Assessor. 101 Is the species highly domesticated?

Famil: Araceae Taxo: Philodedro bipiatifidum Som: Philodedro ludii Warm. Philodedro selloum K. Koch Commo Name: cut-leaf philodedro tree philodedro selloum self-header baaa-de-macaco Questioaire : curret 20090513 Status: Assessor Approved Assessor: Assessor Desigatio: L Data Etr Perso: Assessor WRA Score -1 101 Is the species highl domesticated? =-3, =0 102 Has the species become aturalized where grow? 103 Does the species have weed races? 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If islad is primaril wet habitat, the (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appedix 2) 202 Qualit of climate match data (0-low; 1-itermediate; 2- High high) (See Appedix 2) 203 Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit) =1, =0 204 Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates =1, =0 205 Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? =-2,?=-1, =0 301 Naturalized beod ative rage = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2), = questio 205 302 Garde/ameit/disturbace weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 304 Evirometal weed =0, = 2*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 305 Cogeeric weed =0, = 1*multiplier (see Appedix 2) 401 Produces spies, thors or burrs =1, =0 402 Allelopathic =1, =0 403 Parasitic =1, =0 404 Upalatable to grazig aimals 405 Toxic to aimals =1, =0 406 Host for recogized pests ad pathoges =1, =0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas =1, =0 408 Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems =1, =0 409 Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle =1, =0 Prit Date: 10/30/2013 Philodedro bipiatifidum (Araceae) Page 1 of 8

410 Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios (or limestoe coditios if ot a volcaic islad) =1, =0 411 Climbig or smotherig growth habit =1, =0 412 Forms dese thickets =1, =0 501 Aquatic =5, =0 502 Grass =1, =0 503 Nitroge fixig wood plat =1, =0 504 Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) =1, =0 601 Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat =1, =0 602 Produces viable seed 603 Hbridizes aturall 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist polliators =-1, =0 606 Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio 607 Miimum geerative time (ears) 1 ear = 1, 2 or 3 ears = 0, >3 4+ ears = -1 701 Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed itetioall b people 703 Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat 704 Propagules adapted to wid dispersal 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed 707 Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall) 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut 801 Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2) 802 Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r) 803 Well cotrolled b herbicides =-1, =1 804 Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire 805 Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets) =-1, =1 Desigatio: L WRA Score -1 Prit Date: 10/30/2013 Philodedro bipiatifidum (Araceae) Page 2 of 8

Supportig Data: 101 1991. Mao, S.J.. A Revisio of Philodedro [Is the species highl domesticated? No] 102 2013. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 103 2013. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. NA 201 2013. USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-gri.gov/cgibi/pgs/html/idex.pl 202 2013. USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-gri.gov/cgibi/pgs/html/idex.pl 203 2006. Miller, L.M./Newto, R.D.. Had Polliatio ad Seed Propagatio of Philodedro bipiatifidum, s. P. selloum. Proc. Fla. State 204 2013. USDA ARS Natioal Geetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Iformatio Network - (GRIN). http://www.ars-gri.gov/cgibi/pgs/html/idex.pl 205 2006. Miller, L.M./Newto, R.D.. Had Polliatio ad Seed Propagatio of Philodedro bipiatifidum, s. P. selloum. Proc. Fla. State 301 2005. Acevedo-Rodríguez, P./Strog, M.T.. Moocotledos ad Gmosperms of Puerto Rico ad the Virgi Islads. Cotributios from the Uited States Natioal Herbarium. 52: 1-415. 301 2008. Foxcroft, L.C./Richardso, D.M./Wilso, J.R.U.. Orametal Plats as Ivasive Alies: Problems ad Solutios i Kruger Natioal Park, South Africa. Evirometal Maagemet. 41: 32 51. [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 2-High] "Native: SOUTHERN AMERICA Brazil: Brazil [s.] Wester South America: Bolivia - Sata Cruz Souther South America: Argetia [.]; Paragua" [Qualit of climate match data 2-High] [Broad climate suitabilit (evirometal versatilit)? Yes. Evirometall Versatile] "It is a popular ladscape plat across USDA hardiess zoes 8B through 11. Highl valued for its dramatic tropical appearace, Philodedro bipiatifidum is also used i iteriors ad protected areas outside its hardiess rage. It tolerates a wide variet of evirometal coditios from low to high light ad moisture levels ad has relativel few pest problems." [Native or aturalized i regios with tropical or subtropical climates? Yes] "Native: SOUTHERN AMERICA Brazil: Brazil [s.] Wester South America: Bolivia - Sata Cruz Souther South America: Argetia [.]; Paragua" [Does the species have a histor of repeated itroductios outside its atural rage? Yes] "Philodedro bipiatifidum is a large leaved self-headig philodedro. It is a popular ladscape plat across USDA hardiess zoes 8B through 11. Highl valued for its dramatic tropical appearace, P. bipiatifidum is also used i iteriors ad protected areas outside its hardiess rage." [Naturalized beod ative rage? No evidece i Puerto Rico] "Philodedro bipiatifidum Schott ex Edl. with large deepl piatifid leaves, is sometimes cultivated as a orametal i Puerto Rico (Hato Re, Peock s Nurser, Howard & Nevlig 16928, US);" [Naturalized beod ative rage? No] "Table 2 Orametal alie plat species recorded per camp i the Kruger Natioal Park, idicatig the umber of camps i which each species has bee recorded, as well as mode of itroductio" [Philodedro bipiatifidum (= P. selloum) - Evidece of aturalizatio? = No] 301 2011. Guézou, A. et al.. CDF Checklist of Galapagos Itroduced Plats. I: Bugartz, F. et al. (eds.). CDF Galapagos Species Checklist. Charles Darwi Foudatio, Puerto Aora, Galapagos http://www.darwifoudatio.org/datazoe/checklis ts/ecological-group [Naturalized beod ative rage? No evidece] "Philodedro bipiatifidum - Origi: Itroduced, Cultivated." 301 2012. Imada, C.. Hawaiia Native ad Naturalized [Naturalized beod ative rage? No evidece for Hawaiia Islads] Vascular Plats Checklist (December 2012 update). Bishop Musem Techical Report 60. Bishop Musem, Hoolulu, HI 301 2012. Wager, W.L./Herbst, D.R./Kha, N./Fl, [Naturalized beod ative rage? No evidece for Hawaiia Islads] T.. Hawaiia Vascular Plat Updates: A Supplemet to the Maual of the Flowerig Plats of Hawai`i & Hawai`i's Fers & Fer Allies. http://bota.si.edu/pacificisladbiodiversit/hawaii aflora/supplemet.htm 302 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of [Garde/ameit/disturbace weed? No evidece] Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia 303 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia [Agricultural/forestr/horticultural weed? No evidece] Prit Date: 10/30/2013 Philodedro bipiatifidum (Araceae) Page 3 of 8

