and total production of sugarcane in india Table 7.: Total Population and Total Sugarcane Production in India 2000-2001 to 2013-2014 (In Million Tons) Year Sugarcane Production Total Population 2000-2001 295.95 1014 2001-2002 297.27 1029 2002-2003 286.93 1056 2003-2004 233.86 1074 2004-2005 237.09 1089 Aano bhadraa krathavo yanthu vishwathaha -"Let the noble thoughts come to all from all directions". Page No.14
2005-2006 281.17 1106 2006-2007 356.81 1122 2007-2008 348.19 1138 2008-2009 285.03 1154 2009-2010 292.31 1170 2010-2011 342.38 1186 2011-2012 357.67 1202 2012-2013 338.96 1252 2013-2014 356.56 1292 Source : Economic Survey, RBI, Ministry of Statistics/Industry/Finance and Agricultural statistics. Table-7 shows the Total Population and Total sugarcane Production in India during the time period 2000-2001 to 2013-2014, it is explained based on the Malthusian theory. Malthusian theory states that population tends to increase faster than food supply, with inevitably disastrous results, unless the Increase in population is checked by moral restraints or by war, famine and diseases. This objective has associated Total Population and total Food grains Production. The guideline for the same is from the 1 st postulate of the Malthusian theory related to population which did associate Food grains Production (that increase in arthmetic progression) and Population (that increase in geometric progression). Therefore based on the above table we can see that the population is increasing over the years and that the food supply cannot meet the increasing population. Thus we accept the Malthusian theory as it prove s that the population increases faster than the food supply until and unless the population is affected by any disastrous effect. VIII. Recent government policies for sugarcane: On November 18, 2015, the Government of India s (GOI) Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) approved a sugarcane production subsidy of INR 4.50 per quintal for sugarcane crushed during MY 2015/16 (Oct-Sept). The central government, with effect from May 11, 2012, allowed sugar exports without restrictions under Open General License (OGL), subject to prior registration with the Directorate General of Foreign Trade. Sugar mills, exporters and importers are free to export and import sugar as per their commercial prudence Aano bhadraa krathavo yanthu vishwathaha -"Let the noble thoughts come to all from all directions". Page No.15
. To increase the area of cultivation and production in the country, the GOI has implemented the Sustainable Development Fund of Sugarcane Based Cropping System Area under Macro Management Mode of Agriculture program in various sugarcane growing states. The Tamil Nadu government has set the state-advised price of sugarcane at Rs 2,850 a ton, this price adds Rs 550 including transport charges to the centre-advised Fair and Remunerative Price at Rs 2,300 a tonne for the sugar year 2015-16. A bill seeking to raise the sugar cess ceiling from Rs 25 to Rs 200 per quintal was passed by the Lok Sabha in 2015, The Sugar Cess (Amendment) Bill 2015 was passed by a voice vote in the House which was boycotted by Congress over alleged "political vendetta" by the government. IX. Conclusion: Sugarcane is an important commercial crop in the country, occupying about 4.36 million hectares. Sugarcane occupies about 3.0% of the total cultivated area and it is one of the most important cash crops, contributing about 7.5% of the gross value of agricultural production in the country. About 50 million farmers depend on sugarcane cultivation for their livelihood and equal numbers of agricultural labourers earn their living by working in agricultural farms. Throughout the ages, sugarcane remained an important commercial crop of agriculture and trade in India contributing substantial revenue by way of tax revenue and duties. About 50 million farmers depend on sugarcane cultivation for their livelihood and an equal number of agricultural labourers earn their living by working in sugarcane farms. Agriculture in India prevails over all other sectors because it plays a pivotal role in the socio cultural life of its people. Hence, it is agriculture that is the most influential field as compared to others in India. Sugarcane is a primary raw material for all major sweeteners produced in the country and Government is adopting many measures to increase the production of sugarcane as mentioned above. There seems to be a great prospective for development of sugarcane in India. Aano bhadraa krathavo yanthu vishwathaha -"Let the noble thoughts come to all from all directions". Page No.16
X. References: Books: 1) T.S Devaraja, financial performance of Agro-Based Industries: The case of sugar Industry in Karnataka, 5th edition, anmol publishers. 2) R C Tyagi, prospects of sugar industry in India,1st edition, Mittal publisher. Articles : 1) Shrivastava, S Solomon (2013) sugarcane cultivation and sugar Industries in India historical perspectives, sugar tech. 2) Agricultural economics research, year 2012, volume-24 3) Indian Journal of sugarcane technology 4) Analysis of farmers knowledge about selected sustainable cultivation practices in sugarcane, Karnataka. J agric.sic, 20(3) a. Ratan lal yadav, economics of sugarcane farming 5) S.Senkar,Indian economy, problems, policies and developments 6) Glyn James volume 10 of world agriculture series 7) Census impacts sugarcane survey in Karnataka, Journal of economics and social research. 8) Agricultural department of India,CMIE reports Web links: 1) http://www.caneinfo.nic.in/home.aspx 2) http://www.sugarcaneindia.com 3) http://www.indiastat.com 4) www.icar.nic.in 5) http://www.indiancommodity.com/statistic/sugarstat.htm 6) www.iisr.nic.in 7) www.mospi.gov.in 8) http://www.fao.org 9) http://www.informaworld.com 10) http://goidirectory.nic.in/index.php Aano bhadraa krathavo yanthu vishwathaha -"Let the noble thoughts come to all from all directions". Page No.17