The Modern Art of Plant Protection Against Powdery Mildew

The Modern Art of Plant Protection Against Powdery Mildew

Vivando fungicide provides grape growers a new way to control powdery mildew, protect yield and quality potential and safeguard their return on investment. Vivando Key Benefits Features Benefits Vivando does not have curative activity. Always apply Vivando preventively.

Vivando A New and Unique Mode of Action for the Control of Powdery Mildew Many diseases regularly threaten the successful production of grapes. Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator, formerly Uncinula necator) is the most devastating grape disease throughout the US. It causes significant reductions in the yield and quality of wine, table and raisin grapes. Early season infections can reduce vine growth and cause poor fruit set. When infection occurs later in the season it can decrease fruit quality and predispose the grape berries to Botrytis infection and sour rot. Consistent and effective control of grape powdery mildew has become particularly difficult in some areas due to the development of fungicide resistance. To combat this, growers need fungicides with new and different modes of action to rotate into their fungicide spray programs. Vivando contains a completely new active ingredient called metrafenone which has excellent powdery mildew control and shows no cross-resistance with any fungicide currently registered for control of this disease. Growers will benefit from using Vivando in their programs because of its highly effective disease control, flexibility in spray program design and unique mode of action that helps resistance management. Vivando has rate options for both conventional and extended periods of powdery mildew protection. As a protective treatment, Vivando s performance is further enhanced by rapid uptake and transport properties, as well as its fungistatic activity on established infections. Vivando is also rainfast within one hour of application. Vivando is the latest example of the BASF commitment to bring innovation to growers and helping them get the Most Out of Every Acre. 31

Multi-level Activity Makes Vivando So Effective The high level of disease control performance from Vivando results from the wide variety of ways that it can act to stop the powdery mildew fungus. Each of these levels of activity interact to continuously stop infections and slow powdery mildew epidemic development. Level 1 Stops infection The single most significant contributor to Vivando s effectiveness on powdery mildew is its ability to stop the infection process of the fungus such that it never successfully penetrates the plant. Stopping infection preserves plant energy for producing grapes while also preventing the fungus from completing its life cycle. Level 2 Limits Lesions and Sporulation In the second level of activity, Vivando helps to slow the growth and development of existing powdery mildew infections. Vivando s second level of activity puts the brakes on the rate at which the epidemic proceeds. Smaller lesions and fewer spores reduce disease pressure both immediately and in the future. This can also help delay the need for the next fungicide application. Vivando slows the rate of the epidemic. Vivando does not have curative activity. Always apply Vivando preventively. Level 3 Surface Migration The ability to migrate across the surface of the grape plant is Vivando s third level of disease protection. After spray applications, Vivando is continuously released and re-absorbed onto the plant surface which allows it to move beyond the point of its initial contact. Surface migration allows for improved distribution, coverage and disease protection. This is particularly critical during cluster development where increases in grape size makes direct spray penetration extremely difficult. Vivando can move to where protection is needed most. 2 VIVANDO FUNGICIDE TECHNICAL BROCHURE

Stops Infection Limits Lesions & Sporulation* Surface Migration Figure 1: Multi-level Effects on the Life-cycle of Grape Powdery Mildew 1a) Stops infection Grape Leaves Powdery Mildew 1b) Limits lesions & sporulation *Vivando does not have curative activity. Always apply Vivando preventively. 5 3

Figure 2 a&b: Vivando Causes Deformation of the Appressorium Which Prevents Infection Untreated Grape Powdery Mildew Vivando Stops Infection The infection process begins with the dispersion of powdery mildew spores in the vineyard where they land on grape vines, leaves and berries. Once conditions are favorable, the spores germinate and develop a germ tube that then forms an appressorium on the plant surface (figure 2a). The appressorium is an organ that allows the fungus to firmly anchor itself to the plant exterior while it infects the plant cells. Once infected, the grape plant will be forced to redirect available energy away from growth, development and berry fill to fight the fungus. When a spore lands on a Vivando protected plant surface its appressorium develops abnormally (figure 2b). Because the appressorium is deformed, the fungus is unable to infect the plant. Vivando can stop powdery mildew before infection begins; normal growth, development and berry fill are protected. A Treated with: Vivando provides the most effective powdery mildew control when used as a preventative application. B 4 VIVANDO FUNGICIDE TECHNICAL BROCHURE

