Evolution of writing Grammar in Sindhi

(128) ب א ي وא Catalogue Reference Shazia Pitafi Evolution of Writing Grammar in Sindhi Sindhi Language Sindhi Language Authority, Hyderabad Sindh. ISBN: 978-969-9098-25-3 ي گ ا ار ا ن : : ل: אد: א 2009 ع 1000 و 100/- : א ي א Evolution of writing Grammar in Sindhi By: Shazia Pitafi Edition: April, 2009 Quantity: 1000 Price: Rs. 100 /= Composed by: Irfan Laghari & Asadullah Bhutto Title: Muhammad Ramzan Printed by: Published by: Ms Sindhica Acaindh. Taj Joyo, Secretary, Sindhi Language Authority, Hyderabad, National Highway, Hyderabad, Sindh, 71000, Pakistan. Tel: 022-9240050-53 Fax: 022-9240051 E-mail: sindhila@yahoo.com Website: www.sindhila.org א ي ب אدא ي ي ج س א א ن א ي. و ن د وي א د 2009 ي گ ا ار ا 2 ي گ ا ار ا 1

58 63 68 79 98 104 115 115 121 124 125 126 127 127 128 129 130 130 5 6 7 10 11 12 14 15 16 18 20 22 24 27 30 33 35 אن אن باب پ ن: ج ت ت ت ت א باب : گ ا ا و ا א א א א א א ي א باب ن: ي گ ا ار ا ي و ) א א אم دאس 1892 ع) وא ب ) و ي אم و א ( 1914 ع) ي و ( א 1916 ع) و و ي و و) وא 1925 ع) ي א) م א 1984 ع) ي (وא 1986 ع) א ي א) א ي 1987 ع) ي و ) وא- 1971 ع) א باب چ ن: ي ا گ ا א ج א א א א אم دאس א و אم ب א א وא و א ووא א م א ي א ج ) א - 1849 ع) 36 א) א 1872 ع) 38 א ي ي گ ا ار ا 4 ي گ ا ار ا 3

ا پاران א א دو אن א א א א. د ن ت د ن ب א و א א ي אي א א ي (א). א و א א. ي ي א א א دو و و. א د ن م ن ن ن אدא ي. אد א ن א ي. א ن אن ي אد ن ن א ل. א א א א אو אن ن و و و ل א א אن و ت و. א א א م ع א ل ي א א م ي دي ي א ون و ن ن. ي אن ل ي. 132 132 133 139 وא א א ي ا بب گ ا م ن ي ب אن א ي. א و א. ه ا () 10 א 2009 د ي گ ا ار ا 6 ي گ ا ار ا 5

پ پاران א.אي ي ل א ي د (א) ن א ي ن ت. ه ن אن ي ن אن ن وא ع. א ن א م אن ن ه م ن ي א א م ح ن س א ن א א ع وع ن ع و ن ن. ه م אن ي ن ي. אن ي و م ن م א و ن א א د ن. ن ح. د ن א א אن د ن ب ي و א. ي ي א ج א א א א ن א א אن ي د م ي א ي א ن دن ي.. ون ن ن ح پ ا از ب ن א ن אن Animal) (Social و.. אو ن ت و س א ن. א ي م. א ي. אن ي. م א א א א ل א ن ن א ن و ي א. ي ت ن א ن (1). م و א א ن. א و و د ن ن ن ) ( و ن ي و ن و א.. وج ج א وپ و. وא ن א ت ن. א ي گ ا ار ا 8 ي گ ا ار ا 7

(4). و ي א ه و ن ي ت : א و وא ي א د د ن א و م د ن و وא ن (5). : و. :1. ن א. و ي אدא ن د (Parts of Speech ) א و ل د و ن. א א אدو א.. ن وא ن (Analysis) אن م و و م. אن وא ن و ه ج و و. א وא ن ن ت. א وא א ن د א وא. א ن و ن د ن :2 :3 :4 وא א ن. א א وא و م ن אدא ي (2). ت ت א ن א ن ع א ن א ن. ن ج د وא אن و. ي א و و ي ي ي א א : א א א. ي א א א ي ن. ن א د א وح א א ن א س م. אد دא و ن و ت و (3). ي ي א ن. ن ل د وא و : ي گ ا ار ا 10 ي گ ا ار ا 9

ي گ ا ار ا א ج. (Multipurpose Instrument) وא و ن و א ن אن א دي אن.. א و ي ن א אدي א ي א وא ن א و ي و و م و א. א : ي א אن ي א و وא ن א وא א وא (Medium). א ن. א ل א ج א (8) 12 س و א س ي ن و وא ن س س א ن و ه ن ن ص (6). א م و ي 1853 ع ن ي ن د وא ن ن ن. و ي אن وא ن אن ت ن د ي ي ( ص و ي א و.( ت א ي Writing is not language, but merely a way of recording language by means of visible marks. (7) ) (. ارج: ي אدא دא א م א ن א ن. ن ن ص א و ن. ن ج ن ن א و ن: ل.1 א.2 אو.3.4 אد.5 : In a broad way language is the expression of א و א ن א א ن ي و. א א ن א ي ي گ ا ار ا 11

related to language. (11) אج א א א ( ت א ن وא ي (. ي ن א م אن س : human thought and all thought is expressed through language, hence all knowledge, of the universe may fall within the scope of Linguistics and the scope may be complexness. (9) (و א א א و و ي. ت ي אن. و א دא ي ت ي (. ه ج אد وא אن ي. ي אد אن د ي ي א. ن ي وא ن. وم م و د م. ن א س אت א ن ت. א وא ن ن وא ي وא ي א ي ي د. ي אد ي ت א ن م (12) : ن و Syntax ت.3 Semantics ت.4 Phonology ت.1 Morphology ت.2 (Phonology) وא ن ت : ات. (Phonemes) ن وא ن. و (Phonology) א ت (Phonetics) و و ت وא خ. ن ت ي ن م ن ن אن (10). و و א : (Linguistics) א ن ت אن. ن Linguistics is that science which studies the origin, organization, nature and development of language descriptively, historically, comparatively and explicitly and formulates the general rules. ي گ ا ار ا 14 ي گ ا ار ا 13

(Initial وא. وא ي ن Language) دي (Spoken א وא. א א ي (unit) ق א א وא א א ت א א و ت position) (Final ت ي א (Medial position) ي א ل. א א position) א א ( њ ) א. א ن א א ي א א ي وא ي א א אن ن. א ي א ن وא ن א. א ي ح ي وא ت. ي א. ي ن Phonetics is the scientific study of the production, transmission and reception of speech sounds. It studies the medium of spoken language. (13) ) ت وא ن ل ن وא ي א ن אن. (. ن ي وא א ت א ن د. ن ن ي ي ص ن و א وא (14). ي (position) א وא ي ت א א א א א وא ي و. و (Point of articulation) ج א وא ن د و ت א ن ي وא ن وא وא ن وא ن ن ت ي وא ن (Sets of sounds position) (15) א ل ي.. و د א אدي م. و ن ن وא ن ن د ي אن א م وא ن א ت. و : א م ت و وא م א ي دو وא د ( ت) (16). ن و א ل ي. א ي ي گ ا ار ا 16 ي گ ا ار ا 15

א (Morphology) ن א ن د ي د. ن و אد د ن (Bound forms) (20) ي گ ا ار ا (Free forms) 18 : (Morphology) ات א. ت ن ن د. ي دא א א א א (17). دא. (Lexicon) ي ي. א ن و ن ن אن (Affixes). و א The smallest meaningful elements into which word can be analysed are known morphemes; and the way morphemes operate in language provide the subject matter of Morphology. (18) א ي א دא א ( ي و و ن ن. ي אد ت א (. א دي א د ت ي ي وس ن. ي א ل א ن :(Syntax) ات א ي ن ن ن א : و ن وא אن ي. א س (21). (Syntax) وت ن א ن ي. אن ي. و ت ي ن (Sentences) (Clauses) א (Phrases) و א دא ي א ج و א ن. ن ن و ي. ن ن ن م ي ي. א ن א. א ن א א ي ن! ت א ي. ي ي دא (19) و. (Morpheme) (Grammar) و د ت א ت. א אن و و و. ي گ ا ار ا 17

ن و ه ل. (Symbol) ن א ن ن א ي ن ن ص ن א وא د ي. א دو ي و ه א א و ن. ن אن ن א א ن ل. ن א א א א ي ن. א ن א ي. א א ل وא א א. א א ل. א א ن ن א ي א. א א א ي (22). : (Semantics) ات خ ت אن. وح و ي א ل وع و ع د. وع ن א ن א. א م. ي ن ص ن ن وא ي א (Content) א و ن ل ن ن ت ي م אدא ن ن م و م دא و. و. و ن ن א א ن א ل (Context of ل ن م ن. (24) ل Situation) و و د و ي. ي ن ي وא ن ن ن ن ن. ي ج. (Subsidiary) دي (Marginal) א : و و א ي. ي א The Speech without meaning is like the tree without fruits and flowers. ن ) א א و ي ن (.א (23). دא א אت و ن אن وא م م و ي ي گ ا ار ا 20 ن وא ن ي. ي ن د وא ن. وא ن ي گ ا ار ا 19

