1 La pulpe du fruit d arganier Matière première de valeur pour l agro-industrie Pioch D. 1, Buland F-N. 1, Pingret de Sousa D. 1, Palu S. 1 Benismail M. C. 2, Mohktari M. 2 Larroque M. 1, Doco T. 3 & Charrouf Z. 4 1 CIRAD / UR BioWooEB-Biorefinery & CIRAD / UMR QUALISUD, Montpellier France 2 IAV / Agadir, Maroc 3 INRA-SUPAGRO / UMR SPO, Montpellier, France 4 Université Mohammed V, Faculté des Sciences, Rabat, Maroc
RARGA PROD 2 project / 2006-2008 2 Topics: L Arganeraie, l Arganier et ses produits dans l ojectif du développement durable 1- Valorization of Argan oil and other products Qualité et Diversification 2- Forestry and agro-forestry
- Adapted Protocol for collecting fruits 3 Ripe fruits Considered ripe when falling Collected daily on PE film For ~3 weeks Fruits collected during ripening Argan tree IAV-Agadir Visual estimation / color nearly ripe => close to falling but not yet Intermediate => changing color green + yellow Unripe => still green
- Lab. Protocol for pulp fractionation 4 FRESH FRUITS NUTS + SHELLS PULP VOLATILES Water Hexane Dichloromethane SUGARS + POLYPHENOLS OIL + RUBBER BIOACTIVES FIBRES CELL WALL SUGARS Others
2- Influence of fruit form / pulp content 80 60 40 20 0 Ripe fruits 6 - Pulp portion in fresh fruits varies ~20% between trees within same form - Same vs fruit form - Water content independant of form and infection by Ceratite -> Ceratite could be tolerated? What about other quality parameters?
3- Influence of ripening / soluble sugars 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 4 12 14 17 Glucose Fructose Saccharose 7 - Soluble sugars : fast increase during last month ripening 4 to 17 % dry pulp - Saccharose: 1.0 to 7,5% in 1 month only => Marker of maturity -> harvesting date in Argan fields?
4- Influence of form / soluble sugars 8 30 20 10 0 Total extracted sugars Pointed Fusiform Round - Soluble sugars vary vs fruit shape 17 24 mg/g dry pulp 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Glucose Fructose Saccharose Pointed Fusiform Round - Main sugar can be saccharose or glucose depending on fruit form => Easy differenciation of genotypes - phenotypes?
5- Influence of ripening / cell wall sugars 9 100 80 60 40 20 0 138 250 mg/g Unripe Ripe Glucose Rhamnose Xylose Mannose Galactose Arabinose - Total cell wall sugars : drastic change in 1 month - Jump of extract from 138 to 250 mg/g dry pulp - Decrease of C5 (markers of primary wall) => formation of fibers (glucose C6) => Strong Influence on pulp processing & quality of final products
6- Influence of ripening on oil content 10 10 Oil in pulp (% dry) 8 6 4 2 0 20 Oil acidity (oleic %) 15 10 5 0 - Oil content in pulp decreases during last month of ripening - Oil content 35% higher when harvested before falling compared to fallen fruits - Very high acidity when unripe (16%), still high when ripe (9%) Not suitable for refining -> manufacture of Argan soap? + bioactives in unsaponifiable
7- Influence of fruit form / oil content 11 10 Oil in pulp (% ) 8 6 4 2 0 Pointed Fusiform Round - Oil content in pulp varies a lot vs fruit form - Up to 8,4 %
8- Volatile + extractible bioactives 12 - Volatile fraction (SPE): decanolactones, decenal, unsaturated HC => New Aroma for food? - CH 2 Cl 2 extract (on defatted pulp) vs ripening: 35 compounds identified (GC/MS) (6 previously reported) Bioactives: anti / tumoral, mutagenic, viral, inflammatory, malarial amyrin farnesene lupeol derivatives pyrocatechol mequinol
Conclusion / Pulp 13 - High chemical diversity of the pulp (this work and scarce litterature data) Market value compared to current fodder - New food products x 10 - Functionalized extracts (additives) x 50 - Bioactives compounds (health, agriculture) x 1000 Expected total value of selected options > Production cost >> Fodder Financial viability : under which cropping and processing conditions?
Conclusion / Pulp 14 - Highly variable composition (~ each tree?) - Ripening - Harvest date adapted to targeted products (development of clonal fields) - Harvest practice: manual / mechanized? - Pulp preservation: natural? Storage time and conditions? - Fast processing: organized fruit collection, transportation? - Adapted processing line: separation of peal / pulp / husk / kernel Scientific knowledge -> Technical options -> More questions!
- How to take advantage of this high phytochemical diversity? 15 Whole-fruit processing Wide range of products Apply the Biorefinery concept easier when building a new plant and even a new crop A chance for Argan!
- Prospect for whole-fruit processing to a full range of products 16 Biomass availability Which argan parts? Almond + Husk + Pulp Leaf + Wood
- Prospect for whole-fruit processing to a full range of products 17 Biomass availability Which argan parts? Almond + Husk + Pulp Leaf + Wood Targeted markets Which products? Food: Exotic aroma, ice-cream, health-food Non food: rubber, glue, soap Additives, activated C Energy
- Prospect for whole-fruit processing to a full range of products 18 Biomass availability Which argan parts? Almond + Husk + Pulp Leaf + Wood Targeted markets Which products? Food: Exotic aroma, ice-cream, health-food Non food: rubber, glue, soap Additives, activated C Energy Processing options Derived from oil palm? Modern extraction techniques? µ-waves, U-Sound, Super-critical CO2, H2O Low environmental impact
- Prospect for whole-fruit processing to a full range of products 19 Which accessible targets? Which time span? Environment and social espects An intense integrated multidisciplinary research and human effort ahead!
20 Thank you for your attention Aknowledgement ADS Morroco for funding CIRAD, Agropolis-International, IAV-Agadir, Fellow researchers and students, including: Drs Frédéric Bonfils, Denis Bastianelli, CIRAD, Montpellier Drs Hicham Harhar, Miloudi Hilali, Badr Eddine, University Mohamed V, Rabat
21 The pulp of Argan fruit A valuable but highly variable potential agro-industrial feedstock Pioch D. 1, Buland F-N. 1, Pingret de Sousa D. 1, Palu S. 1 Benismail M. C. 2, Mohktari M. 2 Larroque M. 1, Doco T. 3 & Charrouf Z. 4 1 CIRAD / UR BioWooEB-Biorefinery & CIRAD / UMR QUALISUD, Montpellier France 2 IAV / Agadir, Maroc 3 INRA-SUPAGRO / UMR SPO, Montpellier, France 4 Université Mohammed V, Faculté des Sciences, Rabat, Maroc
7- Whole-fruit processing to pulp products and Argan oil 22 Depulping step Very simple harware 10kg/h capacity Nuts Capacity can be expanded x 10, 100 Horizontal mesh Argan pulp ~paste