When applied to existing infections, Vivando causes the fungal hyphae to branch in an irregular fashion, the hyphal tips burst and sometimes, the mycelia collapse*. Vivando Limits Fungal Growth and Development* If powdery mildew is allowed to infect the plant (figure 3a), it continues to grow in and on the plant tissue by obtaining nutrition at the plant s expense. With enough growth its mycelia and lesions may become visible on the plant s surface. At this point plant productivity is being negatively affected both by the loss of nutrients directly to the fungus and by the reduction of photsynthetic leaf area on lesion covered leaves. Figure 3 a&b: Vivando Also has Activity on the Second Growth Stage Untreated Grape Powdery Mildew Vivando is most effective as a preventative treatment, but it is also fungistatic to existing infections where it slows the growth of the fungal mycelium and the development of lesions (figure 3b). Not only can this protect the nutrients and photosynthetic area in directly affected plants, but slowed fungal growth can reduce overall disease pressure and the advance of an epidemic. A Treated with: Vivando will not eradicate or burn-out an existing powdery mildew infection, so it should only be used preventively. Vivando s effects on mycelia and lesions should be considered a secondary benefit. B * Vivando does not have curative activity. Always apply Vivando preventively. 5

Figure 4 a&b: Vivando has Additional Activity on the Second Growth Stage Untreated Grape Powdery Mildew Vivando Limits Spore Production and Viability* In order to complete its life cycle, powdery mildew needs to produce spores to start the next generation of infections. New powdery mildew spores are produced in chains at the end of structures called conidiophores (figure 4a). Vivando interferes with the ability of the spores to fully mature and separate from each other on the conidiophore. The links in the spore chain remain fused which limits both spore viability and dispersal (figure 4b). Any reduction in the number of spores that are produced or are viable reduces the potential for additional infections which can help slow an epidemic, lower disease pressure, and extend the interval between fungicide applications. A Treated with: Vivando s effects on spore production and viability are suppressive and should not be relied upon for control of an active infection. These effects are secondary benefits that B result from preventative applications in a well managed fungicide spray program. * Vivando does not have curative activity. Always apply Vivando preventively. 6 VIVANDO FUNGICIDE TECHNICAL BROCHURE

Figure 5: Impact of Vivando on Viability of Powdery Mildew Spores Average of 2 Experiments 100% Vivando reduced spore The spore viability of lesions sprayed with water was approximately 80%. In lesions treated with Vivando, the spore viability was reduced to approximately 20% (figure 5) and this reduction in spore viability was maintained for the full 18-day duration of the study. In the study comparing fungicides, both Vivando and Quintec initially reduced spore viability more effectively than Rally (figure 6). However, 10 days after the fungicide applications, the viability of the Quintec treated spores increased, whereas, Vivando treated spores maintained viability of less than 20% until the experiment ended on day 18. Vivando reduced spore viability more than Rally and for a longer % Viable Spores Two greenhouse studies were conducted to illustrate Vivando s ability to reduce the viability of grape powdery mildew spores on existing lesions. In the first study, Vivando was compared to water and in the second it was compared to two other grape powdery mildew fungicides (at field use rates). Both experiments were repeated twice. Vivando 15 oz 50% Water 25% 0% No Spray 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Days After Vivando Application 2009 Dr. Turner Sutton. Raleigh, NC. Grape variety Chardonnay Latron B-1956 @ 0.125% applied with water or Vivando to greenhouse grown grapes with active sporulating Powdery Mildew lesions. Figure 6: Comparison of Vivando, Quintec and Rally Effects on Viability of Powdery Mildew Spores Average of 2 Experiments 100% Vivando 15 oz 75% % Viable Spores viability better than Rally. 75% Quintec 6.6 oz 50% Rally 5 oz 25% Water 0% 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Days After Application 2010 Dr. Turner Sutton, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC. Grape variety: Chardonnay Sylgard 309 @ 0.03% applied with all treatments to greenhouse grown grapes with active sporulating Powdery Mildew lesions. period of time than Quintec. 5 7

