Kucuker nd Ozturk Afr J Trdit Complement Altern Med. (2015) 12(2):114-119 http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jtcm.v12i2.17 THE EFFECTS OF AMINOETHOXYVINYLGLYCINE AND METHYL JASMONATE ON BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS AND FRUIT QUALITY OF NORTH WONDER SWEET CHERRY 114 Emine Kucuker 1*, Burhn Ozturk 2* 1 Deprtment of Horticulture, Fculty of Agriculture, University of Gziosmnpş, 60240, Tokt-Turkey. 2 Deprtment of Horticulture, Fculty of Agriculture, University of Ordu, 52200, Ordu-Turkey. * E-mil: emine2346@gmil.com; urhnozturk55@gmil.com Emine Kucuker nd Burhn Ozturk contriuted eqully to this work Astrct Bckground: AVG is n orgnic ethylene inhiitor. AVG tretments retrded the ripening process, incresed fruit sizes nd delyed loss of posthrvest fruit flesh firmness y inhiiting ethylene. MeJA is nturl plnt growth regultor nd plys regultory role in vrious metolic rections. Aprt from its role in fruit ripening, cell ctivities like nthocynin nd crotenoid synthesis nd inhiitive role in romtic mteril formtion, chlorophyll nd lycopene production. Mterils nd Methods: The present study ws conducted to determine the effects of pre-hrvest minoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) nd methyl jsmonte (MeJA) tretments on ioctive compounds, minerl nutrients nd other fruit qulity chrcteristics of North Wonder sweet cherries vriety in 2011. AVG ws spryed on experimentl trees t 125 mg L -1 dose in two different periods i.e. 3 weeks nd 2 weeks efore the nticipted hrvest dte. MeJA ws pplied 3 week efore the nticipted hrvest dte t dose of 2240 mg L -1. Results: MeJA significntly incresed fruit weight nd geometric men dimeter. AVG significntly decresed fruit weight nd flesh/stone rtio, significntly incresed L*, chrom nd hue ngle vlues. Effects of oth AVG nd MeJA on flesh firmness were lso found to e significnt. While solule solids concentrtion nd ph vlues significntly decresed with AVG tretment, titrte cidity significntly incresed. Both AVG nd MeJA tretments significntly decresed totl phenolics (TP), totl ntioxidnt cpcity (TAC) nd totl nthocynin (TA). Effects of AVG on such decreses in TAC nd TA were more efficient thn MeJA. While the effects of oth AVG nd MeJA on iron content were significnt, effects of only MeJA on nitrogen nd phosphor contents were found to e significnt. Conclusion: Growth regultors significntly decresed ioctive compounds. AVG ws more effective in such decreses thn MeJA. Key words: Antioxidnt, color, flesh firmness, minerl nutrients, phenolics, Prunus vium L. Introduction Sweet cherry is one the most importnt stone fruits of Turkey, constituting 19.57% of world production with n nnul production cpcity of 438 550 tons (FAO, 2011). Turkey with such high production cpcity is the most significnt supplier of Europen Union countries, Russin Federtion nd Middle Est countries in prticulr. However, short hrvest period nd shelf life, rpid post-hrvest qulity losses crete significnt economic losses oth in locl nd interntionl mrkets. Peel color, flesh firmness nd fruit size hve direct impcts on consumer preferences (Sloulin, 1990). Sweet cherry is non-climcteric fruit nd therefore rpidly losses peel color nd flesh firmness ecuse of higher post-hrvest respirtion rtes. Despite some contrry opinions (Remon et l., 2003), vrious reserchers (Esti et l., 2002; Shfiq et l., 2013) reported tht such losses in peel color nd flesh firmness were relted to phenolics, ntioxidnts, nthocynins nd pectins in fruits (Crisosto et l., 2001). These chrcteristics vry sed on growth period, soil nd ecologicl conditions, plnt nutrients, type of production (orgnic or inorgnic), hrvest