Famil: Oxalidaceae Taxo: Averrhoa bilimbi Som: NA Commo Name: Bilimbi Cucumber tree Tree sorrel Zibelie Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Chuck Chimera Desigatio: EVALUATE Data Etr Perso: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 1 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? =1, =-1 103 Does the species have weed races? =1, =-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals =1, =-1 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 Prit Date: 4/12/2012 Averrhoa bilimbi (Oxalidaceae) Page 1 of 8
411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed =1, =-1 603 Hbridizes aturall =1, =-1 604 Self-compatible or apomictic =1, =-1 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio =1, =-1 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, >3 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked =1, =-1 areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people =1, =-1 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat =1, =-1 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal =1, =-1 705 Propagules water dispersed =1, =-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed =1, =-1 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) =1, =-1 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut =1, =-1 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) =1, =-1 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) =1, =-1 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire =1, =-1 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: EVALUATE WRA Score 1 Prit Date: 4/12/2012 Averrhoa bilimbi (Oxalidaceae) Page 2 of 8
Supportig Data: 101 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 201 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim 202 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim 203 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim 204 1980. Woodso, Jr.; R.E./Scher, R.W./Lourteig, A.. Flora of Paama. Part IV. Famil 84. Oxalidaceae. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 67(4): 823-850. 204 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim 205 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim 205 1999. Jese, M.. Trees Commol Cultivated i Southeast Asia: A Illustrated Field Guide. 2d Editio. FAO Regioal Office for Asia ad the Pacific, Bagkok, Thailad 301. Blech, R.. A histor of fruits o the Southeast Asia mailad. Occasioal Paper 4. Liguistics, Archaeolog ad the Huma Past. Idus Project: Research Istitute for Humait & Nature, Koto, Japa 301 1988. TOPP, J.M.W.. A Aotated Check List of the Flora of Diego Garcia, British Ocea Territor. Atoll Research Bulleti. 313: 1-21. [Is the species highl domesticated? Yes] "Bilimbis are all much the same wherever the are grow, but P.J. Wester reported that a form with sweet fruits had bee discovered i the Philippies." [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Perhaps a ative of the Moluccas, the bilimbi is cultivated throughout Idoesia; is cultivated ad semi-wild everwhere i the Philippies; is much grow i Celo ad Burma. It is ver commo i Thailad, Malaa ad Sigapore; frequet i gardes across the plais of Idia, ad has ru wild i all the warmest areas of that coutr. It is much plated i Zazibar. Itroduced ito Queeslad about 1896, it was readil adopted ad commerciall distributed to growers." [Qualit of climate match data 2-High] "Perhaps a ative of the Moluccas, the bilimbi is cultivated throughout Idoesia; is cultivated ad semi-wild everwhere i the Philippies; is much grow i Celo ad Burma. It is ver commo i Thailad, Malaa ad Sigapore; frequet i gardes across the plais of Idia, ad has ru wild i all the warmest areas of that coutr. It is much plated i Zazibar. Itroduced ito Queeslad about 1896, it was readil adopted ad commerciall distributed to growers." [Exact regio of origi ukow, but wellsuited to tropical climates] [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? No] "The bilimbi is a tropical species, more sesitive to cold tha the carambola, especiall whe ver oug. I Florida, it eeds protectio from cold ad wid. Ideall, raifall should be rather evel distributed throughout most of the ear but there should be a 2- to 3- moth dr seaso. The bilimbi is ot foud i the wettest zoes of Malaa. The tree makes slow growth i shad or semi shad situatios. It should be i full su." [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "Averrhoa bilimbi is a widespread tree i tropical regios. Frequet i the Oriet, i America it is kow ol i botaical gardes ad experimet statios." [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "Perhaps