Surface migration improves the coverage of Vivando leading to better, more complete powdery mildew control including the interior of grape clusters. Surface Migration Across the Outside of a Plant Vivando has demonstrated an ability to further protect the grape plants through a feature called Surface Migration which is a leap-frogging type of movement across the surface of the plant (figure 7). The movement of Vivando is distinctively driven by its vapor pressure combined with its strong affinity to the waxy leaf cuticle. Once applied to the leaf, the vapor pressure releases some of the Vivando from the surface. However, because Vivando is also strongly attracted to the waxy cuticle on the leaf surface, much of the compound is then pulled back out of the vapor phase and reattaches to the leaf. This process is repeated over and over, resulting in more complete coverage of the plant. Surface migration can be particularly beneficial for improving the coverage of the internal areas of the grape clusters which can be hard to reach directly with spray applications. Figure 7: Leap-frog Surface Migration of Vivando Vivando Spray Deposit Grape Cuticle Comprehensive coverage is the key to protecting grape clusters from powdery mildew infection. 8 VIVANDO FUNGICIDE TECHNICAL BROCHURE

Mode of Action Vivando is a highly effective fungicide for the control of grape powdery mildew. The active ingredient, metrafenone, is the first fungicide from the benzophenone chemical class to be developed. Extensive research has shown that metrafenone does not exhibit cross-resistance to any of the known fungicide modes of action. However, the exact biochemical mode of action is currently unknown. What is known is that metrafenone has a direct effect on the morphological development of grape powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator). Specialized microscopy studies have shown that metrafenone acts to disrupt the normal distribution and functioning of actin within powdery mildew cells (figure 8). Figure 8 a&b: Florescent Actin Marks the Growth Point Untreated Metrafenone A B Actins are proteins found in all living cells that facilitate many cell functions including cell wall formation and dissolution. By disrupting normal actin function, metrafenone causes undirected growth which then results in destabilization of the fungal cells. Once affected, these cells may cease growth altogether or begin a disorganized and ineffective growth pattern (splitting and hyperbranching figure 9) Figure 9: Abnormal Branching and Growth Reduction of Hyphae Resulting From Actin Disorganization After the Application of Metrafenone Untreated Metrafenone 9

Vivando Uptake and Activity Within the Plant Rapid Uptake Metrafenone has a molecular structure that is much more soluble in organic solvents than it is in water. It is considered a lipophillic (lipo = fat or oil; phillic = liking) compound. As such, it is easily and very quickly absorbed into the waxy cuticle layer of the leaf (which surrounds the exterior cells to prevent water loss). This feature is especially valuable when making fungicide applications prior to anticipated rainfall. The rapid uptake of Vivando also contributes to its highly rainfast nature such that it does not need reapplication if a rain event occurs at least one hour after the spray has dried. Rainfast in 1 Hour The rainfast capacity of Vivando was studied in greenhouse grape trials with simulated rain events. Vivando was applied to the plants first and then exposed to the simulated rain one hour later. Plants were inoculated with powdery mildew one day after the rain event (figure 10). The percent control of the powdery mildew on Vivando treated plants receiving 2.4 inches of rain was essentially equal to those that did not receive simulated rainfall. This demonstrates the rapid and tenacious rainfastness of Vivando when applied to grapes. Figure 10: Vivando Effectively Controls Grape Powdery Mildew Even After up to 2.4 Inches of Simulated Rainfall at One Hour After Application % Powdery Mildew Control by Vivando vs Untreated Plants 100% 10 99.5 75% n No Rainfall n 0.4 inch 50% 25% 0% VIVANDO FUNGICIDE TECHNICAL BROCHURE n 2.4 inches