time nd other culturl prctices (Meshmi, 2011). Other reserchers (Zhng nd Whiting, 2011; Shfiq et l., 2013) reported direct impcts in growth regultors on physicl, mechnicl nd iochemicl properties of the fruits. Reserchers use growth regultors [AVG, gierellins, jsmontes, prohexdione clcium, synthetic uxins (Chlorophenoxycetic cid), slicylic cid nd 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)] with positive impcts on fruit qulity chrcteristics to supply mrket-demnded fruits (Zhng nd Whiting, 2011). AVG is n orgnic ethylene inhiitor. It is well known tht ethylene is hormone which promotes fruit ripening nd influences fruit qulity. It ws reported for vrious fruits tht pre-hrvest AVG tretments retrded ripening, incresed fruit sizes nd delyed loss of post-hrvest fruit flesh firmness y inhiiting ethylene iosynthesis (Rth nd Prentice, 2004). MeJA is nturl plnt growth regultor (Rudell et l., 2005) nd plys regultory role in vrious metolic rections. It enhnces fruit ripening nd cell ctivities like nthocynin nd crotenoid synthesis nd inhiiting role in romtic mteril formtion, chlorophyll nd lycopene production (Kondo et l., 2001). Some reserchers (Kondo et l., 2001; Wng nd Zheng, 2005) lso reported tht MeJA took plce in rections ltering the ioctive compounds of fruits (nthocynins, crotenoids, phenolic compounds, ntioxidnts, scoric cid nd flvonoid contents). Rudell nd Mttheis (2009) noticed synergetic or dditive response etween ethylene nd MeJA for regultion of pple peel pigment synthesis pthwy. The present study ws conducted to determine the effects of pre-hrvest AVG nd MeJA tretments on physico-mechnicl, iochemicl chrcteristics nd minerl nutrients of North Wonder sweet cherry fruits. Mterils nd Methods Plnt mteril. Four-yers old uniform 18 sweet cherry trees (Prunus vium L. cv. North Wonder, voucher No. 148-1) trees grfted on Gisel 6 rootstock t Reserch sttion of Horticulture, Deprtment of Gziosmnps, University of Agriculturl Fculty, 40,20, 02.19 N ltitude, 36, 28 30.11 E longitude nd 623 m) in the middle Blck Se Region of Turkey were selected for the study
Kucuker nd Ozturk Afr J Trdit Complement Altern Med. (2015) 12(2):114-119 http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jtcm.v12i2.17 Tretments design nd mngement 115 The plnting density ws 4.0 m x 2.0 m. The trees were trined y Vogel Centrl Leder system nd grouped into three locks of 6 trees in rndomized lock design sed on proximity in orchrd nd crop lod. Stndrd prctices (pruning, fertiliztion, irrigtion nd etc.) were regulrly implemented. In ech lock, 2 trees were selected for control tretment, 2 trees for 2240 mg L -1 MeJA (Sigm-Aldrich, USA) tretment nd 2 trees for 250 mg L -1 AVG tretment. ReTin (VlentBioSciences Crop, Liertyville II, USA) contining 15% AVG ws used in AVG tretments. ReTin ws spryed to experimentl trees t 125 mg L -1 dose in two different periods s of 3 weeks (24 My 2011) nd 2 weeks (31 My 2011) efore the nticipted hrvest dte. MeJA ws pplied 3 week (24 My 2011) efore the nticipted hrvest dte t dose of 2240 mg L -1. Sylgrd-309 [0.05%, (Dow Corning, Toronto, Cnd)] surfctnt ws used in ll experimentl solutions to improve the effectiveness of the pplied solutions. Only the surfctnt solution ws spryed to control trees. Solutions were spryed with low-pressure hnd spryer in dy without wind nd precipittion. Fruit qulity properties Fruits were mnully hrvested erly in the morning t nticipted hrvest dte (14 th of June, 2011). Hrvested fruits were plced into polyethylene gs to prevent wter loss nd directly trnsported to lortory for nlyses. Fruit weight, flesh/stone rtio, geometric men dimeter, color chrcteristics nd flesh firmness