304 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of [Evirometal weed? No evidece] Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia 305 2001. De Costa, W.A.J.M./Hitiaake, [Cogeeric weed? P. scades listed as ivasive, but impacts uspecified] H.M.G.S.B./Dharmawardea, I.U.. A phsiological "Abstract: A itroduced ad aturalized plat species which icreases its ivestigatio ito the ivasive behaviour of some populatio excessivel at the expese of other species i a give commuit is plat species i a mid-coutr forest reserve i Sri defied as a ivasive species. The objective of this stud was to determie Laka. J. Nat. Sci. Foudatio Sri Laka. 29(1 & whether some selected phsiological characteristics were resposible for the 2): 35-50. ivasive behaviour of eight plat species i the Udawattakelle forest reserve. These icluded sapligs of three tree species, three shrub species ad two herbaceous species" "Two of the earl successioal ivasive species (i.e. Scidapsus ad Philodedro) are herbaceous species" 305 2012. Radall, R.P.. A Global Compedium of Weeds. 2d Editio. Departmet of Agriculture ad Food, Wester Australia 401 1991. Mao, S.J.. A Revisio of Philodedro 402 2013. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Allelopathic? Ukow] 403 2013. Gottsberger, G./Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I./Dötterl, S.. Polliatio ad floral scet differetiatio i species of the Philodedro bipiatifidum complex (Araceae). Plat Sstematics ad Evolutio. 299(4): 793 809. 404 2013. Marti, C.A.. Virtual Librar of Phoeix Ladscape Plats - Philodedro bipiatifidum. Arizoa State Uiversit, [Cogeeric weed? No evidece. Several Philodedro species listed as aturalized, but oe listed as weeds] [Produces spies, thors or burrs? No] "STEM: erect, decumbet ad sprawlig or semi erect, brachig sparigl i basal parts, up to 3-5m tall, 5-13 cm diam.; advetitious roots dimorphic i epiphtic plats, achor roots of smaller diam. attachig plat to host tree, feeder roots of larger diam. coectig stem to soil; iterodes 1 mm log or less; prophll scars short, up to about 1 cm log; itravagial squamules sometimes abset, up to 20 mm log, 0-5- 2-5 mm wide at base, usuall triagular ad ± flatteed, sometimes rather massive ad coic, patet, sparse to desel abudat ad persistet; foliage leaf scars 4 6 cm log, 3-7 cm wide, circular to trasverse-elliptic, paler tha rest of stem surface. LEAF: prophll deciduous, up to at least 45 cm log; petiole 70-120( 150) cm log, (0-7 - )1-1 - 7 cm diam. at apex, broadl sulcate adaxiall with sharpl agled margis or flatteed or occasioall slightl covex, rouded abaxiall, sheath c. 12 cm log o leaves subtedig ifloresceces; leaf blade usuall bipiatifid, either weakl or ver strogl so, occasioall piatifid, ver variable i lobe ad sius shape, broadl cordiform-sagittate i outlie, overall legth 75-120 cm, overall width 60-120 cm, upper surface gloss dark gree, lower surface paler, ±-gloss;" [Parasitic? No] "Plats of this species are also hemiepiphtic or terrestrial," " [Upalatable to grazig aimals? Ukow. Calcium oxalate ma deter browsig] "Philodedro bipiatifidum produces a irritatig latex sap exudates as much as 0.7% of oxalates i the form of calcium oxalate crstals. These oxalates ca be http://www.public.asu.edu/~camarti/plats/plat% mildl toxic to humas causig swellig upo cotact." 20html%20files/philodedrobipiatifidum.html 405 2007. Sea Filho, J.G./Potual, K.A.Q./Ferreira, C.P./Florecio, D.C./Xavier, H.S.. Orametal plats i Souther Brazil with toxic potetial for compaio aimals. Pp. 55-57 i Poisoous plats: global research ad solutios. CABI, Walligford, UK 406 2005. Burke, D.. The complete Burke's backard: the ultimate book of fact sheets. Murdoch Books, Millers Poit, Australia 406 2006. Miller, L.M./Newto, R.D.. Had Polliatio ad Seed Propagatio of Philodedro bipiatifidum, s. P. selloum. Proc. Fla. State 407 1986. Fuller, T.C./McClitock, E.M.. Poisoous plats of Califoria: Issue 53 of Califoria atural histor guides. Uiversit of Califoria Press, Berkele ad Los Ageles, CA [Toxic to aimals? Yes] "Cases of itoxicatio of pets were ivestigated b persoal visits to resideces, icludig homes, ards, apartmets ad commo garde areas, i Rio Grade do Sul, Brazil, from 1998 to 2002 to determie the presece of poisoous plats. The plat species most commol observed i cases of itoxicatio of pets (i.e. compaio aimals) were: Dieffebachia picta [D. maculata], Sasevieria trifasciata, Allamada cathartica, A. blachettii, Euphorbia milii, E. pulcherrima, Lataa camara, Philodedro bipiatifidum ad Brugmasia suaveoles. This iformatio will be useful to educate the public about the potetial dagers of some commo household plats to compaio aimals." [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? No] "Philodedros are eas to grow ad almost pest ad disease free." [Host for recogized pests ad pathoges? No] "There are few pest or disease problems associated with this plat. Bacterial disease caused b Erwiia species is sometimes a problem, especiall uder humid coditios." [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Yes. Dermatitis] "Appedix A. Plats Causig Dermatitis" [List icludes Philodedro bipiatifidum] Prit Date: 10/30/2013 Philodedro bipiatifidum (Araceae) Page 4 of 8