دو ت و ي گ ا ار ا 15. א.16.17.19.20.21.22.23.24 22 ( ت ن ( ت ي א א א 1998 ع ص 27 א م א ن אو א ل אو א م د 1987 ع ص א و ب א א א א 1993 ص 91 א م א ن אو א ل אو א م د 1987 ع ص 37 א א ن ي א ن א م و 1996 ع ص 8 ص 16 א 7. Bloomfield, Language, London, George Allen and Unwin Ltd. 1961:7 P, 21 ي א و א 127-D وو و د 1999 ص 10 9. Shakeel Amina, An Approach to the Study of Linguistics and Phonetics with glossary, Golden Publication Hyd: 2002,P,13 אج ي د 1964 ع ص 17 ص 4 א א א ن ي א ن א م و 1996 ع ص 97 18. Crystal David: The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Language, Cambridge University Press, 1987,88 P,90 א م א ي א س א א م و 1987 ع ص 20 א ص 15 ي א وت א ودوت 127 وو و د 1999 ع ص 18 א א ن ي א ن א م و 1996 ع ص 115 ي א و א ود وت 127 وو و د 1999 ع ص 10 א א ن ي א ن א م و 1996 ع ص 132. 11. Shakeel Amina An approach to the Study of Linguistics and Phonetics with glossary. Golden Publication Hyd: 2002, P,13 א م א ي א س א א و 1987 ع. ص 3 13. Shakeel Amina, An Approach to the Study of Linguistics and Phonetics with glossary, GoldenPublication, Hyd: 2002,P,13 א م א ي ت אد ت و د 1967 ع ص 2 :ا ي گ ا ار ا 21.1.2.3.4.5.6.8.10.12.14

Briefly speaking syntax is the grammar of sentence, it is the science of sentence construction. (2) وא ن دא. ي ن א ل و ن و א ب אن ن و א دي. ن ن ن ت و ن ن א و א ق ي א. م א و ن ي : ( د) א ي ي د אد ت א א (Free form) وس) ( د ي ي د (3). ( د) ت : Pelican Original Grammar What a Word is? There have been three main approaches to this problem. The first is to see the word as a semantic unit, a unit of meaning; the second sees it as a phonetic or phonological unit, one that is marked, if not by space or pauses, at least by some features of the sounds of the languages; the third attempts to establish the word by a variety of linguistic procedures, the word is in some ways an isolable and indivisible unit. (4) و و ت ي א א ي و אن ن Grammatik The Art of Writing א. (Grammar) و א م. : ي ن א : و ن א א א دאن. ن د א دא ن א א ن א א. א ي : ي د ن ي (Syntax) Ordering together (1). א ي ت א و ن Systematic or arrangement. ي گ ا ار ا 24 ي گ ا ار ا 23

א אد ي אن وא ن وت א ت א و ي אن ه (. א ت ود (Subject-matter) אد. א و ي ي گ ا ار ا گ ا ا آ Grammar is the study of the classes of words, their inflections and their functions and relations in the sentence. (Franklin Electronic Dictionary) ن دאن א א) (. ج ن Grammar is the study of what is to be preferred and what avoided in inflection and syntax. (Franklin Electronic Dictionary). ي س ي دא א س אن א) א ي א א (. : ي The Study of words and of the rules for their formation and their relationships to each other in sentence. ن ن א ) (. א : א א ( ) و ن وא - ( ) و ن وپ- 26. و ن אن ) א ي و א א و ن وא ن خ (. א و א א و : In the beginning was the word, and the word was with God, and the word was God. (א א א و א (. א م دي א. وא ي ن ت ت ت ت ن א س وא ن ي ت. و א ت ت. و و و و ت. و و א و For a linguist the `word` is a very important and fundamental unit. Not only it is the chief subject matter of lexicology, but it is dependent on phonology for the analysis of its sound-structure; and on syntax for the delimitation of its status in more complex configuration. (5) א. א دي א م ت ي گ ا ار ا 25 )

ي אن א. ي אج. אن و وت. ل وع ي ي گ ا ار ا 28 א و. وت (Grammatical structure) א و ن ن وپ ن ن ن ن (Skeleton). א א אن. و و (Frame work) و כ א و ن. و א א ي گ ا ار ا 27 (6) אن و (Grammatical) אن وא א ي א و ي. ي So broadly speaking, in present usage in Linguistics, grammar is a description of the structure of a language. And it was not the grammarian but the philosopher who created grammar, for the philosopher studies the nature of things and recognizes their essential qualities. (7) (و ده א ل ت א א א א ن وت א. و א (. א ن ن و ي دي ن א א و א א א و. Grammar is a device that specifies the infinite set of well- formed sentences and assigns to each of them one or more structural descriptions. That is to say it tells us just what all the possible sentences of a language are and provides descriptions of them. (8) ود א و א) و ي و א א ن א. و (. א א ا : گ ا ن א ن ح م و و אن ن ب وא ي א ل אن و و ود אن م. و و אא ح. و و ي م א א אن. و ي It is the grammar that makes the language so essentially a human characteristic. For, though, other creatures can make meaningful sounds, the ن د א

illuminated through the study of grammar such as the difficulties facing the language handicapped, the foreign language learner or the translator. Grammar need not be dry, unreal, arcane, it can be alive, relevant, entertaining as with so many subjects. It depends only on how it is put across. (11) א ص ( ن. وא ن א א. א א א. א ن د و ت ه وא א אن א אن ي ن و א ي گ ا ار ا و (. א ن ي א. א ل م ن و א ي ن ن د و א אن ي. ن ي. ن ي א ل Grammar is neither a set of prescriptive rules, nor an inventory of data, but a general scientific theory of language. It is the native speakers ability to use, produce and understand a natural language, the ability to distinguish between 30 link between sound and meaning is, for them, a more primitive kind than it is for man, and the link for man is grammar. Man is not merely homoloquens, he is homo grammaticus. (9) (א א א א א ي א وא א. (primitive) א א א ن و وא. وא و א א و. و (. א و א و אن و ي ي ي א א א ل ن و ن ي ح (10) א ي و. ن א ود ن د א א.. ي א ود ن א א ن אدب و ه א ل ن א ن א و א ه. ن. ي Many kinds of specialized problems can be ي گ ا ار ا 29

ي گ ا ار ا. ود Grammar has its roots in the Greek grammar of Dionysius Thrax (c. 200 B.C.) and in the Latin grammars of Donatus (c. 400 A.D.) and Priscian (c. 600 A.D.). The methodology of these classical grammarians was adopted by the grammarians of eighteenth century England, most notably Joseph Priestly, Robert Lowth, George Campbell and Lindley Murray. The grammars of these men are all based on the assumption that the structure of various languages and specially of Latin, embodies universally valid canons of logic. (13) و ي د א) و و א א (Priscian) ن. א א. א א ي א ج א ي ص و אن א. و ه ي وت ص وت (. א א ي א א א ي א א אن د. א. و و (Traditional Grammar) א وא و ن وא ي א وא א ص. ي אد 32 grammatical and ungrammatical such a grammar is generative, explicit, predicting, simple, scientific, mechanical economical and formal. (12) א ن א و ي ن א) א א. و م ن א א א ي א א. ي ي א ل ن وא ن وא (. و گ ا ار ا: ن ن ي א ي ن. א ن ن وج א א. وع א א א. و و א א م ي. ح א א (God given gift) אن ي אن ن. א א אن ن و אن ي א א. د א א (Logical) א ل א م א ي گ ا ار ا 31

א א א و ب 400 א. و א ن א אم אدب ق.م و د و ي و و و (Grammarian) و. د א (15). و א א و د אن. א (Pure). م א א ي ي א ت. א אن و ص ب و אن و ي ن א ن א א. א ل ن א ن ن ن ن ي و ن ن ق. م. 400 אن א א (Panini) (14). א א א ي د ي א. و وאج א ن א אن د ن. ن א. و و א (Historical) (Comparative). א م : אج ت ن ت א س א و ن א ن د و ي و ت ن وع دא (Descriptive) / א אن د.. و א (Structural) Immediate Constitutent. وع ن پ. א د ي ن א ل ن و (spoken language) א.. The most notable of the early descriptivists were Leonard Bloomfield and Edward Sapir. They noted it should be English not as people think but as it actually is that the study of language can and should be divided into two parts: syntax and semantics. (16) ن (descriptivists) ن و) א א ي ده א א. א و. א ن وא א א و א אن ي گ ا ار ا 34 ي گ ا ار ا 33

و. א ب א ن ي ي د و א א א 1849 ع א ي گ ا ار ا 36 ت : ت.) : پ گ ا ي ي م ن. د ي ن ل ن ن א א ه و ي. א و א ن א א ن د ي ن ن ي א ي א אن ي. و و ي ن א ن א ن ن אن و و א ي ي אن ي א ي د ن א. אو א א אن ي. و א م وع ن ي ي ي א אن ن. א. د (Academic) س א ن ي ن ن ي. ي א و ب ي و. ن و ي. ل و. 1853 ع ي و. ب ن ن ن א ي و. א ن א א א ج א د ي א א وא (Wathen) (A 1872 ع א. א א Language) ي. Grammar of the Sindhi و. و ن א א ت ت א א و ي א ي א ن Linguistic A. אن ن ب (Haskell) Survey of India Vol: VIII Grammar of the Sindhi Language א ي و دאس א א אم א אن د. و אم وא ب وא. و א א א אن د ي و אن ن א دن א ل ي ص ي א ن س א و א ل 1853 ع א و. א دي ن 1860 ع א و א. א 1892 ع و א و א. א. دي و ي ب ي گ ا ار ا 35