a ative of the Moluccas, the bilimbi is cultivated throughout Idoesia; is cultivated ad semi-wild everwhere i the Philippies; is much grow i Celo ad Burma. It is ver commo i Thailad, Malaa ad Sigapore; frequet i gardes across the plais of Idia, ad has ru wild i all the warmest areas of that coutr. It is much plated i Zazibar. Itroduced ito Queeslad about 1896, it was readil adopted ad commerciall distributed to growers." [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "I 1793, the bilimbi was carried from the islad of Timor to Jamaica ad, after some ears, was plated i Cuba ad Puerto Rico, Triidad, the lowlads of Cetral America, Veezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Suriam, Guaa ad Brazil, ad eve i orther Argetia, ad it is ver popular amog the Asiatic residets of those coutries as it must be i Hawaii. Still it is grow ol as a occasioal curiosit i souther Florida." [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "Distributio: Origi S.E. Asia, ow grow all over the humid tropics." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Escapes from cultivatio] "The origi of the bilimbi is probabl the Moluccas, but toda it is cultivated throughout the regio. It easil escapes from cultivatio ad is foud semiwild i much of South Asia." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Possibl Diego Garcia] "Frequet ad scattered throughout the islad but cocetrated ear former habitatio sites ad more commo o the easter side of the islad." Prit Date: 4/12/2012 Averrhoa bilimbi (Oxalidaceae) Page 3 of 8
301 2005. Dulop, E./Hardcastle, J./Shah, N.J.. Cousi ad Cousie Islads Status ad Maagemet of Alie Ivasive Species. http://www.aturesechelles.org/idex.php?optio =com_docma&task=doc_dowload&gid=42&ite mid=89 301 2008. Wu, Z.Y./Rave,P.H./Hog, D.Y. (eds.). Flora of Chia. Vol. 11 (Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae). Sciece Press & Missouri Botaical Garde Press, Beijig & St. Louis 301 2009. Chog, K.Y./Ta, H.T.W./Corlett, R.T.. A Checklist of the Total Vascular Plat Flora of Sigapore: Native, Naturalized ad Cultivated Species. Raffles Museum of Biodiversit Research, Natioal Uiversit of Sigapore, Sigapore 302 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Averrhoa bilimbi [Olie Database]. [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Other exotic species do occur o the islads that have prove ivasive elsewhere (eg: Eucalptus sp, Coffea sp, Citrus sp., Averrhoa bilimbi). Curretl these species are aturalised but their populatios do ot appear to be regeeratig or expadig. Therefore at preset the do ot preset a cocer for the maagers of the islads. Despite their oivasive status, these populatios should be moitored ad i the evet of expasio, appropriate measures be take to cofie or remove the populatio." [Naturalized beod ative rage? Yes] "Widel cultivated ad freel escapig alog rivers ad i secodar vegetatios. Guagdog, Guagxi, Taiwa [ative to tropical SE Asia]" [Naturalized beod ative rage? Potetiall i Sigapore, although ma be withi atural rage] "Averrhoa bilimbi L.; Oxalidaceae; casual" [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? Possibl] Averrhoa bilimbi listed as a weed of uspecified impacts http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/averrhoa_bilimbi/ 303 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? No] No evidece Weeds - Averrhoa bilimbi [Olie Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/averrhoa_bilimbi/ 304 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Averrhoa bilimbi [Olie Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/averrhoa_bilimbi/ [Evirometal weed? No] No evidece 305 2007. Radall, R.P.. Global Compedium of Weeds - Averrhoa carambola [Olie Database]. http://www.hear.org/gcw/species/averrhoa_caram bola/ 401 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim 402 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Allelopathic? Ukow] 403 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim 404 1990. Devedra, C. (ed.). Shrubs ad tree fodders for farm aimalsaimals: proceedigs of a workshop i Depasar, Idoesia, 24-29 Jul 1989. Iteratioal Developmet Research Cetre, Ottawa, Caada 405 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim 405 2008. Wagstaff, D.J.. Iteratioal poisoous plats checklist: a evidece-based referece. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 406 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim [Cogeeric weed? No] Averrhoa carambola listed as aturalized ad as a weed, but evidece of egative impacts was ot foud [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] "The tree is attractive, log-lived, reaches 16 to 33 ft (5-10 m) i height; has a short truk soo dividig ito a umber of upright braches. The leaves, ver similar to those of the Otaheite gooseberr ad mail clustered at the brach tips, are alterate, imparipirmate; 12 to 24 i (30-60 cm) log, with 11 to 37 alterate or subopposite leaflets, ovate or oblog, with rouded base ad poited tip; dow; medium-gree o the upper surface, pale o the uderside; 3/4 to 4 i (2-10 cm) log, 1/2 to 1 1/8 i (1.2-1.25 cm) wide." [Parasitic? No] "The tree is attractive, log-lived, reaches 16 to 33 ft (5-10 m) i height; has a short truk soo dividig ito a umber of upright braches." [Oxalidaceae] [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Presumabl No] "Table 2. Shrub ad tree species used for fodder i Malasia." [Icludes A. bilimbi] [Toxic to aimals? No] No evidece [Toxic to aimals? No] No evidece [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? No] "No pests or diseases have bee reported specificall for the bilimbi." 406 2012. Bioversit Iteratioal. Species Compedium Database - Averrhoa bilimbi L.. http://www.bioversititeratioal.org/databases/s [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? Potetiall] "Pests ad diseases: Leaf spot (Cercospora averrhoa), pik disease (Corticium spp.), rots (Ceratocstis spp., Colletotrichum spp. Ad Dothoriella spp.), caterpillars, fruit fl pecies_compedium_database/detail.html?tx_wfq maggots (Samso, 1991)" Prit Date: 4/12/2012 Averrhoa bilimbi (Oxalidaceae) Page 4 of 8
407 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim 407 1999. Jese, M.. Trees Commol Cultivated i Southeast Asia: A Illustrated Field Guide. 2d Editio. FAO Regioal Office for Asia ad the Pacific, Bagkok, Thailad 407 2008. Wagstaff, D.J.. Iteratioal poisoous plats checklist: a evidece-based referece. CRC Press, Boca Rato, FL 408 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim 408 2009. Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, (http://www.worldagroforestr.org/af/treedb/) 409 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim 410 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim 411 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim 412 2008. Wu, Z.Y./Rave,P.H./Hog, D.Y. (eds.). Flora of Chia. Vol. 11 (Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae). Sciece Press & Missouri Botaical Garde Press, Beijig & St. Louis 412 2009. Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, (http://www.worldagroforestr.org/af/treedb/) 501 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim 502 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim 503 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim 504 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No] "The bilimbi is geerall regarded as too acid for eatig raw, but i Costa Rica, the gree, ucooked fruits are prepared as a relish which is served with rice ad beas." " Ver acid bilimbis are emploed to clea the blade of a kris (dagger), ad the serve as mordats i the preparatio of a orage de for silk fabrics. Bilimbi juice, because of its oxalic acid cotet, is useful for bleachig stais from the hads ad rust from white cloth, ad also tarish from brass." [No evidece, despite multiple uses, icludig for huma cosumptio] [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No] "Use: Fruit used for pickles, curries, chute ad preserves i srup ad ca also be used to clea metal ad remove stais. Also used i traditioal medicies." [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No] No evidece [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] No evidece [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No] No evidece [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Yes] "The tree makes slow growth i shad or semi shad situatios. It should be i full su." [Ca tolerate shade, but prefers full su] [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios? Yes] "While the bilimbi does best i rich, moist, but well-draied soil, it grows ad fruits quite well o sad or limestoe." [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? No] "The tree is attractive, log-lived, reaches 16 to 33 ft (5-10 m) i height; has a short truk soo dividig ito a umber of upright braches." [Forms dese thickets? No] "Widel cultivated ad freel escapig alog rivers ad i secodar vegetatios. Guagdog, Guagxi, Taiwa" [No evidece] [Forms dese thickets? No] "A. bilimbi is a tropical tree, more sesitive to cold tha A. carambola, especiall whe ver oug. Ideall, it prefers seasoall humid climates, raifall should be rather evel distributed throughout most of the ear but there should be a 2-3 moth dr seaso. The tree makes slow growth i shad or semi-shad situatios. It should be i full su." [No evidece] [Aquatic? No] "The tree is attractive, log-lived, reaches 16 to 33 ft (5-10 m) i height " [Terrestrial] [Grass? No] Oxalidaceae [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] Oxalidaceae [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No] "The tree is attractive, log-lived, reaches 16 to 33 ft (5-10 m) i height; has a short truk soo dividig ito a umber of upright braches." Prit Date: 4/12/2012 Averrhoa bilimbi (Oxalidaceae) Page 5 of 8
