Papaya Paw paw Papaw Family Caricaceae Genus Carica Species papaya Papaya Readings (On web page) Nishina et al., 2. Papaya Production in Hawaii. CTAHR, F&N-3. Manshardt, 1999. UH Rainbow Papaya. A High-Quality Hybrid with Genetically Engineered Disease Resistance. CTAHR, NPH-1 Kempler and Kabaluk. 1996. Babaco (Carica pentagona Heilb.): A possible crop for the greenhouse. HortScience 31:785-788. -Tall - Herbaceous - Short-lived - Large leaves - Flower in leaf axils - Seed propagated - Up to 1 lb. - Seed in cavity - Yellow, orange, pink, or red flesh - High vitamin A & C, and potassium Proteolytic enzyme extracted from latex - Meat tenderizer -Cosmetics - Leather industry - Medicinal uses Carica 2 species papaya Lowland cultivated spp Not found outside cultivation Perhaps hybrid form Only polygamous spp Most important commercially
Other Cultivated Carica Highland species Common in upland Valleys of Ecuador and Colombia Taste different, less sweet Soups, stews, sweets, fresh Genes for breeding (cold/disease resistance) Other cultivated Carica Hybrid types - Babaco Most commercially advanced Seedless - parthenocarpic Large fruit Fresh or stewed Vegetatively propagated Origin of Papaya Origin of Carica papaya Domesticated somewhere between southern Mexico and Guatemala Carica spp Cultivated papaya Taken into Asia tropics in the 16s In Pacific Islands by 18 Tropical America Southern Mexico West Indies Other spp: Mexico - Argentina Spread via seed 16s in Asian tropics By 18 common in Pacific Papaya Production in the World 1,s mt 6 Three-fold increase since 1965 5 4 3 2 1 FAOSTAT database, 1965-2 Papaya Production in the World 1,s mt 1,s mt 6 5 4 3 2 1 3 fold increase Papaya Production in Africa 15 Africa 1 5 Two-fold+ increase Papaya Production in the Americas 1,s mt Papaya Production in Asia 1,s mt 3 25 2 15 1 5 2 15 1 5 Americas Five-fold increase Asia Three-fold increase
Papaya per Capita Production in the World FAOSTAT database, 1965-2 World Production of Papaya Per Capita Production (kg/person) 1.9.8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1 Region 1, mt % Africa 1,228 21% Asia 1,727 29% Americas 2,923 5% USA 23 <.5 % Total 5,91 FAOSTAT database, 2-22 World Production of Papaya World Yields of Papaya Region Country (1, mt) Africa Nigeria (748), Ethiopia (215), Congo (21) Asia India (7), Indonesia (484) Americas Brazil (1,476), Mexico (745) Region Mt/ha Africa 1.2 Asia 11.7 Americas 3.3 USA 32.9 FAOSTAT database, 2-22 FAOSTAT database, 2-22 USA Production Most in Hawaii Produce 23, MT Most exported to mainland USA, Canada, and Japan Production decrease since 1989 due to Papaya ringspot 1,S metric tons 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Fruiting of the Papaya Fruit hang along trunk Flower in leaf axils Most are dioecious Some are hermaphroditic or perfect flowered Five classes of flowers
Type I or Pistillate Flower Female Papaya Flower or female flower Type II or Pentandria Flower Type III or Intermediate Flower Type IV or Hermaphroditic Flower Hermaphroditic Papaya Flower or bisexual or perfect flower
Type V or Staminate Flower Male Papaya Flower or male flower Female Fruit is an enlarged ovary Male Need pollen for pollination Flower type influences Thickness of flesh Fruit shape Importance of Sex Inheritance of Sex One locus, three alleles M 1 male M 2 hermaphrodite or bisexual m female Homozygous dominant lethal M 1 M 1, M 1 M 2 and M 2 M 2 lethal M 1 m = male M 2 m = bisexual mm = female Seedlings segregate for sex Need to maximize the number of productive plants Hermaphroditic varieties maximize hermaphrodites Dioecious type maximize females Plant multiple seedlings per space and rogue wrong sex M2 M2 Lethal Hermaphroditic Variety Hermaphrodite x Hermaphrodite M2 m x M2 m M2 m M2 m Hermaphrodite Hermaphrodite m m Female - 2/3 hermaphroditic and 1/3 female