vlues were mesured over 50 fruits hrvested from 2 trees of ech tretment (25 fruits from ech tree). Fruit nd stone weights (g) were mesured with digitl lnce (±0.01 g) (Rdvg PS 4500/C/1, Polnd). By using fruit nd stone weights, flesh/stone rtio ws clculted with the following eqution specified y Mohsenin (1980); Flesh / stone rtio = W f W s W s W f : fruit weight (g) W s : stone weight of the sme cherry (g) Dimensionl chrcteristics [length (L), width (W) nd thickness (T)] were mesured with digitl cliper (± 0.01 mm) (Model No: CD- 6 CSX, Mitutoyo, Jpn) nd geometric men dimeter ws clculted y using the eqution of (Dg) = (L. W.T) 1/3 (Mohsenin, 1980). Color chrcteristics were mesured with colorimeter (Minolt, model CR 400, Tokyo, Jpn) from the mid-section over ech side of the fruit. Fruit peel color were expressed s L*, Chrom nd hue ngle. Chrom ws clculted y ( *2 + *2 ) 1/2 nd hue ngle y [hº= tn -1 x * / * ] equtions. Chrom vlue indictes the color sturtion. While undertones hve low chrom vlues, vivid colors hve high chrom vlues. Hue ngle is color circle in which red-purple tones hve n ngle etween 0 o - 360 o, yellow hs 90 o nd lue-green tones hve ngles etween 180 o - 270 o (McGuire, 1992). Flesh firmness (Newton- N) ws determined s the mximum force pplied to penetrte into the fruit verticlly. Mesurements were performed in Zwick Z0.5 (Zwick/Roell Z0.5, Germny) universl test device with mximum cpcity of 500 N nd 1.8 mm stinless steel tip t 0.5 mm s -1 testing speed nd until 5 mm penetrtion. For solule solids concentrtion (SSC), ph nd titrte cidity mesurements, 45 fruits were hrvested from 2 trees of ech tretment of ech lock nd fruits were divided into 3 groups ech with 15 fruits. Stones of ech fruit were removed nd fruit juices were extrcted with n electricl fruit juice extrctor. A digitl refrctometer (PAL-1, McCormick Fruit Tech., Ykim, Wsh., USA) ws used to mesure SSC (%); ph meter (Hnn, model HI9321, USA) ws used to mesure the ph of extrcts. For titrte cidity, 10 ml extrct ws tken from ech smple, 10 ml distilled wter ws dded nd the vlue corresponding to consumed sodium hydroxide (NOH) during the titrtion with 0.1 mol L -1 sodium hydroxide to increse the ph of smples to 8.1 ws expressed in mlic cid (g mlic cid 100 g -1 ). Bioctive compounds For ech fruit smple, seeds were removed nd homogenized in stndrd food lender. Severl fruits (50 individul fruits) were used to nlyze nturlly occurring fruit-to-fruit vrition. TP content ws mesured ccording to the Singleton nd Rossi (1965) procedure. Briefly, fruit slurries were extrcted with uffer contining cetone, wter nd cetic cid (70:29.5:0.5 v/v) for 2 hours t drk. Smples were replicted three times. Extrcts were comined with Folin-Cioclteu s phenol regent nd wter, nd incuted for 8 minutes followed y the ddition of 7% sodium cronte. After 2 hr, the sornce t 750 nm ws mesured in n utomted UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Model T60U, PG Instruments). Gllic cid ws used s the stndrd. The results were expressed s mg Gllic cid equivlents (GAE) kg -1 fw. Trolox equivlent ntioxidnt cpcity (TEAC) method ws used to determine totl ntioxidnt cpcity. For the stndrd TEAC ssy, 10 mmol/l ABTS (2,2-zino-is- 3-ethylenzothizoline-6-sulfonic cid) ws dissolved in cette uffer nd prepred with potssium persulfte s descried in Ozgen et l. (2006). The mixture ws diluted using n cidic medium of 20 mm sodium cette uffer (ph 4.5) to n sornce of 0.700± 0.01 t 734 nm for longer stility (Ozgen et l., 2006). For the spectrophotometric ssy, 2.90 ml of the ABTS + solution nd 100 μl of fruit extrct were mixed nd incuted for 10 min. The sornce t 734 nm ws then determined. The