:ا 1. א ي و ي אد م و 1992 ع.74 2. Shakeel Amina: An approach to the Study of Linguistics and Phonetics (with glossary), Golden Publication Hyd: 2002, P,135. 3. א م א ي א س א 1987 ع ص 21. 4. Palmer Frank A Pelican Original Grammar, P, 44. 5. Shakeel Amina: An approach to the Study of Linguistics and Phonetics with glossary Golden publication Hyderabad, 2002, P, 209. א وت א.6 ي ودو ت D 127 وو و د 1999 ع.18 7. Shakeel Amina: An approach to the study of Linguistics and Phonetics with glossary, Golden publication Hyderabad, 2002, P 193. 8. Palmer Frank, A Pelican Original Grammar P.9 א א دو ن ن و. א ي ي א دي ي א م א و. ب ل ل א دو ي א א. و ن. وא א و ج. خ 9. א ص 8. א א ل ي א א ن א א ن א. و א א ي ت و ب א א ن א (Transformational) ي א ي. و א (Generative Grammar) א (Practical). و ب אن و א א وت א دوت و ي,127 D وو و د 1999 ع.10 ص 18. 11. Crystal David, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of ي گ ا ار ا 38 ي گ ا ار ا 37

Language, Cambridge University Press, 1987,88, P,89. 12. Shakeel Amina: An approach to the Study of Linguistics and Phonetics with glossary, Golden publication Hyderabad, 2002, P166. 13. Thomas Owen, Transformational Grammar and the Teacher of English, Holt Rinehart and Winston, 19692 nd edition, P,9. אج ي د 1964 ع ص 10. א ص 12. ب ن א א ي ي 1843 ع ن ي א א ن وع. (Academic) (Official) ي כ ج 1884 ي ي ي א ي א. ي.14.15 16. Thomas Owen, Transformational Grammar and the Teacher of English, Holt Rinehart and Winston, 1969, p-13. We should introduce the language of the country (namely Sindhee) as the medium of official intercourse. I do not see in what way our revenue and judicial officers (however their offices and courts may be continued) can work effectually through a foreign medium of communication, such as Persian or English. A period of 18 months should, therefore, be allowed to the officers in civil employ to qualify themselves for an examination in the Sindhi language. I believe their doing so will be facilitated by the publication of the dictionary and grammar which I proposed Lieutenant Stack should be allowed to have printed. (1) אن ن ي א وع. ي گ ا ار ا 40 ي گ ا ار ا 39

ت ي א دو ي ت א ي ن א א ب ي گ ا ار ا. 42 א م ي א ت א ن א. ن د ن ن א. ن د. و م س د ي אن ي א א ل د ي אن و א و ت א م א و و د و ه אم ن ن א ن و وא ي ب ب א د ن א א د (2). د و ل א ن ن א ي א ي א א א ت ت. א ن א ل א ن د א وא ن ن א א א ن א אل ي ي א A grammar of Sindhi Language: د א : (Evolution) ) ج א - 1849 ع) 1847 ع (A grammar of Sindhi Language) א ي ي و. ن ن 1849 ع. א 1843 ع ن א و ن د א ن- و ن. אن א ن ن د ي. אن ي د ي ي א א ي. ن د وم א א ي ن ي א א وم אن אن ب ي و. אن ن אن א ن و ي ل. : א ي א ج ي و ن يد (3) وא ن ي א ن אن א א وא ي ي (Alphabet) گ ا ي (1). د א ج ي گ ا ار ا 41

و و א ي گ ا ار ا א ن م (4). א د ي א א א و ده א א אن ي. و ب و د دي א א ب و אن א و. א و א. אن א א. א A grammar of Sindhi Language: گ ا ي (2) 1872 ع א) א 1872 ع) د ن א א و א אن ن The grammar, which is now offered to the learned public had been compiled already years ago, but as there were no means of printing, it was laid aside hopelessly. (7) (Introduction) ب : ي ت א ت ن ي א ب- و وא ي א. و (Alphabet) (Appendix) و و (Chapters) 44 א ن אن و. אن 1853 ع א ن א و ن. א א א ن د ي - ي א و א ن (Script) א د ي و. א א ن ص ي א א א אن ن. א و و. א א و ه אوאدي د א ي و ي א ن א و ه א א א א. אن و و א א ن א אن ي א ل אن ب د ي. א : ي د אول و وع א ب ن ي و ي د ي. א ي כ (Wathen s Grammar) א وא א ن ي ب د ن. א ن ي وא ن ن ن א وא ن ن א س ن. ي گ ا ار ا 43

א( ن ) א ن. ن ن د א ل د (אد م ( (א אت ن ن (. א א ل ن ( א א א (Mode א.. אو ء وא م of expression) א د ح و و ي د Redundant/ א : و (Synonyms) (Parts of Speech) א. (Abstract (Noun) א و : א א ا : א אت (Nouns compounded with a preceding א noun) و (Aggregation nouns) א particle) א א אت ن א ن particles) (Preceding of ن א א ي א وא ن ن ( א א. ي ت ( و ه. و (. (א ) و אس () م( All these negative particles are of Sanskrit origin and used in the same way and in the same sense, as in the Sanskrit. The Negative a is only used with participles and gerundives, rarely with adjectives, na with adjectives and the shortened form na with gerundives and participle adjectives, nir (with assimilated r) only with adjectives (and abstracts derived from adjectives). (PP80) (א ي א د ت א א ي ح א א ل ن ي ح ت א و א ل ن א ل ن. א (Participles) د א ل ص א ل د ن (Gerundives) م ن ن א א ل وא א ن (Antonyms) Excessive : א א א In Sindhi, as well as, in the other cognate dialects, two nouns are frequently joined together of which the latter is without a proper meaning and only added to render the sound more full, these compounds are called alliteration. (PP 84) ( ن د ) و ن א ن ( ي א א ي و א. א ن ن ص و دא وא و א ن و و א و و (. (5) ن ت ي گ ا ار ا 46 ي گ ا ار ا 45

ب א (Singular) وא א د א א (Articles) ن د (Plural) و ل א א و ه. א ن א و א ص א و. א א و א. ي א و (supporting) ل. : و ه. : ج א ن א. و و (chiming pairs) و א אن. و و وא א - א אن. و و و א א ن ن ي ي א و دא وא و وא و א א ن (redundancy) א. אن א א ل ي א ي وא ن و و The ص an a א א ) ص א א و و و ي the ن א و the ن ت (. و Sindhi possesses no definite or indefinite article, as little as the Sanskrit or the Prakrit, if the one or the other is to be expressed for distinctness, sake, a demonstrative or indefinite pronoun (or the numeral one ) is placed before a noun. (PP102) א (Indefinite) و (Definite) و ي) وא א א ت ت א و وא و vowel) ن (Short א ب (. و و א ن א ( د و ي ) א ي א ي ب وא ي א ي אن وא א ي. و ي ب אد אن ن א ل ي وא ن (Suffix) (א ي. ن ي ون ي ن ن ح א ل א د س (comprehension) (6). ي ي گ ا ار ا 48 د: ي گ ا ار ا 47

א ن ده ي گ ا ار ا ن د ي و / א (. א א א و ي א אن ي ت ن (אن و ن (. אن ي א ت א ت ي و وت/ ت ن. אن (Grammatical form) א وא ي א و د ي ت و ن و ت ن ت א א ي ن ن ت وא و א. و א ي ن א ن د ن. ا ن: ل א ي و א א א א ل ن א ت ت () ن א ن א ي ي א ن (7) : א و ي ي The great distinctive feature of the declensional process of the modern Arian dialects, with the exception of the Bengali, consists in the fact, that 50 (. و ن es s. א (foreigner) The are no fixed rules, by which a noun may be known as definite or indefinite, the only safe guide is attention to the context. (PP425) ي א ن א ي ي Articles م د א و د Articles ي گ ا ار ا 49. א و ي ن Gender) ن. (Neuter. و و و ( ) ا : د. ن ت The Sindhi has lost the neuter, which has been already discarded in Prakrit, the immediate predecessor of the modern Sindhi. This, as it seems, has been the first step, to break the fetters of the old compact mother- tongue, and to initiate the reveling processes of the present idiom. (PP32) א ت و ن ن ي) () و כ ن و ي م ن א א. و ي