601 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim 602 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim 603 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Hbridizes aturall? Ukow] [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] "Perhaps a ative of the Moluccas, the bilimbi is cultivated throughout Idoesia; is cultivated ad semi-wild everwhere i the Philippies; is much grow i Celo ad Burma. It is ver commo i Thailad, Malaa ad Sigapore; frequet i gardes across the plais of Idia, ad has ru wild i all the warmest areas of that coutr. It is much plated i Zazibar. Itroduced ito Queeslad about 1896, it was readil adopted ad commerciall distributed to growers." [Native rage ot well kow, but o evidece of substatial reproductive failure] [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Most efforts at graftig ad buddig have ot bee rewardig, though Wester had success i shield-buddig, utilizig o-petioled, ripe, brow budwood cut 1 1/2 to 2 i (3.8-5 cm) log. Air-laerig has bee practiced i Idoesia for ma ears. However, the tree is more widel grow from seed." 604 2012. Bioversit Iteratioal. Species Compedium Database - Averrhoa bilimbi L.. http://www.bioversititeratioal.org/databases/s pecies_compedium_database/detail.html?tx_wfq [Self-compatible or apomictic? Possibl] "Breedig sstem: Ibreedig, outbreedig, heterostlous (Samso, 1991)" 605 1980. Woodso, Jr.; R.E./Scher, R.W./Lourteig, A.. Flora of Paama. Part IV. Famil 84. Oxalidaceae. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 67(4): 823-850. 605 2005. Karuarate, W.A.I.P./Edirisighe, J.P./Guatilleke,C.V.S.. Celo Joural of Sciece. 34: 27-45. [Requires specialist polliators? No] "Ifloresceces axillar or ofte cauliflorous o aborted braches, sometimes eve o the lower part of the truk, of cmes formig racemes or paicles, 15-20 flowered, or of solitar flowers, pubescet ad gladular; bracts ca. 4 mm log, bracteoles 1.5-2 mm log, both subulate, desel tometose; pedicels 4-20 mm log, articulate ear the middle. Flowers with the sepals 5-2.5 mm log, 1.5-3 mm wide, ovate to elliptical, asmmetrical, acute, mucroate, oe iteral sepal oblog ad obtuse, pubescece appressed ad gladular iside ad out, gree ellow to purplish; petals purplish, free or sometimes coate ear the middle, liear spathulate, 10-20 mm log, 2.5-4 mm wide, clawed, caducous, apicall with a short caducous cilium ad miute gladular hairs; stames 10, earl free, glabrous, the loger 10 mm ad the shorter 4 mm log, the athers suborbicular, the coective cospicuous; pistils mostl mesostlous, 7.5-12 mm log, the ovar clidrical, 5-lobate, 4-7.5 mm log, acute, legtheed-ito the stles, the stles clidrical, ca. 2 mm log, 2- lobed or trucate, desel appressed pilose, the hairs ellow, straight, ascedig, the stigma icospicuous, liguliform or subulate, the carpels with (1-3-)4-7 ovules." [Requires specialist polliators? No] "This stud represets the ver first attempt to record the floral relatios of bees of Sri Laka. Floral hosts of 117 bee species i 35 geera were recorded based o floral visits, polle carriage ad special behaviour at flowers." 605 2012. Bioversit Iteratioal. Species Compedium Database - Averrhoa bilimbi L.. http://www.bioversititeratioal.org/databases/s pecies_compedium_database/detail.html?tx_wfq [Requires specialist polliators? No] "Polliatio: Etomophilous (Samso, 1991)" 606 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? No] "Most efforts at graftig ad buddig have ot bee rewardig, though Wester had success i shield-buddig, utilizig o-petioled, ripe, brow budwood cut 1 1/2 to 2 i (3.8-5 cm) log. Airlaerig has bee practiced i Idoesia for ma ears. However, the tree is more widel grow from seed." 607 2012. Bioversit Iteratioal. Species Compedium Database - Averrhoa bilimbi L.. http://www.bioversititeratioal.org/databases/s pecies_compedium_database/detail.html?tx_wfq [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 5+] "Time horizo: Seedlig to fruit bearig 5-6 ears (Samso, 1991)" 701 2009. Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, (http://www.worldagroforestr.org/af/treedb/) [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas)? No] "Fruit ellipsoid, obovoid or earl clidrical, faitl 5-sided, 4-10 cm log; capped b a thi, star-shaped calx at the stem-ed ad tipped with 5 hairlike floral remats at the apex. Crisp whe uripe, the fruit turs from bright gree to ellowish-gree, ivor or earl white whe ripe ad falls to the groud. The outer ski is gloss, ver thi, soft ad teder, ad the flesh gree, jell-like, juic ad extremel acid. There ma be a few (6-7) flatteed, disc-like seeds, 6 mm wide, smooth, brow." [Ulikel. Fruits & seeds large ad lack a meas of exteral attachmet] Prit Date: 4/12/2012 Averrhoa bilimbi (Oxalidaceae) Page 6 of 8
702 1957. Ledi, R.B.. Tropical ad Subtropical Fruits i Florida (Other tha Citrus). Ecoomic Bota. 11(4): 349-376. 702 2001. Galvao de Lima, V.L.A./Emelo, N.D.A./Lima, L.D.S.. Phsicochemical Characteristics of Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi L.). Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura. 23(2): 421-423. 702 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 702 2009. Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, (http://www.worldagroforestr.org/af/treedb/) 703 2009. Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, (http://www.worldagroforestr.org/af/treedb/) 704 1987. Morto, J.F.. Fruits of warm climates - Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi). J.F. Morto, Miami, FL http://www.hort.purdue.edu/ewcrop/morto/bilim 705 2008. Wu, Z.Y./Rave,P.H./Hog, D.Y. (eds.). Flora of Chia. Vol. 11 (Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae). Sciece Press & Missouri Botaical Garde Press, Beijig & St. Louis 706 1980. Woodso, Jr.; R.E./Scher, R.W./Lourteig, A.. Flora of Paama. Part IV. Famil 84. Oxalidaceae. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 67(4): 823-850. 706 2011. Saad, M.-N. et al.. The Distributio of Avifaua Commuit at the UiTM-Perhilita Research Statio, Kuala Heiam, Tama Negara Pahag, Malasia. Pp 281-286 i Rehabilitatio of Tropical Raiforest Ecosstems.. Uiv. Putra Malasia - Mitsubishi Corp. 707 2009. Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, (http://www.worldagroforestr.org/af/treedb/) [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "Averrhoa bilimbi L., the bilimbi or pickle fruit, is occasioall foud i Florida gardes where it is grow as a oddit. The fruit, to 4 iches log, is clidrical ad pickle-shaped ad bore o the truk ad mai braches. The fruit has a thi ski ad firm flesh which is juic but ver acid ad is used pricipall for relishes, pickles, srup, etc." [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "Averrhoa bilimbi L., commol kow as bilimbi, belogs to the famil of the Oxalidaceae. It is widel cultivated i the tropics ad its origis are ot et clear. Nevertheless, Corrêa (1926) reported that it is ative of Idia, from where it was brought to Brazil ceturies ago. I Brazil, this tree is cultivated i the states of Rio de Jaeiro, Amazoas, Pará ad Sata Cataria, but the distributio of its fruits is limited. I these places, it is locall kow as "bilimbi", "bilimbio", "biri-biri", "caramboleira amarela" or "limão de caiea"." [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "Averrhoa bilimbi is especiall popular with Filipios i Hawaii, who use the fruit i cookig as a source of acidic tartess, much as limes, lemos, or tamarids are used i other cuisies." [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "Orametal: Bilimbi is also grow i home gardes due to its attractive small purplish red flowers bore i clusters alog the truk ad braches. Bilimbi is attractive to bees, butterflies ad/or birds." [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No] "Fruit ellipsoid, obovoid or earl clidrical, faitl 5-sided, 4-10 cm log; capped b a thi, starshaped calx at the stem-ed ad tipped with 5 hairlike floral remats at the apex. Crisp whe uripe, the fruit turs from bright gree to ellowish-gree, ivor or earl white whe ripe ad falls to the groud. The outer ski is gloss, ver thi, soft ad teder, ad the flesh gree, jell-like, juic ad extremel acid. There ma be a few (6-7) flatteed, disc-like seeds, 6 mm wide, smooth, brow." [Ulikel. Fruits & seeds large] [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No] "The bilimbi is ellipsoid, obovoid or earl clidrical, faitl 5-sided, 1 1/2 to 4 i (4 10 cm) log; capped b a thi, star-shaped calx