Vivando Activity on the Exterior of the Plant Results of studies conducted to evaluate the surface migration of Vivando indicate the benefits of indirect cluster protection through surface migration. Treatments in this study included: Untreated control Vivando applications to vines and clusters Vivando applications to the vines with the clusters sealed in plastic bags to prevent direct coverage (plastic bags were removed once the spray had dried on the leaves) Powdery mildew infection levels in the bagged clusters were not as low as directly-sprayed clusters. However, the disease levels on bagged clusters were considerably lower than on the untreated control (figure 12). This shows the potential benefits of improved cluster protection from surface migration of Vivando. Figure 11: Surface Migration of Vivando Control of Grape Powdery Mildew on Chardonnay Grape Clusters not Sprayed directly with Vivando n Untreated n Clusters and Vines Sprayed with Vivando n Clusters Bagged During Vivando Spray Powdery Mildew Cluster Severity (%) 100 75 50 25 3.2 4.7 21 23.7 27-Jul 26-Aug 0 29-June 2009 Pacific Ag Research. Arroyo Grande, CA. Grape variety: Chardonnay Randomized Complete Block Design 6 reps. Vivando 15.4 oz/a with Sylgard 309 at 0.03% v/v. Applications on: Jun 3 and 17, Jul 1, 15 and 29, Aug 12, 2009. Vivando is rainfast as soon as one hour after application. Growers can expect excellent powdery mildew prevention with Vivando even during wet weather conditions. 11

Powdery Mildew Control Performance Vivando has been evaluated for powdery mildew control at a number of locations across the United States. Selected studies from that trial work are provided in this section. Figure 12: Vivando 2008 Grape Powdery Mildew Performance Vivando controls grape powdery mildew as well as or better than products in the market today. Powdery Mildew Incidence (%) 100 8 6 4 2 0 Untreated 0.3 0.3 Quintec 4 oz 14-day Vivando 10.2 oz 14-day 0.3 Quintec 6.6 oz 21-day Vivando 15.4 oz 21-day 2008 Dr. George Leavitt, U of CA, Grape variety: Carignane, 4 replications in Randomized Complete Block Design. Surfix at 0.031% v/v included with all products in all the spray programs. Applications on: May 3, May 17 and May 26 in 100 GPA and on Jun 2, Jun 16 and Jun30 using 150 GPA. Powdery Mildew ratings taken July 10, 2008. Standard Products and Spray Interval Comparisons The rate flexibility of Vivando, and its ability to meet different application interval needs, was evaluated in a number of studies. Typically Vivando powdery mildew control performance was compared to an untreated control as well as other commercial fungicides. In 2008, Dr. George Leavitt compared Vivando to Quintec for powdery mildew control using either a 14-day or a 21-day application interval. Both products were applied at higher rates for the longer spray interval (see figure 12 for details). Both Vivando and Quintec performed well when applied at the 14-day spray interval. However, when the intervals were extended to 21-days (with higher application rates), Vivando s disease control was superior to Quintec. 12 VIVANDO FUNGICIDE TECHNICAL BROCHURE

Figure 13: Vivando 2008 Grape Powdery Mildew Control Leaf Powdery Mildew (%) 100 75 50 30.0 25 11.0 0 Untreated Quintec 4.0 oz 14-day Vivando 10.2 oz 14-day Quintec 6.0 oz 21-day Vivando 15.3 oz 21-day 2008 Dr. W. Wilcox Cornell University Geneva, NY. Grape variety: Vitis inter-specific hybrid Rosette RCBD; 4 replications; 4-vine plots. Sprays: 1= Jun 5 (10-15 inches growth) 2= Jun 17 (50% bloom): 3= Jun 27 (post bloom); 4= Jul 1 ; 5= Jul 15; 6= Aug 4; 7= Aug 7; 8= Aug 19. Powdery Mildew ratings: 25 clusters/plot on Oct 13, 2008; 25 leaves/plot on Oct 17, 2008; severity as Horsfall-Barratt scale converted to % via Elanco tables. A different trial completed in New York by Dr. Wayne Wilcox further demonstrated the versatility of Vivando and its superiority to Quintec. Again, Vivando and Quintec were applied on both a 14-day and a 21-day application interval (at higher rates) (figure 13). Just as with Dr. Leavitt s trial Vivando once again out performed Quintec in its ability to control powdery mildew under both application intervals. Vivando provides the flexibility to be used for either 14 or 21-day protection from powdery mildew based on use rate and disease pressure. 13 5 13