ن other kindred idioms. This has been already the case in the inferior Prakrit dialects, and is expressly mentioned of the Apabhransa, the mother of the modern Sindhi. (PP112) א وא ج و א ي). ن و ن ح ل א א ت و ن ص ي (. ي א א و (Accusative (Wren) : و cases Martin) When a noun (or pronoun) is used as the object of a verb, it is said to be in the objective (or accusative) case A Noun which comes after a preposition is also said to be in the accusative case. (8) (אن و ن א א אن ل אن ي א אن א ن א א و ي ي (. א ي Accusative case אن א ل (9) ن. ي there are properly only two cases of a noun, the absolute or crude form, corresponding throughout to the Nom. (nominative) singular. And the formative cases to which the various adverbs or postpositions are added, which serve to make up for the lost case- terminations. The latter case has been generally called the Oblique case by European grammarians, but we prefer to call it the Formative. (After the precedence of Dr. Couldwell). (PP12) (א ن ) وא ي دאن ن/ ( ده ه ن א א א ي وא (Crude) א ن ي ن (Formative case) و و א א. א א case) (Oblique א ن א (Formative case) م ي.( ن (Precedence) و א) אن ي א אن א (Objective) א. א ل. و ج ن ي The Accusative case of the singular and plural has been droppen in Sindhi, as well as in all the ي گ ا ار ا 52 ي گ ا ار ا 51

. א אن ن ل و ه ن The dative case has totally disappeared from the Prakrit and its functions have been assigned to the genitive. We find, therefore, in the modern idioms the greastest discrepancy as to the method in which the dative case is provided for- In Sindhi the affix is used, as well for the singular as for the plural, being placed after the formative singular or plural of a noun, e.g. ن (pp 144) אن و ن א ت ) א א و אن ي و ن ي ن و אن א ن م ي. وא ي ن ي گ ا ار ا 54 ي ي ن ج ي ن. ل אن.. ن א ل (Pronominal suffixes) (The Ablative) א دאن و و (Dative) (Instrumentalis) אو א ي א א א א و ي : (The Ablative). The Ablative case is formed in Sindhi by the affix ن which is always connected with the base itself and never written separately ي) א دאن ن ن ي د ن و אن א و و ل (. و و אن אن ن ي ح ن ن و و. א (א دو א ي) א ي אن א ل و ي א ل. א وא ن א. ن و و אن ي א وא ي ي אن אن ي ي א. ن א و ي : א م א (. () دאن ي (Dative). و ي : (Dative) ل (10). א א ل א و ي ل. : ل ن אن ن א ي ي گ ا ار ا 53

ن. د אن. אو אن (Comparative degree) (Positive degree) د א (Superlative degree). و ) (Structure) ح ي ي : א The Sindhi as well as, the cognate idioms, has lost the power to form a comprative and superlative degree after the manner of the Sanskrit (and Persian) by means of adjective affixes, and it is very remarkable that the Semitic way of comprison has been adopted. (pp 156) ( ي د وא ن אو א ي א ي ن ي א و ن ي א (11) و د א ي وپ. אن א א ن א (Oblique) ت ي م ي ن א ل. و و م א ي : א The Formative or Oblique case, though in Sindhi throughout identical with the Instrumentalis, is by itself no case, but represents, merely the euphonic change of the final vowel of a noun previous to the accession of any flexional particles or postposition, by means of which the various cases are made up. (pp 122) ) م ي وא ي אو א ي ن ي م و ن ت ن ن وא ( א ي و دي (. و א د (Qualitative) و א دي و ي.(Quantitative) ) Cardinal ي ن) ( ن Ordinal ي (א Arthmetical figures د א ( ) Collective numbers د ( و و) د ) Proportional numbers Reproductive Number د و ( ي وא وא ي دא ن א ن ي ي א א ن א (. ن ن א Vocative) (The א ن (Genitive) ن א א. : ي گ ا ار ا 56 ي گ ا ار ا 55

و ن ن. א ن ن א א ن و ن ن ن ج ن و و ه.) ج אن ي ن و و و א אدي ج ن א ج אدא ن ل. و : و ن. א (Phrase) ي.. אدא و م وא و א א و א ن א ن د ت א אدي ن و ن א ن ج و ن ن א ج (12). ي א ي ي ن ي : א Instead of the inflected cases of the absolute personal and possesive pronuns, the Sindhi uses very extensivley the so called suffixes or pronuns, which are affixed to nouns, postpositions (adverbs) and verbs. The use of these suffixes ) (Fractional numbers) د ( ) א ( א ي א : The Sindhi possesses a great variety numeral adjectives. א. אن א א :. ن א א و ه. א ن א و ل אب ل א م כ א ن ي و אن א (Pronominal Adjective) Under this head we class only such adjectives, as participate more or less of the nature of pronouns are some what irregular in their infelxion, and such, as are derived from pronominal themes. All other adjectives, which may, according to their position in a sentence, supply the place of the pronoun. We exclude from this list such as. (pp218) و و ه : و ن א א א ن ع ) ن دאن ي ن ي د ن ن ي گ ا ار ا 58 ي گ ا ار ا 57

the verbal noun of the Sanskrit and Prakrit. The root of the Sindhi verb is therefore not be sought in the Imperative, which exhibits the crude form of the verb without an additional increment, except that of the final vowel, which is not part of the verbal root. (pp 250) (א ن א ن ي א ن א א ت ت א ش د ي ي. א א. א אن ي א ي دي (. د א د א ي א : The Imperative represents the root of a Sindhi verb, and as the whole conjugational process depends, a great deal upon it. (pp 260) (א ي د א ي (Neuter (. א אن دא و ن א (Active or transative verb) ي intransative verb) م (Compound verb) ي. و ه. و و א (Potentials) (Intensitive) א و constitute quite a peculair feature of the Sindhi language and distinguishes it very advantageously from all the kindred idioms of India, which are destitute of pronominal suffixes. (pp225) א ن ل ) א א ن و ي א ل و א א ن () ي א ل א. א ن ص אن ن و ن א ي (. ن ي ي א ن : א و ي. אن ي א و و ه ن אن (Root) د א. د א א א ي (Imperative) א (Infinitive) ن א א ن We have seen already that the Infinitive of the Sindhi verb, terminating in anu corresponds to : ي گ ا ار ا 60 ي گ ا ار ا 59

ب( ت( א א و ه. ي گ ا ار ا : א ي 62. (Completives) The Sindhi possesses a great facility is giving different shadows of meaning to a verb by compounding it with another verb. (pp338) دي. ن א ن ن. א א دא ن tenses) ن (Simple : دن. ي (Compund tenses) In the active and passive voice, there are only three simple tenses viz the Pontential, the aorist and the future.. ن دא ي ت ل و ) (Potential) (. ع ن دאن و و و ه. The Potential which implies possibility, uncertainty or a wish, is formed by adding to the root of the verb the inflexional terminations. ) ن ن א و (In flexional ي ن د. و ن terminassion) ن א ف: א و و ه. The Sindhi uses a considerable number of compound adverbs, which are formed either reduplicating the adverb (or noun) or adding a similar adverb (or noun) or by adding an adverbial affix or postposition. א ل אد ي) א ) ). و ن د א א ) ) ن و ي ن (Adverbial). (א ): د א وא ي ن ي ي و ي و ي و ه. : ن א א و ه ن : א و א و ه. א א ن א אن د :( :( : ف. ي ن proposition وא ن א ي א د. א א ي وא ن אن א א و ي ل. ي گ ا ار ا 61

. ي ي ي و ه. ن ن و ن. preposition א א ن ن א ي א ن א ل אن. و אدא دא א م ( א و ن ) : و ي ت א - + ن - + ن א א ن ي א א دو. א د ن. و of א ي א ي אن د و ه ن م ي א ن אن א. ي دل אن א دو. from א ي ح. 1. Take the books. ب ن.1 from the table 2. Take out clothes from the cupboard 3. He went to Krachi from Hyderabad. א ن.2 و. א د ن.3 א ي א א א אن ي א ن אن وא post א pre א ي ن ب א و. The Sindhi has no prepositions, but only postpositons, as all adverbs or particles, which influence in any way the noun are placed after the noun and not before it. Only ي may be optionally used as prepostion or postpostion. (pp398) (prepositon) א א ن ي) א. (postpositon) א ن ن א א א א א ن و א א ن. ي א ن א و ي ن א א ل و (.. ن ن و ن א א :. و א ل ي ( - ) ( - ) ( ). و و. و و و. א و ي گ ا ار ا 64 ( - ) و ي و ي گ ا ار ا 63

א ي א א 4. She has taken و و ن ن.4 א دي. אن ن ن א ي א notes from me.. ن ي د ي ي. ي א א א א ب. وא ن א ن دي א ب ن. א دو אن ن א א ن א ت ي ب. خ ت ي א ت ن د (comprative srtudy) ي ن א ت ت א. ي א ي ن و ن (3) ي و ا ) א א אم دאس- 1892 ع). אد א و אدب ي دאس א א אم 1851 ع א א 1892 ع. אن. و : و. و ي ي א ن א ن (1-. ي دא ن א א אم א א א א א : ف ن و ه. א אن א. و According to their signification the conjuctions may be devided into (i) Copulative (ii) concessive (iii) adversative (iv) Casual and final (v) conditional (vi) Interrogative. ف ا: وכ دل א א و ه و א ي وא وא!! א ي! אو! :. א و ه. א א א ت א א. א א! א! :. ي In treating of the conjuctions we abstract from such nouns or phrases, as are or may be used in the sense of Interjection e.g. (pp418) א ل ت א אت א ( א!!! و ه.) : ي گ ا ار ا 66 ي گ ا ار ا 65