results were expressed in mmol TE kg - 1 fw. Totl nthocynin levels were mesured y ph differentil method descried in Giusti et l. (1999). Smple extrcts were comined in 1:20 rtio (v:v) with potssium chloride nd with sodium cette uffers (ph 1.0 nd 4.5, respectively) in seprte vessels. After n equilirtion period (15 min), the rw sornce of ech solution ws mesured t 533 nd 700 nm. A corrected sornce vlue ws clculted s [(A520 A700) ph 1.0 (A520 A700) ph 4.5]. The nthocynin content ws clculted using the molr sorptivity (є) nd moleculr weights (MW) of cynidin 3-glucoside (є = 26.900; MW = 449.2). Results re expressed s microgrms of cynidin 3-glucoside equivlents (µg cy-3-glu g -1 fw). Minerl elements Fruit smples were rinsed through 0.01% HCl solution nd distilled wter, dried in n oven t 70 C for 2 dys nd grinded in hnd lender. Grinded smples were then dry shed in n shing oven in ccordnce with the method specified y Kcr nd İnl (2008). Resultnt extrcts were used for phosphorus (P), potssium (K), clcium (C), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) nd mngnese (Mn) nlyzed with ICP-OES (Perkin Elmer-2100DV optim, USA) device. Kjeldhl distilltion method ws used for nitrogen (N) nlysis (Bremner, 1965).
Kucuker nd Ozturk Afr J Trdit Complement Altern Med. (2015) 12(2):114-119 http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jtcm.v12i2.17 116 Sttisticl nlysis Experiments were crried out in rndomized complete lock design. All sttisticl nlyses were performed with SAS Version 9.3 (SAS Institute Inc., Cry, NC, USA). Dt were nlyzed y mens of nlysis of vrince. Min effects nd interctions were nlyzed nd mens were compred y Duncn s multiple rnge tests t significnce level of 0.05. Results nd Discussion Effects of AVG nd MeJA tretments on different fruit chrcteristics of sweet cherry re provided in Tle 1. Compred to control tretment, fruit weight nd geometric men dimeter significntly incresed with MeJA tretments. Effects of MeJA on flesh/stone rtio were similr to control tretment. Effects of plnt growth regultors on fruit qulity chrcteristics were lso reported y Fn et l. (1998). Rudel et l. (2005) indicted incresed fruit sizes in pples with MeJA through promoting cell division nd Shfiq et l. (2011) reported positive effects of MeJA tretments on pple qulity chrcteristics. However, the effects of MeJA on qulity chrcteristics of non-climcteric fruits re not wellknown (Mukkun nd Singh, 2009). Tle 1: The effects of AVG nd MeJA tretments on some fruit chrcteristics of North Wonder sweet cherry fruit. Tretment Fruit chrcteristics Fruit weight (g) Geometric men dimeter (mm) Flesh/stone rtio Control 7.40 22.92 17.05 250 mg L -1, AVG 6.33 c 22.61 13.07 2240 mg L -1, MeJA 7.87 24.60 15.06 n=150 (50 fruit x three replictes) for fruit chrcteristics. Mens in columns with the sme letter do not differ, ccording to Duncn's Multiple Rnge test, P<0.05. Compred to the control tretment, fruit weight nd flesh/stone rtio significntly decresed with AVG tretments ut AVG did not hve ny significnt effects on geometric men dimeter (Tle 1). Current findings gree with the findings of Wester et l. (2006) reporting insignificnt effects of AVG on geometric men dimeter of sweet cherry. It ws lso pointed out tht rootstock nd cultivr genetics, fruit lod nd environmentl conditions hd significnt effects on fruit size nd qulity of sweet cherry (Whiting nd Lng, 2004). It ws reported tht MeJA ffected color formtion in severl climcteric fruits y promoting nthocynin iosynthesis (Fn et l., 1998). Rudell nd Mttheis (2009) climed tht synergism my exist etween MeJA nd ethylene for regultion of pigment synthesis pthwys in pple peel. However, such cse hs not een clerly identified for non-climcteric fruits (Kondo et l., 2001). In the present study, MeJA did not cuse significnt chnge in fruit peel color prmeters (Figure 1). 