Placeholder Image In 2010 Dr. Craig Collins evaluated Vivando powdery mildew control performance compared to Rally, Quintec and Viticure (Procure ). Powdery mildew control from the Vivando applications was clearly superior to all three of the other fungicides tested (figure 14). The control advantage for Vivando was particularly pronounced for powdery mildew ratings in the grape clusters. Figure 14: 2010 Comparison of Vivando, Quintec, Rally and Viticure (Procure) for Grape Powdery Mildew Control Disease Severity (%) 100 40 20 0.25 0 n Untreated 4.5 Leaves n Vivando 10.3 oz n Viticure (Procure) 6 oz 0 Clusters n Quintec 5.0 oz n Rally 5.0 oz Craig Collins; Collins Agricultural Consultants, Hillsboro, OR. Sylgard 309 @ 0.062% in all treatments. Evaluation 9-15-10 14 VIVANDO FUNGICIDE TECHNICAL BROCHURE

Vivando controls grape powdery mildew as well as or better than today s commercial products. Vivando performance was also compared to Rally for control of powdery mildew in two trials conducted by BASF in CA on Red Flame and Carigane grape varieties. The results of those studies are summarized in figure 15 and show that Vivando was substantially superior to Rally for controlling powdery mildew. Figure 15: Comparison of Vivando to Rally for Powdery Mildew Control Powdery Mildew Cluster Severity (%) 100 15 10 5 0 2.0 Untreated Vivando 10 oz + Break-Thru Rally 5 oz + Break-Thru 2009 BASF Research Station. Dinuba, CA. Grape variety: Red Flame and Carignane Break-Thru 0.03% v/v. Red Flame applications on: Apr 9, Apr 22, May 6, May 20, Jun 3 and Jun 17. Powdery mildew cluster severity ratings done Jun 25, 2009. Carignane applications on: Apr 9, Apr 22, May 6, May 20, Jun 3, Jun 17 and Jul 1. Powdery mildew cluster severity ratings done Jul 22, 2009. 15

A study by Dr. Craig Collins (Oregon) demonstrated that using an adjuvant with Vivando improved its performance (figure 16). In a 2009 study by Dr. Tome Martin-Duvall, it was again observed that use of adjuvants improved the consistency of disease control performance of Vivando (figure 17). Additionally, it was apparent that some adjuvant classes had a greater effect than others. This supports the BASF recommendation to always use an adjuvant when making applications of Vivando. 75 Powdery Mildew Severity (%) During development it was observed that adjuvants tended to improve Vivando s performance and consistency of disease control, particularly during high disease pressure conditions. As a result, additional studies were completed to fully illustrate the range of benefits made available from the inclusion of adjuvants to Vivando applications. Figure 16: Effect of Adjuvant Addition to Vivando and Quintec on Powdery Mildew Control 20 15 10 5 0 5.4 Untreated Quintec 4.0 oz + LI-700 NIS 1.5 Vivando 10 oz No Adj. Vivando 10 oz + LI-700 NIS 0.5 0.5 Vivando 10 oz + Sylgard 309 Silicone Vivando 10 oz + Kinetic Organosilicone 2008 Craig Collins. Hillsboro, OR Grape variety: Pinot Noir. LI-700 0.125% v/v; Sylgard 309 0.0625% v/v; Kinetic 0.0625% v/v. Applications on: Jun 30, Jul 14 and Jul 28. Powdery Mildew severity ratings done Aug 11, 2008. Figure 17: Effect of Adjuvants on Vivando Performance for Grape Powdery Mildew Control 100 Powdery Mildew Severity (%) Adjuvant Performance Comparisons 15 10 5 4.3 0 Untreated Vivando, No Adjuvant 3.3 1.3 1.6 Vivando, Freeway Vivando, Sylgard 309 Vivando, Silglow 2009 Tome Martin-Duvall, Madera, CA, Randomized Complete Block Design with 4 Replications. Rates for all adjuvants was 0.03% v/v. On May 6 all plots sprayed with 4 lbs/a Microthiol via airblast backpack sprayer. A14-day applications madeon May 16, May 31, Jun 14 and Jun 28. Powdery mildew cluster incidence and severity ratings done Jul 2, 2009. 16 VIVANDO FUNGICIDE TECHNICAL BROCHURE