א א. א ن א א א א (Proper) ص (Common). א ي א م א א. (Abstract noun ا : ي א אت د وא א. א א אم دאس א ن ن א ي א : ي אن و א. ن א ن ن א ن א ت א ي א ي א ن א ي א ن ن وא ي ل و א.. و א ن م א א و ي وא ت א ي. د א ح. دي א א م א אن אي ي وא א ح م (13). ي אي! ن א ن و ن ن א א ي وت א ل ن א א ل ي. ن א ن א ن א ي س א ن. ن د א ن א وא א ي אو א.. ن א א وא א. ن د ن يא ي א ي. א ن. ن و א א ت م ت א. א א ن (1- (10-. ن ن א א א د ن () ي : دאن ي. א א د א. ي وא ي ن. ي - ت. ي وא אي : ي گ ا ار ا 68 ي گ ا ار ا 67

ي ي - ن ي. א ن ن. و و ن ي א ن א ن ن א. و و. א : א و כ א م ل אل א م. ل אب א و و. א א ي. وא א د. وא א א وא ي ي א وא ي د אو ي ي: א ن. ن ن ن ي ن ت وא א ن د دאن ن. א א א : د אو ي א ن ن ن א د ن א وא : ن ن ن و א א א ل. ن د ي و א ن א ن و ن و אن א א אم אل א م و و ن و و ن و و ن و د ن א. (17- אن ي א م א ن (18- (27-. و : (14. (Comparative degree) د ي.(Superlative degree) ن א ي ( ي est er : א א אم. ( ي گ ا ار ا 70 ي گ ا ار ا 69

س א א ن ي ن ن א ن. אن א : (pronominal suffxes) ن ي א. () אون - ن (). - وא - س م - - و () س : : : ي. (2) (1) ي א دאس א א אم :. א ي دي. د (Imperative) ي א ي وא א (). א א (-) ي وא א. د وא א (Root) (31- (36-. ( ) و א د ) وא א. ق (Imperative) א (Vowel) ي א. א ( א - وא א -. אن א א אم ن ن ل ن. ي ن دي א א (Tenses) ن א ي ل. א وא א ل ن. و : ي א (61 -. و א ص אن. ن א. : א א אم دאس ي و -ي د ي א אن ن. א א א ي د ي ي ن د ي א ي. א ي. ب ن ي ن אن ي א א ي א وא ن א ن א ن ن ن א ن و ن א ن ي ج אن ن ب دي א ن.. وא א و ص و و : ل ي گ ا ار ا 72 ي گ ا ار ا 71

אن א ل. ب ) ي و ا وא - אم (4) א ن (2) (1). و و و -א 1914 ع) (5) (4) (3) - (6) אن ن و و א ي א وא ي. א א א وא ب وא א. א د و אم 1914 ع د א ل א א. ن : ن و ي ن و ج א د ب و و ن ن ن א א. ي و ن ن د ي א ي א و א و ل و. א و ن ن א و א ن و ن ص. א אد ب ن ب ). ص (1 ن ن ا : -11 ن ن) א م ص אت و. א ن. و א : ي א א א ن א א א ن دي א א ن א ن وא א ي ن א א ن. و د وא א م ي و א ن و ي. א وא ي ي אو ن א א وא ي ي يא א א وא ي אن ي و دن س م. ن ي گ ا ار ا 74 ي گ ا ار ا 73

א ن ( 22-21 ي. א א אم א ي ن ( 38-. ي. א א : ي ي. ا ن: א א ن א ن א א אم دאس ن ب. وא אم א ن ن : ن ي אن א א ن א א ن ي אن 38. א א ن) ج א אدي و ه و ن א א ي. و ( Postpositon )وא و :. ي א א د ن א ي א א א א ن ن ن א. ن ن ( 65- دي و ب א ن د ن :. ي א ي ن ن و ي ن د ن ن. د ن (To. ن و ي ن و ن א א. ي : (To be) (To do) have) ي. (2) (1) و ن א ي. (Transitive Verb) ي و ي ل ي و ي : ي ق ل د ي ي א א. ي ن ت א د ي א ل ب ل ن ن ل ل ب ت ب ب ي گ ا ار ا 76 ي گ ا ار ا 75

ي م ن ن و ي و ن א ي گ ا ار ا : ي ل א ل א ن א ن وאت ( 86- (144-. ن وא م وא אن. و ي א ل א ن ن ن ن ن ن ن ن ي ن ن و ي و ( 145 ي. : :. دن ص ب א א. ن א א א ي ن א אن ن (Apply) א ب و א ن ن א א. ن ي 78 א ي ن ن ي و ي و ل א ت אن ت ي و ت. ل ي א א و د. א و ي א. (Root) د א א ن ن א א ي د. ن א אن ن ن ( 88 و א א ن ن אن و ي گ ا ار ا 77.. ب ن ا ن: ب אم و ن د ي د ن ي א. ن د د ن و אم. (Infinitive) (root) ب (Punctuation Marks) א ي א ب (Punctuation Marks) ي ن و ت א א

א ب א م ص. ن א א ب. א א ن א ن (5) ي و ا ( א - 1916 ع) 1916 ع א אد ي א א ب ي 1992 ع ي و ن ي אد ن و א. وא ي א א - ن :. א : א א ي وאج א א و: و ن א א و א. א א א و א و ي وא ي א ل א ن. ي א ق و א و א. ا : (Collective Noun) א. אت א ي א א و ه ج א و אم. و م א وא ب א א אن ن م ي م ن ي א ح א ي. ي و ي ي ي م א ن ن א (221-22- (8-. ن א ي و א א ن ن ي א א ن א. ي א א א א. א. א. א א א א ي. א א א (Nominative Address) א א א ت و ي א ي گ ا ار ا 80 ي گ ا ار ا 79

ص ) ي ن د د ن ت ش و ه (ص 28) وא ن و ي א س אن ن א ن ي א א ن א ي ن د و :. ( ) ب ( ) ن ( (وא و ( (وא ي ( ) א ( ) ن : و ي א ي. و ي ل و א אن و ن א ل. ي (Passive) ل ي ن : و ت א ي ت א ي (Possessive case) (א دאن) : و ي ي (Ablative case) وא و א و א ن ن א א א ي. ي א وאج א א א. ي א א א (Pronominal. ي ي א ن : א ن א א suffixes) א א. א (Personal دي : ي Pronoun) وכ. وא א ن و (Qualitative) (12- (13- (21-. : د ن א א ي (Quantitative) : ي ي א א ي گ ا ار ا 82 ي گ ا ار ا 81

א وא ي و : د ن א א (א ن ( ي (35- ن. (106- ن ل و ن ي ي ن. א ن و. א. و ن ت א ت ن و אن ت ده ي و א ت و ت ل א ون ن א ن ت א ي. א د ده אن ت א א ي א ي ن ( אج א אن و. ت א د ي ن و ي. ن א א ن א ن א אن ي : א א و و א ن ي א א א א אل א א א א א ن א א א א ن א و م و ن ن א و و א א ب א א ي. א ن א א دو ن א. א ي ن א א ن و ن א ي א ي א ن - وא א ي א ي - (15). ي ل א (. ي א אن א. א אن و د م א و א א אم א) א א ) و ي د א ي : א. د ن. د א א אن ي ن א. ي د ي (34-. ي د א ي گ ا ار ا 84 ي گ ا ار ا 83

א ي ن ي. א א و ن א א. א א א ن- א و ي. א و وאي وאي ي گ ا ار ا (77-. א. ي ل د و و א א א (Vowels) ي א אن ن. א. אو. אي אو אي אو אي אو א א אو א. אي אو אي. Diphthong א ي ن 86 ن א (Morphology) ب و ن (Syntax) ب א ي و. א ي وא ن א ل א ي ن : ي د دא א وت وت ن و א ح א ق ش ش ت א ن د و ي و. م א و و م א ن א م. אدو ن ن ح دو ي ي א ي. ب (Consonants) و (Vowels) א و א. א ي א و אن Sindhi has a ten-vowel system, showing three-fold contrast in the tongue-position: front, central and back; and five- fold contrast in the tongue- height: high, lower- mid and low, (16) و ق و و د ده (Oral cavity) : א س א א وא ي وא و אن ل א ي وא א ي א א ت : א אن א -ب א ن ن א א ن ن ن ن ي ي گ ا ار ا 85

و س א ي. وא א ن (19). د (System) م ي אن אدא ي م א و م א (Selection) ي - وא و ي א ب. א (Order) (vowel) ي (17). و (consonant) و ح : Vowel A speech- sound made without audible stopping of the breath (opposed to a consonant) Consonant - An Alphabetic or phonetic element other than a vowel, and elementary sound of speech which in the formation of a syllable, is combined with a vowel. Applied both to the sounds and to the letters. (The Oxford English Dictionary, P - 778,vol: iii). א و. ح A vowel is a sound in which there is narrowing or obstruction between the supera laryngeal articulators and hance no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived. (Phonology) ت א ن (Linguistics) א.. א و ن. א م א. د ن و ه.א א م א א ي و ه ن (124 -. אن ن א א א ي وא ن (Syntax). و א ت (Morphology) א ن (Spelling) و وא ن ن : ي ن ح و א م א ي א א وא و (Continuous وאن ن وאت وא ي Stream) وپ ي س. و א א و ج و ي ي وכ د אن א و ي ي گ ا ار ا 88 ي گ ا ار ا 87