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 L* Chrom Hue ngle Color chrcteristics Figure 1: The effects of AVG nd MeJA tretments on L*, *, chrom nd hue ngle of North Wonder sweet cherry fruit. n=300 (50 fruit x three replictes x two mesurements for ech fruit) for chromticity vlues. Different letter ove the rs indicte sttisticlly significnt differences, ccording to Duncn's Multiple Rnge test, t P<0.05. L*, chrom nd hue ngle of insufficiently ripened fruits re usully higher thn the vlues of fully-ripened fruits (Gonçlves et l., 2004). When compred to control tretment, L*, hue ngle nd chrom vlues significntly incresed with AVG tretments (Figure 1). This sitution clerly showed retrding effect of AVG on fruit ripening. Similrly, Wester et l. (2006) stted tht AVG tretments retrded ripening nd consequently the color formtion of sweet cherry. Mny reserchers working on different fruit species reported tht this effect of AVG ws likely to e due to its inhiitory effect on ethylene iosynthesis (Joling et l., 2003; Rth nd Prentice, 2004).
Kucuker nd Ozturk Afr J Trdit Complement Altern Med. (2015) 12(2):114-119 http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jtcm.v12i2.17 Although the possile role of MeJA in non-climcteric fruits is still unknown, Kondo nd Fukud (2001) reported tht endogenous MeJA might stimulte scisic cid (ABA) concentrtions in grpe erries since MeJA ctivted lipoxygense tht is involved in ABA synthesis from crotenoids. It hs een reported tht ABA, rther thn ethylene, plys role in the onset of fruit mturtion in non-climcteric fruit (Kondo nd Inoue, 1997). In grpe erries, endogenous ABA concentrtion incresed towrd ripening nd decresed from ripening towrd hrvest (Kondo nd Kwi, 1998). It hs een reported tht endogenous MeJA in sweet cherries fruits ws higher t the immture stge nd stedily decresing during fruit development (Prunus vium L.), nd this decresing of MeJA in sweet cherries during fruit ripening decresed fruit firmness drmticlly (Kondo et l., 2000). In this study, exogenous MeJA pplictions incresed fruit firmness in North Wonder cv. sweet cherry (Figure 2). However, posthrvest MeJA ppliction decresed fruit firmness some Jpnese plum cultivrs (Khn nd Shing, 2007). It hs een reported tht response to exogenous ppliction of MeJA to strwerry re dependent on concentrtion nd developmentl stge t which of MeJA ws pplied (Mukkun nd Singh, 2009; Yılmz et l., 2007). Exogenous ppliction of AVG hs een climed to dely fruit ripening nd flesh firmness losses ecoming during ripening process (Joling et l., 2003; Öztürk et l., 2012). The present study confirmed those finding for North Wonder sweet cherry fruits, with higher flesh firmness of AVG-treted fruits thn fruits of control tretment (Figure 2). Similrly, with AVG tretments, 30-50% increse ws oserved in flesh firmness of peches (Noppkoonwong et l., 2005), 7-58% increse in nectrines (Rth nd Prentice, 2004) nd 12-60% in stone-fruits (Lunder nd Jerie, 2000). Current findings supported y these previous findings. While control nd MeJA tretments hd similr effects on SSC vlues, AVG tretments significntly decresed solule solids concentrtion (Figure 2). Incresing SSC vlues with the progress of ripening were lso reported in cherries y previous reserchers (Erdem nd Öztürk, 2012; Serrdill et l., 2012). However, Wester et l. (2006) reported tht AVG retrded the ripening of sweet cherry. While the effects of AVG on ph nd titrte cidity were significnt, the effects of MeJA were similr to control tretment (Figure 2). Since AVG retrds ripening, it consequently decreses SSC nd increses titrte cidity (Gonçlves et l., 2004). Unripe fruits usully hve lower SSC vlues thn ripened fruits. 