Maximize Bearing Plants Hermphroditic variety Want hermaphroditic plants Rogue out females 1 per space = 67% 2 per space = 89% 3 per space = 96% Female or Dioecious Types Need one male for every 12-15 females 6-8% males Fruit is better if good pollination Pollination by wind and moths Dioecious Variety Female x Male m m x M1 m m m Female M1 m Male - 1/2 female and 1/2 male Maximize Bearing Plants Dioecious variety Maximize females Rogue out males 1 per space = 5% 2 per space = 75% 3 per space = 87.5% 4 per space = 93.7% Sex Can Change! Climatic Restrictions Too cool, wet, and high N Female Stamens become carpel like Too hot, dry, and low N Male Ovaries fail to develop Optimal temperature 22-26 C Sex expression shifts Flavor poor if cool Die if less than -1C Die if greater than 44C Long growing season Susceptible to wind damage
Cultural Restrictions Diseases of Papaya Need direct sunlight Poor flavor if shaded Well drained soils Sensitive to waterlogging Susceptible to Phytophthora Sensitive to saline conditions Papaya ringspot virus Most important Limiting factor in many areas of world Mildew Anthracnose Root rot, Phytophthora (replant sites) Nematodes Papaya Ringspot Virus Papaya Ringspot Virus Vectored by aphids Leaf mottling and distortion Reduce growth, yield So severe in Florida that plants are grown as annuals Papaya Ringspot Virus Control via resistant varieties Insect Pests UH Sunup and UH Rainbow GMOs (Genetically Modified Organism) Fruit flies Webworms White flies Thrips Mites Fruit spotting bugs
Fruit flies Lay eggs in fruit Larva feed in fruit Cause rot Heat treat to kill in fruit Hawaiian - Solo types Hermaphroditic Smaller fruit, about 1 lb Mexican or fruta bomba Dioecious Larger fruit, up to 1 lbs Papaya Varieties Two Major Types Hawaiian Varieties Hermaphroditic Solo types Common in US markets Fruit small, firm, sweet Plant smaller ~ 8 Sex expression more stable Series of inbred seed lines developed in Hawaii Most widely grown is Sunrise variety Locally available in many tropical regions Much larger fruit Flavor generally less intense Frequently dioecious Not as good for shipping Mexican Varieties Propagated by seed Clean off gelatinous coat Dry and plant immediately Warm (8 F), sterile soil Germinate in 2 weeks In 1 weeks ready to transplant Establishment Site Selection Virgin soil preferred Replant sites High levels of Phytophthera palmivora Virgin soil technique Fungicide drench in planting hole Fallow of 3-5 years
Planting Spacing Single row, 8 x 1 (435 plants per acre) Double row, 6 x 6 x 12 (85 plants per acre) Multiple seedlings per space to maximize bearing plants 3 to 5 plants per hole until flowering Cropping Cycle From planting begin to fruit in 1-12 months Begins to flower in 4-8 months Fruit develops in 4-6 months Possible to grow as annual Commercially can fruit for 3-4 years Production Practices No pruning High nitrogen to encourage growth May thin fruit to one per cluster to avoid crowding Harvesting and Yields Climacteric fruit Harvest yellow green Dark green fruit will not ripen Potential yield 1 tons/ha or 4 tons/acre Average yield 15-25 tons/ha or 6-1 tons/acre World Yields of Papaya Region Mt/ha Africa 1.2 Asia 11.7 Americas 3.3 USA 32.9 Post Harvest Storage 1-3 weeks @ 7-1C Fruit fly infestation treatment Hot water: 2 minutes @ 12F Hot air: heat fruit flesh to 117F FAOSTAT database, 2-22
International Markets Major exporting countries Mexico to USA and Canada Brazil to Europe India to Middle East Many others Any Questions about Papaya?