ن ص ) א א א د א א א א. א א : ل وא و و ي אن و و. א א و ي.. و و ي א ب ن א ب و () (20) ن. א ن א ن א (145- ن. و ي. و ي ي א. ي א ن א ن - א ن د א אن ي دي א ب ب. א אد א : د א א ن ي אدب ن. ن ن ت وא ن אن א. وאل א ن. س و אو و (21). :. א א ت د س ن ي د א ي و א ب و ي א م א.. א (Script) א (Spelling) א ب. א א ل (Alphabet) : א א وא ن ن א ي ( وא ن ) א ل א ي ي ي. د ي א א א ت (variant א א א א א א ي pronounciation) ي گ ا ار ا 90 ي گ ا ار ا 89

و (Consonant) (Vowel).1 و د א.2 א א א و א א א و א א ن ( (אي ي - א.א و א و א אن د א و و. א א ن. و وא. و א (Parts of Speech) א وא و ا : ن אول א א و ي אت ص م : و א م ص א م א ص א ي א ي א ون א ن ن (16- (25- א. ي א ي ن א ي. ن א א ص א. و ح אن (Syntex) و ي. و א א. א ي و ن ن ي و א ن ل و ي א ي ن ي ب.א א ب אن ب ن אب א אل و. (6) و و ي و ا و) وא - 1925 ع) א ن و وא و ي. א ن ت ي. ن אن دي א א. ن وא ن و ب א و א م و ي و و א. א 1985 ع 1925 ع ب א א ن و ب. و אن א ن ب ن ي گ ا ار ا 92 ي گ ا ار ا 91

א א א א وא و אن ي گ ا ار ا. ت ي 94 ن א אب ي א. و ي. א א ي ي א א وא א אي א א ن א א א ل א د א :. و א. (Exception),و و ه. : و ي א وא א ي ت ي א א ي ي א ي ت و ن א ن א א א و. ن אو אو אون א אن ن. ل. ن و :. و א א ي و ن و ه. ت אو ي وא א و د ت ي אن ي. ن א و א ي א (Consistent difference) ق ه אن א و ي א. א. ن ت ج א ت א س و و ن א א و وא و پ א ي ن ت و وع א. אن א ي א א ت ن (32- א. (22- ن ن ( ت א ي و ه) א ن و ن. א ي אن ن gender) (Neuter و و ب م و ه ن ل ي. ن و אن ن و و و د : و ي אن א א אن ن ي א ي. و و אن ن و אل. אو ي وא א א و א א ي אو אن.א אم- -א א ن. אو ي گ ا ار ا 93

ق ن א א ت א ي گ ا ار ا. (Case) 96 ح م ت ( ) ت ن ي א ي (34 -. א و. ن ت א ن ت ن ي : و. م ن ي ت ن א ي ن א. ي ي ن م א ن ن א و ي (אون) אو (دل) ن א ي ن א ي אون א () (35 -. א א א א א The Sindhi has lost the neuter This, as it seems, has been the first step to break the fetters of the old compact mother tongue, and to initiate the levelling process of the present idioms. (A grammar of Sindhi language)(pp32) ا ن: א و ن وع א ن ن ن א א א ن א و. ن ي و ي ن ن ن ي (Objective) (Nominative) (Ablative) ن אن ي وא ي : ن א א ن ن א.1 ي א א.2 אس כ אم.3 د אن א دو אم وא א א و.4 אم.6 وא ب.5.א و אم 7. وא وא ي אن د ن ن ن א ن ( ( ن ن و ن ي א و ن. ن. ي - א. א. ( (א = ي گ ا ار ا 95

אن ي א ي א : א ي وא و و ن א א ي ن وא و وא و ش وא و ن ب. אن א א ي. א א و אو د و אو د و אو د א א ح א ي.. א ن د و ( ي ) א (45- א ن و. (53- א وא א א ل. א א ب ي. وא و و א ب وא و ن א ل א ب. אن و א ب. א א אن א א א א אن א. (Vocative case). א א אن ي א א א ن. א ي د ي وאج (45 -. ي א و א ل א א و ي ي א אن. ي وאج א ي א א א ل وא و ل ن ي א א ي وאج. ص א ن א ي ن وא و و א א ي א ي ي א ن. א وא א א א ل א. אن ي א א د ن א ي א ي אن ي א و ي א ن ي א ن א وא و و ي گ ا ار ا 98 ي گ ا ار ا 97

. א א ن א (45- א א ن ن ي ن و ن وא ي (Singular) א א ن ن. א م ت ي א א א א (Feminine) ي (Mascular) (Plural) ت و א و و : ي و. و ي (58- א ( א אو -) ن ( ن- ن). و : א ل א. ي ي ن אن ن א א :. ي و. و א ل ن ( ) و.1. א ي 2. א د. ب ي א א א! ( ). و ي و.1. و ي و و.2 ( ) و و.1 ( ) و و ي.2 و و.1 و و و ) ي) و.2 : : ي: א : א: ن ل: : ن : ن : و. و دي (Qualitative) (Quantitative) ي ي و (Pronominal Adjective) :. ق ن א ل ي א و. א و כ א و א ي گ ا ار ا 100 ي گ ا ار ا 99

ن يא و ن ت א ي و ي. و ) א و ) א ن א א א ن ) א و (و א و א ن ب ب ) ل) ت. א ت א ن ) אب ل) א א : و א و א ن. و ن ( (א א ح א א א (75-. ي א א د א ن - א א - א א. و א א (82-. ن ( +و) و אن ن وא ي ي ي دא אج ي! و ي (Comparative) א ي א ن ت א. אن ن وא ن א ل ي. ت ح د. (Superlative) א ي אج م. ن و و. : دي א ي ن و و ( ي -. ي) ن א ت و و א ي - م ن א ي.. א ي ت א א ن א ن א א ي ي گ ا ار ا 102 ن و و ي) ). ي ن א (80- ي. ن ن (Cardinal) ي د. و א دي د ي.(Ordinal) א ي م א ن ي א א א כ א (אو - א א - א د ت. א - אو - א ي ( و ل ي گ ا ار ا 101

ي אو ت אن و د د ي ج א. (24) ن א و א و א د ي وא ي (23). ن ت د ن א א ل و. א ن. و و (Aryan) ت م ه א و د ي א وא و א د א. א א א אن ن ن ص ن ن ن ب א وא א پ و א ب א د ي. א ده د ي د ي ده ن ن א د (25). و ه ص א. وא ي ي ي : א و ي ن. و و (Intransative) אن א אن ي ي א و. (Transitive verb) ي ي ي א ن ل ي ل : و ي א ن. א د ي م و و و ل א אن ن ن د ن א. א ن ن ب א و. م א אول ل א ت א א. - (84 א ن אج א ل ن א ن א وي ن א א و م و. א ل א ن د אو ي ل א وא ي د אن و ي ل. א د و ن ن א و כ د ي ج. ي گ ا ار ا 104 ي گ ا ار ا 103

ج پ א و. א כ د א ي א ت : و ن א ن ي ي ي ح و. و ي א ي و ن ل ت א. و ن (92- (96- و. ي و ل ت :. و و א و /و و ه. ب - - - - - -א -و -.1 : א א. م و ي ي ي :..1..2 א. و ن ي ي و و ي ل ي א ي : و ق ل و א ي. ن ن ي א () ي ل ي ت. ي و ت ي ل. (و ي ) د وא و א.1 2. د وא و א ن ي ). ل) (و ي ). د.3 אن د و. ( ي ل) ي ل (Passive) ت ل ي.4 : و ل. א א ي אن ل ت. א א ت ل ي گ ا ار ا 106 ي گ ا ار ا 105

ج ج ج پ پ پ پ پ و و א ي א א. د ن ت א ن א و ي ت ي. (26). ب - ت ل. ي ي א. و ت- ل א ن.2.3 אن (George Shirt) ج ي گ ا ار ا 108 دא. ت- ل. و א و. و א ت- ل. א ي. א ي ت- ل ي گ ا ار ا 107.4.5 ي א. אن ي אج ن. ي אא دא כ א ت א א אن ج. و א. و و א د ي א ) ( ل א א د ي ي. ل و ه א د אو ي د אو ي ل (Po) و. ل א : א و و ه אن א א א א. د אو ي ود א א א و ه : א א ي وњ. م و א א א و د و א א א : א ي ح =א א و = و =و و م و. و پ ن (27). א א ن ل א א ن. ن ت و و ن. א (א ن ( ي א و و و! א אن ت ي אن ي ي. و