15.0 5.0 117 14.5 4.5 SSC (%) 14.0 13.5 13.0 12.5 ph 4.0 3.5 3.0 12.0 2.5 11.5 2.0 Tretments Tretments Titrtle cidity (g mlic cid/100 g) 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 Tretments Fruit firmness (N) 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 c Tretments Figure 2: The effects of AVG nd MeJA tretments on SSC, ph, titrte cidity nd firmness of North Wonder sweet cherry fruit. n=9 (three replictes x three different mesurements for ech replicte) for SSC, ph nd titrte cidity. n=150 (50 fruit x three replictes) for flesh firmness. Different letter on sme line indicte sttisticlly significnt differences, ccording to Duncn's Multiple Rnge test, t P<0.05. Bioctive compound contents of sweet cherry re provided in Tle 2. TP, TAC nd TA vlues significntly decresed with oth MeJA nd AVG tretments. Tle 2: The effects of AVG nd MeJA tretments on totl phenolic nd totl ntioxidnt ctivity of North Wonder sweet cherry fruit. Tretment Totl phenolic (mg GAE g -1 fw) Bioctive compounds Totl ntioxidnt cpcity (µmol TE g -1 fw) Totl nthocynin (µg cy-3-glu g -1 fw) Control 542.1 9.73 21.8 250 mg L -1, AVG 411.5 6.12 c 4.6 c 2240 mg L -1, MeJA 433.2 7.73 18.0 n= 15 (three replictes x five different mesurement for ech replicte) for totl phenolic, totl ntioxidnt cpcity nd totl nthocynin. Mens in columns with the sme letter do not differ, ccording to Duncn's Multiple Rnge test, P<0.05. During the ripening process of sweet cherry, totl phenolics nd nthocynin ctivity exhiit liner increse (Gündoğdu nd Bilge, 2012; Serrdill et l., 2012). Anthocynins re the pigments responsile for red color formtion in sweet cherry (Mozetic et l., 2004). A color trnsition from green to red is oserved with nthocynin ccumultion (Brrett nd Gonzles 1994). In present study, nthocynin contents decresed with MeJA nd AVG tretments. Plnt growth regultors my lter fruit iochemicl composition (Khn et l., 2007). Similrly, Ozturk et l. (2012) reported decresing TP, TAC nd TA vlues in plums with AVG tretments nd Ozturk et l. (2013) indicted gin decresing TP, TAC nd TA vlues of sweet cherry with AVG nd MeJA tretments.
Kucuker nd Ozturk Afr J Trdit Complement Altern Med. (2015) 12(2):114-119 http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jtcm.v12i2.17 Compred to control tretment with regrd to micro nutrients, the effects of oth growth regultors were found to e significnt only on Fe contents (Tle 3). With regrd to mcro nutrients however, only the effects of MeJA on N nd P contents were found to e significnt (Tle 4). Tle 3: The effects of AVG nd MeJA tretments on mcro element concentrtion of North Wonder sweet cherry fruit. Tretment Minerl nutrients (g kg -1 ) N P K C Control 1.20 0.11 0.84 0.69 250 mg L -1, AVG 1.07 0.10 0.76 0.79 2240 mg L -1, MeJA 0.74 0.08 0.80 0.86 n=9 (three different mesurement for ech replictes x three replictes) for minerl nutrients. Mens in columns with the sme letter do not differ, ccording to Duncn's Multiple Rnge test, P<0.05. Tle 4: The effects of AVG nd MeJA tretments on micro element concentrtion of North Wonder sweet cherry fruit. Tretment Minerl nutrients (mg kg -1 ) Fe Zn Mn Control 24.99 4.00 2.16 250 mg L -1, AVG 14.21 3.83 2.35 2240 mg L -1, MeJA 13.49 3.70 2.58 n=9 (three different mesurement for ech replictes x three replictes) for minerl nutrients. Mens in columns with the sme letter do not differ, ccording to Duncn's Multiple Rnge test, P<0.05. Nickel (1978) reported tht plnt growth regultors