at the stem-ed ad tipped with 5 hair like floral remats at the apex. The fruit is crisp whe uripe, turs from bright-gree to ellowishgree, ivor or earl white whe ripe ad falls to the groud. The outer ski is gloss, ver thi, soft ad teder, ad the flesh gree, jell-like, juic ad extremel acid. There ma be a few (perhaps 6 or 7) flatteed, disc-like seeds about 1/4 i (6 mm) wide, smooth ad brow." [Propagules water dispersed? Probabl Yes] "Widel cultivated ad freel escapig alog rivers ad i secodar vegetatios. Guagdog, Guagxi, Taiwa" [Propagules bird dispersed? Potetiall Yes] "Berr oblog, to 7.5 cm log, 3.5 cm i diam., 5-lobate or smooth, i trasverse sectio subcircular or petagoal, the base roudish, the apex lobulate; seeds 4-7 per carpel." [Flesh-fruited] [Propagules bird dispersed? Yes] "Kuala Keiam is also importat for the frugivores as show b the presece of high abudace of frugivores ad mixed frugivores. The fruit trees at Kuala Keiam [Ficus gladulifera (Ara), Durio zibethius (Duria), Maggifera foetida (Bachag), Lasium domesticum (Lagsat), Nephelium lappaceum (Rambuta), Szgium jambos (Jambu), Microcos tometosa (Cederai), Baccaurea motleaa (Rambai), Averrhoa bilimbi (Belimbig buluh), Melastoma malabathricum (Seduduk)] are importat source of food (Dorst, 1971; Yap, 2005) for frugivores. The associatio betwee vegetatio ad the bird tpes ad their abudace (Cod, 1985) is thus apparet at Kuala Keiam." [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? No] "Fruit ellipsoid, obovoid or earl clidrical, faitl 5-sided, 4-10 cm log; capped b a thi, star-shaped calx at the stem-ed ad tipped with 5 hairlike floral remats at the apex. Crisp whe uripe, the fruit turs from bright gree to ellowish-gree, ivor or earl white whe ripe ad falls to the groud. The outer ski is gloss, ver thi, soft ad teder, ad the flesh gree, jell-like, juic ad extremel acid. There ma be a few (6-7) flatteed, disc-like seeds, 6 mm wide, smooth, brow." [Ulikel. Fruits & seeds large & lack a meas of exteral attachmet] Prit Date: 4/12/2012 Averrhoa bilimbi (Oxalidaceae) Page 7 of 8
708 1980. Woodso, Jr.; R.E./Scher, R.W./Lourteig, A.. Flora of Paama. Part IV. Famil 84. Oxalidaceae. Aals of the Missouri Botaical Garde. 67(4): 823-850. 801 2009. Orwa, C./Mutua, A./Kidt, R./Jamadass, R./Simos, A.. Agroforestree Database:a tree referece ad selectio guide versio 4.0. World Agroforestr Cetre, (http://www.worldagroforestr.org/af/treedb/) [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Yes[ "Berr oblog, to 7.5 cm log, 3.5 cm i diam., 5-lobate or smooth, i trasverse sectio subcircular or petagoal, the base roudish, the apex lobulate; seeds 4-7 per carpel." [Fleshfruited] [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? Ulikel give large fruits ad seeds] "Averrhoa bilimbi is a attractive, log lived tree, reachig 5-10 m i height; has a short truk soo dividig ito a umber of upright braches. Leaves mail clustered at the brach tips, are alterate, imparipiate; 30-60 cm log, with 11-37 alterate or subopposite leaflets, ovate or oblog, with rouded base ad poited tip; dow; medium-gree o the upper surface, pale o the uderside; 2-10 cm log, 1.2-1.25 cm wide. Flowers small, fragrat, auxiliar or cauliflorous, 5- petalled, ellowishgree or purplish marked with dark-purple, 10 22 mm log, bore i small, hair paicles emergig directl from the truk ad oldest, thickest braches ad some twigs, as do the clusters of curious fruits. Fruit ellipsoid, obovoid or earl clidrical, faitl 5-sided, 4-10 cm log; capped b a thi, starshaped calx at the stem-ed ad tipped with 5 hairlike floral remats at the apex. Crisp whe uripe, the fruit turs from bright gree to ellowish-gree, ivor or earl white whe ripe ad falls to the groud. The outer ski is gloss, ver thi, soft ad teder, ad the flesh gree, jell-like, juic ad extremel acid." 802 2012. Bioversit Iteratioal. Species Compedium Database - Averrhoa bilimbi L.. http://www.bioversititeratioal.org/databases/s [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? No] "Storage behaviour: Viabilit maitaied for 6 moths with partiall dried seeds at 5 C (Rile, 1981)" [Seed viabilit i field coditios ot likel to persist loger tha pecies_compedium_database/detail.html?tx_wfq laborator storage coditios] 803 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Ukow] No iformatio o herbicide efficac or chemical cotrol of this species 804 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Ukow] 805 2012. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Ukow] Prit Date: 4/12/2012 Averrhoa bilimbi (Oxalidaceae) Page 8 of 8