ن د א א א. א ي د א ت. ن ي گ ا ار ا (102- (112-. ن (Participle) ن (Inflectional) دא. ج א א ت (Form) א א ن ي ج ن د א. وא و دي و. א ن ت ي ن ن ل ن ن. ي ن ي ع (Aorist) א و ن ن ي א ي 110 א وא ي وא ي א אب ن. د א و ي ن د ن ن.. و. ن : :. ي ي گ ا ار ا 109.1.2.3 ن.. אن א א (Indicative). (Subjective) אن א ي. (Imperative) و ه و ي א (א) ن. ي ن א ول (99-. ي ن ي א (Morphology) ت ي ل : Old Present אن א אن ن (Old Present) د ده وא ي ل ن א א ي. א م א ل ن. و وא و ل ن אن א ن אن (28). و ي ( ن ) א ن. א א ن 1. : ل 2. ن א ن ن. دא (Derivational) א. ن ن א.(Inflectional)

ص ) ن א ق ) وא א א ح و ن و ه ب (. : و (Syntx) و. א د ي א و ن وت. (163 ي گ ا ار ا و. א א م א ن ن ن אن א. ح ي ن د ن ي پ. א א و ي א (152- (165-. :ل א א אن و ن אن א א. אن و א د ن م گ. و א א ن ي و و د وא و ت ل وא و ت و ل. 112 ي ع א ن ي ن +. و ن ن = ن ن ل و ي אن ن ن ن ل ن ن ع و א (Grierson). و ن ن ع ن ن : א ن - ن ي ح و م ( و ) ن و א و.( و (א و. ن א ف: אن א א و ي. و ن ن : ل ن א א ن ن א (127-. א و א ف: א ن و א وא א و ي و و ب وא. ي گ ا ار ا 111

گ א ي دאن وא و ت :. گ ي. ب ي ن ب ن.. ن ي ي ل و وא و ت ل و אن ل) ) دאن و :. گ دאن א ي. و و و א س ي گ ا ار ا ي دن د ب ن و א ن ن و ه ن א ل. א. א و. א א ي وא و ت ن ي ت وא و و و وא ق א. ي ن אت א ي وא و א. א א א ن (7) ي א) م א - 1984 ع) (Linguistics) ت א م א د ن א ت ن ن. ي ي א س ي א ي د ت ن ي ب א ي. א ي ي (Teach yourself Sindhi) א دو ن و ن دي و ي. א. 114. و א א ل ل ت. ي دאن אن ن و א و و ت ل א א و ي و و و א. ي گ وي אن (175-.. : : و و ي و و ن ي گ ا ار ا 113

ي گ ا ار ا : א ي ت א ن (Alphabet) א ب א دو ي אن (Parts of Speech). و ق. א א م א. و א א د وא ن ن. ن د א ن () ن ي א א ن א ي א א אن وپ ي א و. ي א א ل א א. و و א م ن א ل אن. א و ن = ن+ ب = ن+ א و و+ א د ي ي. ي ي א دא אدא ن א. אن א א ل (25- (37-. و ي ت א א ي ن א ن و دאن א א و א. م א ن ن () ي (א ) ي وאن א. م..1.2.3.4.5. و 116 א ل وא א و ه ت (24 -. و ي ي ي א م : و و (Oblique case) א א ن א א ن م ي ت (Oblique) ي.. و ن א א א א אن ن א و ن א ي گ ا ار ا 115

א א א אن. א. ق א م و د אن ج ن א אن א و ت א س א אن ن و א ن م אن ن א א אن ن. يא ن م ي ح אن ي ن אن يא ن (29). א א א ي ت א א אن א. א : ن א ن. א ن ي א א :.. (imperative) א א و. א ل א وא ن و. אن : א א א. و ق א א א ل א ي א א א א א א ت و א אن א א ل..1.2.3.4.5.6 : ل א - א א ل - א א - وت א ي א א ل א و ( א م א ) ق : وא א א ل א א א ي א א א א ن א א ي ي وא و א א א و و אن. ي אن א ن ي ي א ي گ ا ار ا 118 ي گ ا ار ا 117

(Present א. (Participle) د א (Future Participle) و א אن. א ت و א و وא א א ي א א ي ي א א و و. א א א ي ن ن. و ه. ي و : : א א (Root) د ي د وא א ي. (Root) د אن. ت ن د وא א ي. و ي ن (Intransative). و ن و ي א ي.(Transative) (Active) ل (Passive) و م. ل ت م א. و و א כ א אن.. غ : א د ن ن א. و و (Participle) د ص- 84 Participle) א א ل.(Conjuctive Participle) (Participle) ي ن א ن. ن ن א ح ي א دو ي ي ح א ي و א ل א ل و و. (ص 124 ) : ج 1. א وא ن א ن و. (71- (73- ص -124. א و ن.2. א و.3 ( ن (א א ي 2. و س س و ه ) ن (.( ن و ). و ي ن.3 א א ن א : ي. א (Complex words) (Simple Words) د. (Compound Words) א ن و د ي گ ا ار ا 120 ي گ ا ار ا 119

א ي. א א ي ي. وא ي ن א وא א ل ي : א و. ن وא א ن ن ن و ن. א ن א ي ن אن و ي 1984 ع (150- א م א و و. : ي و ن א א دو ي. א - א א אي אو אو א א ت ي ت א ل ي ح ي وא ن ( ) () () ن ي ن و א א ن ن ن א ل א و ي א ي دي و ي א ب و א. ي א ن (2-. ن ي א دو ن ي (Vowels) ي ن א ن ي א (Script) و. א : א ن ت א ي א ي א ن א א ي א دو ن س א ي. ي א א دو ي ي א ن ن (4- א ن. א ن א ق א وא. אن ي א دو ي א ن ي ب د (Comprative Study) (وא - 1986 ع). : ف ي (8) و ن ت وכ (Philology) (Historical Linguistics) ت. و (Socio Linguistic) ت وא. ن ت א א. ي. 1989 ع 1986 ع ن ي گ ا ار ا 122 ي گ ا ار ا 121

ي א. و : א-و-ي. و ه و ي ت א ن. א ي ( ) א و ي و و ي (Medium) א ي د ي א ي. و ي ن א و و ه و ص- 17 ي א دو! ي ي ي א א ن א و ي ن (Short vowels) א ن و و ج אدא אن ن א ي א و ه. ن (Diphthongs) و Vowel) و ن אد ن ي ي وא (. א א אن.. א ا : א ل ي : א ن א دو. د א. و ن ي ن ي (Structure) א وא. و و ي א س א و ي : ي ي ي ح د ل א و ن و و א ن ي ح ي و م س ن س ن وא ن -4) ن. (48-. א ي ي (Alphabet) א ي א ت אن א א ي وج א ن אن ي א و א : א ص א ه م א אت א א א א ي گ ا ار ا 124 ي گ ا ار ا 123

! א ل ي د. (Number) א ن وא د ي. ن د ت א ن ( (وא د ي ت د ي گ ا ار ا د 126 א א ب א א د א ت א א א א א א א ل א א א ل. ي א ن ن. و ه א و و و ل.. (Common gender) م و ه א. وא : ل ن وح ي و ي م ي ن و ه ي وכ: :. و ي. و و ي א א ق ن א و ي א ن א ن ي وح ن و. و د ن א ن א א ل و א ن ن א א אج א. و ن אن د א ن ن ن ي دא ن وא ي ن ي ي א ل א ت ن ي. ن ن د د אن א د ي و ي و א ي ت (146- (169- ت ي. א و ي د و א ي ن ن א א א : ن ن و ي ن א א א א א א א. א ي א א אد אو א ن : אن ن () א א ي و א ي م. ح ن دي ن ن ن ي گ ا ار ا 125

ي ن א א א. و ه م و א : ل وא و א (Qualitative) و (Quantitative)..3.2.1..7 ي.6 دي.5.4 : و א ن א و ح د. ص. و ه ي א و د ل : و א א ي א و. ي ن ص- 235 و אت א א و ه : א. א א ن אن ي א ص. ص א. ل و ه ل ي ص : ي و א ن و ن. 232-239- 245- (274- و ن و. و و ن و ه. א : د א. א ل א א دאن א وא : א א א ي א م א. ي ي :. ي א ن (Imperative) א (Infinitive) ي و ن א ن د א ( ي (א א د و د ت ي ي א (Root) : אن א א و ت و ي گ ا ار ا 128 ي گ ا ار ا 127

. و א ي ن ي א א (348- (348-. وא و. א ي د و : : ن دي ع دي אن ت ي گ ا ار ا 130 وא. ن אن ن ي Exist ح م د ي א ت ت ي. א א ي ي ن א אن א ق ت א ي و ي א ي (333. و و دي.2 א א د א.1. א. א א ي א.3 א א ل.4 א. א و : ن א א א ل و ه ن وכ: א ي ل א ي א א א ن. و א ل ع א ن. و ع و ن دي ل ن א ي ن ع ن. ن و. ن : ل ل א א ي ن ل א ل ن א א ل א ل א א א ي א : א א א. א א א א א ن م ن ن ن א. א א א ي א ق. ز ان ا : א ن ي ن و و ن..1 ي.2 : وא...5.4 א כ.3 (Participle) د ي گ ا ار ا 129