plyed n importnt role on minerl element contents of plnts. Motshe (2011) reported significnt effects of enzyldenine doses on micro nd mcro minerl elements of morul fruit (Sclerocry irre suspecies cffr). Rudell et l. (2005), on the other hnd, reported tht there were no significnt reltionships etween pre-hrvest MeJA tretments nd minerl element concentrtions in Fuji pple. 118 Conclusion The results of this study on the effect of AVG - n ethylene synthesis inhiitor, nd MeJA on fruit chrcteristics, showed tht oth growth regultors might hve hd significnt effects in fruit ripening nd chrcteristics when pplied efore hrvest. AVG tretment clerly incresed fruit firmness nd delyed fruit skin color development y retrding fruit ripening. While MeJA did not cuse ny significnt chnge in color prmeter of fruit, it incresed fruit firmness. Both growth regultors significntly decresed ioctive compounds. AVG tretments decresed SSC, ph nd titrte cidity vlues. Both MeJA nd AVG hd limited effects on minerl nutrients. Acknowledgement The chemicls (AVG: ReTin nd Surfctnt: Sylgrd 309) used in this study were provided y Vlent Bioscience nd Dow Corning Co., respectively nd lso, the uthors re grteful to Dr. Zeki Göklp for criticl reding nd syntctic corrections. References 1. Brrett, D.M. nd Gonzlez, C. (1994). Activity of softening enzymes during cherry mturtion. J. Food Sci., 59: 574-577. 2. Bremner, J.M. (1965). Totl nitrogen. In C.A. Blck et l. (ed.) Methods of soil nlysis. Am. Soc. of Agron., Inc. Mdison, Wisconsin, USA, Prt 2. Agron., 9: 1149-1178. 3. Crisosto, C.H., Crisosto, G.M. nd Ritenour, M.A. (2001). Testing the reliility of skin color s n indictor of qulity for erly seson Brooks (Prunus vium L.) cherry. Posthrvest Biol. Technol. 24(2): 147-154. 4. Erdem, H. nd Öztürk, B. (2012). Effect of folir pplied zinc on yield, minerl element contents nd iochemicl properties of per vrieties grfted to BA-29 rootstock. Suleymn Demirel University Journl of the Fculty of Agriculture, 7(1): 93-106. 5. Esti, M., Cinqunt, L., Sinesio, F., Monet, E. nd Di Mtteoc, M. (2002). Physicochemicl nd sensory fruit chrcteristics of two sweet cherry cultivrs fter cool storge. Food Chem. 76: 399-405. 6. Fn, X., Mttheis, J.P. nd Buchnn, D. (1998). Continuous requirement of ethylene for pple fruit voltile synthesis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46: 1959-1963. 7. FAO, (2011). www.fo.org. FAO Sttistics Division. (Access to we: 10 Ferury 2013) 8. Giusti, M.M., Rodriguez-Son, L.E. nd Wrolstd, R.E. (1999). Spectrl chrcteristics, molr sorptivity nd color of pelrgonidin derivtives. J. Agric. Food Chem. 47: 4631-4637. 9. Gonçlves, B., Lndo, A. K., Knudsen, D., Silv, A. P., Moutinho-Pereir, J. nd Ros, E. (2004). Effect of ripeness nd posthrvest storge on the phenolic profiles of cherries (Prunus vium L.). J. Agric. Food Chem. 52: 523-530. 10. Gündoğdu, M. nd Bilge, U. (2012). Determintion of orgnics, phenolics, sugrs nd vitmin C contents of some cherry cultivrs (Prunus vium). Int. J. Agric. Biol. 14: 595-599. 11. Joling, J., Prdhn, R., Morris, S.C., Mitchell, L. nd Rth, A.C. (2003). The effect of ReTin plnt growth regultor [minoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG)] on the posthrvest storge life of Tegn Blue plums. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 43: 515-518. 12. Kcr, B. nd İnl, A. (2008). Plnt nlysis (In Turkish). Noel pulish No: 1241. 13. Khn, A.S., Singh, Z. nd Asi, N.A. (2007). Pre-storge putrescine ppliction suppresses ethylene iosynthesis nd retrds softening during low temperture storge in Angelino plum. Posthrvest Biol. Technol. 46: 36-46.
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