Figure 18: Impact of Adjuvant Class on the Performance of Vivando for Grape Powdery Mildew Control Powdery Mildew Cluster Severity (%) 100 10 5 0 2.4 Untreated Vivando Vivando + Non-ionic Sufactant 2.1 Vivando + MSO + Silicone Adjuvant 2.4 2.1 2.2 2.0 Vivando + Silicone-based Adjuvant 2009 BASF Research Station, Dinuba, CA, Grape variety: Red Flame and Carignane. Vivando 10.24 oz/a. Adjuvant rates based on label recommendations and local practices. Red Flame applications on: Apr 9, Apr 22, May 6, May 20, Jun 3 and Jun 17. Powdery mildew cluster severity ratings done Jun 25, 2009. Carignane applications on: Apr 9, Apr 22, May 6, May 20, Jun 3, Jun 17 and Jul 1. Powdery mildew cluster severity ratings done Jul 22, 2009. To further examine the effects that were seen in Dr. Martin-Duvall s work where some classes of adjuvants were more beneficial to Vivando s performance, a series of trials were set up to compare a number of adjuvants from three classes. The adjuvant classes evaluated were non-ionic surfactants (NIS), methylated seed oil + organosilicone blends (MSO-Si) and organosilicones (O-Si). Trials were run at two locations. The average results for each of the adjuvant treatments are shown above in figure 18. Overall, the treatments where Vivando was used with an adjuvant had lower powdery mildew levels than when Vivando did not have the adjuvant. Looking at the responses across adjuvant classes, it is clearly evident that products containing some silicone in the formulation were more effective than those without. To maximize disease control performance when recommending Vivando, it is important to also include a silicone-based adjuvant common to that region s grapes in the recommendation. Use of adjuvants will improve Vivando performance with the best response from those adjuvants that are silicone-based. 17

Vivando controls grape powdery mildew as well as or better than today s commercial products Performance of Vivando as Part of a Spray Program Vivando should be used in rotation with other fungicides. This will maximize performance and help protect against the risk of resistance development. Dr. David Wilcox evaluated Vivando as part of a rotational program with other fungicides. Vivando performance was similar to that of Pristine fungicide when used in a rotational spray program. Figure 19: Performance of Vivando as Part of a Spray Program Cluster Powdery Mildew (%) 100 75 50 25 8.0 Incidence 0 0.0 0.21 Severity 0.0 n Untreated n Rubigan 3 oz fb Pristine 10.5 oz (2x) fb Rubigan 6 oz fb MicroThiol 5 lb n Rubigan 3 oz fb Vivando 10.5 oz (2x) fb Rubigan 6 oz fb MicroThiol 5 lb 2006 Dr. W. Wilcox Cornell University. Geneva, NY. Grape variety: Vitis inter-specific hybrid Rosette RCBD; 4 replications; 4-vine plots. Sprays: 1= Jun 6 (pre-bloom) 2= Jun 20 (full bloom): 3= Jun 27 (post bloom); 4= Jul 5 ; 5= Jul 19; 6= Aug 1; 7= Aug 14. Powdery Mildew ratings: 25 clusters/plot on Oct 12, 2006. 18 VIVANDO FUNGICIDE TECHNICAL BROCHURE