ي گ ا ار ا :ا ب א ن א و ي. א ل 132 ( 46-.. א ي ن : ل. ي و ي א د م ز ان ا اي : א ن ي و א ن ( 48-.. ن. ت א. א א ن ل: و ه. א : ن ن ن د. ن ن ت. ن א א א א ي ن و ي. ق ي گ ا ار ا 131-1 -2 ب ا اري: א ن א و ي א א ي ي א ( 63- א س א و ه. و س א و א و ه. א א ي (א ) ن אن ن و و. ف: و א و. وא אن א (4) (3) ن (2) ن (1). (5) א א ي (6) א ي. : و א א ن و א א ي ( ( ن 65- ( - 93-. א א و و ه א ل و א وא. : و אن. א א ي. ن א ي א ي. ل

: א אن ن ب ل א ن وא ي و אن ي ي) -) م א و ي ي אن. א ود (influence) א אن وא. א א א وت ي א ن (Terms) אن ي א ي א א و ه אو א ن. ن و ن (defination) ي ي. אج א ن و ن ن א ي ي. و ي א. و א ب (9) ي گ ا א)زپ א ي- 1987 ع) س ي ن א ي א. و ي א ب אن س אد ن و ه ت : و وא ن ي ن א ي. א ن و ( - 97- (2) (1) : א و ي (7) (6) د (5) א (4) א (3). (8) وא ي ي א ن ي א. ن ل ي א ي ي م و א כ א م و م אن ل א ي. و وא ن ن و ن א אن و א ي ن و ن א و ن ( - 244 -. و : ي گ ا ار ا 134 ي گ ا ار ا 133

ي و (Introduction) وא א ي د ن אدب ي א د א אل و دن. א دن א ن ح ص ب و و س א אن ن و ن دن و. ن א ن א א. گ.. د ن و א ي د ن ب ي.. ن ن : ي دن ب א ي אن و ي ي א ب. א א א א ب א א א و وא- 1971) و. -)The Sindhi Language ( (10 ي The Sindhi Language ي وא و א אي-א א ي و ب 1971 ع ب. (E.H.Tsipan) ن א א ي א م אد د ده و ن يد م א و ه و و.. ي ن (Phonetics) ت و ت ب وא א א ي כ ي ص ي אن א ي : ي One of the specific fealures of Sindhi Phonetics is the presence of the of the short final vowels, a,u,e, which alter the meaning of words:, dehu (land), deha, (countries), jara (root), jaru (stupid, untrained), chokaru (boy), Chokare (girl).(pp23-24) ي ي ص ت ( ي. د ( ) () ( ) ( و) ( ي). د א א () א ي. א ن ن א אدي ن (Dialect) א אدي אدب ي ب. ي گ ا ار ا 136 ي گ ا ار ا 135

There are also such grammatical phonemes in Sindhi which distinguish it from other modern Indo-Aryan languages (for instance the system of pronominal enclitics (pp35) ي) א ن א ن ن/ و ن א ن א و- אن ن. ( ل ي.( א ي : ووא Unlike other modern Indo-Aryan languages, Sindhi has a system of pronominal enclitics which are added to different parts of speech (the substantive, verbor positive), to replace the corresponding personal pronouns. In the sentence the enclitics may appear as subject, object or attributes. (p65) ي ( ) א و- ) م ي (א ن ( دل א و و : ن א ن! ت وא אن و و ه. In literary Sindhi the sound t, d,dh, can sometimes be pronounced as tr, dr, dhr (this r however, is not depicted in written form) which is an archaism retaining old Indian features. (pp24) ي) وא ن א ي و و ن. ت אد אن ت א אن ي و وא و ت. وא ي ي א ب - (Alphabet) א אن א ي א - ب و ي א ن א ن (Alphabet) (Morphology) ت پ- (P) و ه. وא ي ت. وא ن دא و ه א (Parts of Speech) ق א ن א د ن و א. و ي א ن א ن א ن و ن ن אن א ن א ن ن א س א ل ن א ن. و ن א ن.) א א و אن ن א א د ن د و. א א ن ن א ن ي ن. א ن א א ن! وא. و و ي گ ا ار ا 138 ي گ ا ار ا 137

وא א. (Infinitives) (To do) (To go) و do go א ي א ل (The Infinitive) د א ل א (The Participle). ن د (Root) د (Tenses) ن (Moods) (Gerundive). و (Compound verbal derivatives) : ي (Root) א د Etymologically, morphologically three types of roots can be determined in Sindhi: Roots proper! Prefixed roots and nominal roots. In addition there are roots borrowed from other languages, regardless of their morphological structure. (pp 106) ي ت د ) دن/ א ي א. א ن وא א א א א ن א.א وא א א א وت א. و و א א א ن : (Roots Proper) (. אن دن The roots proper are old Indian words which have entered the basic Sindh vocabulary. For instance, - (to go), -kar (to do) (pp 106) ) א ي دي (. : ل. و دא ي א ي ي وא و א (א (Root) د ب (. م ي. و ح ي א و ي و و ه א ( כ (Compound verbal derivatives) : ن א א. ( In compound verbal derivatives, the first component of which (the basic verb) usually expresses the lexical meaning of the construstion, whereas the second component (the deriving verb) add meaning of perfective, tense, person, number etc. (pp 111). م א ل ي א ي ي ( ( دي ن و ه د ن دي. و א. و. و ن א. א و ن. א ل د א.. ع و ن ب. א م א ي گ ا ار ا 140 ي گ ا ار ا 139

א م א ي ي א אدא و د. 1993 ع ص 97 ي א و د م 1996 ع ص 15 א א م א ي د אد د ص- 16 1974 ع ص 75 8. Wren and Martin, English Grammar and Composition, S Chand Company LTD, 2001- P 16 ه א אي.. و ي א אدא و د 200 ع ص 83 א - ص 83.4.5.6.7.9.10 א ن א אن وت (Sindhi و ي.. و ل text) : א ي و وא و א. א ي وس ب. ت ت ت ي ن ب. א א ي א אدب ي و ت..11 א م א ي د אد د 1974 ع ص 64 א م א ي א س א ي گ ا ار ا 142 א م א ي ي א אدא و א ل 1993 ع ص- 35 אو ن د א م א א م د 1987 ع ص- 124 אوא ي כ ن א ي 1986 ع ص 11. م و- 1987 ع ص- 88 ه א : אي.. د אدא و א ي و 2000 א م א ي د אد د 88 1944 ع ص 73 ص א م א א ي 1966 ع ص 25.12.13.14.15 5 :ا ي گ ا ار ا 141 /1.1.2.3

ي ن ن אج ص 18 16. George Cardona and Dhanesh Jain, The Indo- Aryan Language - Routledge London and New York- 2003 P, 631, Paper by- Lachman M Khubchandani. ( ت ن ( ت ي א א א 1998 ع ص 51 18. Collinge N.E., An Encyclopedia of Language, Routledge, London- 1990, P, 10 א م א ي ت אد ت و 1967 ع ص 67 1965 ع..29 د.17.19 א م א ي א س א م و 1987 ع ص 186 א ي و ي אد م و 1992 ع. אج ي د 1964 ع ص 33 א ص 61 وپ ت ي א ه 1993 ع ص 73. 1964 ع 51 د ي ي אج ص 131. ي ن ن אج ص 1965 ع. א א ي אدب ن א ي م و 1990 ع ص 9. ه א אي. و ي א אدא و د 2000 ع ص 142..20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28 ي گ ا ار ا 144 ي گ ا ار ا 143

و د ب و. ي א ن א א ن א ن ي ن و אد א. دو. ن ب א ي و ي ي אن ت و ن א א א و א א א א د و א. א ل م אن و ي د ي. ت א ن א ن ي ي אن دي وت. وא א. (Natural Phenomenon). و و א ن א א א ل. د ي و ه ن ن ل אدب ي א ي ن د ي وא ي د ن و و אن א א وאج אن ن ن אن א و ه و ت א ن د אن و א אن ا ي : ارج ي پ א ن א ج א ن א. د ي ت ي ن א دو א ت. א ن م ي א ن ي ي א ن. אن و ي د ي ن. و ي א ي א ي א ي ي ي א ن (A א ي א ج. و د א ن 1847 ع Grammar of the Sindhi) وא א (wathen) ن א و 1849 ع ن אن א כ א ن. ن دو ت אن ت و א אن وא ي א אدي ي א א و د ي ي گ ا ار ا 146 ي گ ا ار ا 145

. א ن א ي ب. ي ج א ي ن س.. و و ن. א ي ي א ي. 1849 ع ي א א ي ي ن א وכ ي. ي א ي ي ي 1855 ع ن و ت س ي. אم ت ي. ي א א אدب ي. و ت 1853 ع س א א د و و. 1828 ع ا ار پ : א א ج وא س. א א ي ي وع. א ل د ي وא س و א دא ي. ي ن م ق א ي دא א ل. و ت א ن د و. ن א א س (East 1858 ع و א ن ن א אدب ي Sindhi Reading Book ن ي א א ت. א.. א א א ن 1866 ع אن. אن א ي א א 1872 ع ي א م א א. ي د אن و د ت ي. א אن ن א ي ي א אن ن. ي. ن א م س אدب س ن. آ ارام ا رداس : א אم دאس 1833 ع د س. دو و א ن א. ل אن ب ي. א ي ن. وא ي ي. ن ي א India house) ي گ ا ار ا 148 ي گ ا ار ا 147