Using Vivando Vivando may be applied at a rate of 10-15 oz/a with spray intervals between 14 and 21 days. A maximum of three (3) Vivando applications may be made per season with no more than two (2) consecutive sprays. The restricted-entry interval is 12 hours. Timing Vivando provides optimal powdery mildew protection when applied preventively as part of a fungicide program. Local conditions will ultimately guide a grower s powdery mildew and other disease control programs, but some guidelines include: Vivando may be applied preventively any time following bud break Vivando has a 14-day preharvest interval (PHI) Curative applications of Vivando are not recommended Application Recommendations Vivando should be applied with a silicone-based adjuvant Vivando is most effective at treatment intervals between 14 and 21 days Under average disease pressure 10 oz/a for 14-day spray programs 15 oz/a for 21-day spray programs Under heavy disease pressure Increase application rate to 12.8 oz/a for 14-day programs Shorten 15 oz/a spray intervals to 17 days Excellent results can be achieved by combining Vivando and Pristine fungicide as part of a spray program for powdery mildew, Phomopsis and Botrytis Figure 20: Vivando Application Timing Veraison Harvest Resistance Management The risk of resistance development with the use of fungicides is well known. Vivando and other fungicides containing optimized and highly effective active ingredients must be used responsibly to maintain their effectiveness over the long term. Metrafenone, the active ingredient in Vivando shows no cross-resistance to all products used or recommended against powdery mildew in grapes. Its unique mode of action and new chemistry provides growers a new tool for resistance management. Optimum disease control requires application as part of a regularly scheduled, preventative fungicide treatment program Use Vivando in a spray program designed to rotate between different fungicide modes of action No more than three (3) Vivando applications should be made per grape growing season Do not make more than two (2) consecutive Vivando applications Additional recommendations for resistance management as well as definitions of the major fungicide classes are published by the fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) and available on their website: www.frac.info. 19

Formulation Vivando is a modern, water-based suspension concentrate (SC) Vivando mixes easily with water and quickly forms a homogenous solution. After 5 sec After 10 sec After 20 sec After 30 sec Tank mix compatibility Vivando is physically compatible with most fungicides and insecticides used in raisin, table and wine grape production. BASF has not tested all possible combinations, so the compatibility of Vivando with tank mix partners should be tested locally using a jar test. 20 VIVANDO FUNGICIDE TECHNICAL BROCHURE

Toxicity and Environmental Fate Mammalian Toxicology Metrafenone is practically non-toxic to mammals on an acute oral basis. Acute mammalian toxicology studies indicate Vivando has low toxicity for mammals after ingestion, dermal exposure or inhalation. The use of Vivando on grape vines will not present a significant risk to mammals, including threatened and endangered species. Species Study Active Ingredient Effect Level 21

Ecotoxicology Metrafenone is practically non-toxic to birds by both acute oral and sub-acute dietary exposures. Reproductive effects were not present or minimal. Vivando is not expected to pose significant acute or chronic risks to endangered or non-endangered species of birds, aquatic organisms, soil invertebrates, insects, or honey bees. No phytotoxicity has been associated with the application of metrafenone on numerous plant species tested. Species Study Active Ingredient Effect Level Environmental Fate Laboratory and field studies have been conducted to determine the fate of Vivando in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. In the soil, metrafenone has shown slow but steady degradation in aerobic conditions and fast degradation in anaerobic conditions. Fast degradation also occurs with irradiation. In all cases, the main route of degradation results in the formation of minor metabolites which are incorporated in the soil matrix, such that metrafenone can be considered soil immobile. Metrafenone has a relatively low volatilization potential. 22 VIVANDO FUNGICIDE TECHNICAL BROCHURE

Physical and Chemical Properties 23

Notes 24 VIVANDO FUNGICIDE TECHNICAL BROCHURE

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BASF Agricultural Products 26 Davis Drive Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA +1 919-547-2000 Always read and follow label directions. To learn more visit www.vivandofungicide.com Vivando is a trademark of BASF. Pristine is a registered trademark of BASF. Latron is a trademark of Britz Fertilizers, INC. Viticure and Procure are registered trademarks of Chemtura Corporation. Quintec, Rally and Sylgard are registered trademarks of Dow Corning Corporation, USA. Rubigan is a registered trademark of Gowan Company, L.L.C. Kinetic and Surfix are registered trademarks of Helena Holding Company. Freeway and LI-700 are registered trademarks of Loveland Products, Inc. Microthiol is a registered trademark of United Phosphorus, INC. 2010 BASF Corporation. All Rights Reserved. APN10-11-002-0030A