407 1991. Mao, S.J.. A Revisio of Philodedro 407 2013. Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: Tree Philodedro, Cut-leaf Philodedro, Selloum - Philodedro bipiatifidum. http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/37036/ [29 Oct 2013] 407 2013. Floridata. Philodedro bipiatifidum. 408 1991. Mao, S.J.. A Revisio of Philodedro 409 2013. Floridata. Philodedro bipiatifidum. 409 2013. Marti, C.A.. Virtual Librar of Phoeix Ladscape Plats - Philodedro bipiatifidum. Arizoa State Uiversit, http://www.public.asu.edu/~camarti/plats/plat% 20html%20files/philodedrobipiatifidum.html 410 2013. Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: Tree Philodedro, Cut-leaf Philodedro, Selloum - Philodedro bipiatifidum. http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/37036/ [29 Oct 2013] [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? No evidece] "P. bipiatifidum is a importat plat i idigeous cultures i Paragua, orther Argetia ad probabl Brazil. I a fie paper, Crisci & Gacedo (1971) discuss the use of the roots for bidig ad the berries as a sweet food ad medicial source. Peckolt & Peckolt (1890) describe its medicial properties uder the ames P. bipiatifidum ad P. selloum" [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Yes] "All parts of plat are poisoous if igested Hadlig plat ma cause ski irritatio or allergic reactio" "Beware of the sap of this plat ad also the polle o the blossom. If the sap gets o ou, it leaves a stai. Some people are allergic to it. I am, ad I suffered with a rash (like poiso iv) at all the poits of cotact. It bured ad itched for 3 weeks. I am ow ver careful whe trimmig this plat." [Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humas? Yes] "Philodedros are poisoous if eate ad the sap ma irritate sesitive ski." [Creates a fire hazard i atural ecosstems? No. Herbaceous ad occurs i wetter habitats] "Hemi-epiphtic or terrestrial i raiforest, galler forests, ad various seasoal forest tpes icludig cerrado; terrestrial or rooted-aquatic i ope swamp areas, occasioall rupicolous i ope shrubb coastal ad submotae vegetatio, alt. 0-1000m." [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Yes] "Light: Philodedros do't like full su. Grow tree philodedro i dappled or partial shade. Idoors, positio i bright light, but ot direct su. Sulight filtered through a curtai is good. Variegated cultivars eed more light." [Is a shade tolerat plat at some stage of its life ccle? Yes] "Geerall, this is a surprisigl bold ad tough plat that will stad much abuse as log as it is grow i shade." [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios?] "Soil ph requiremets: 5.6 to 6.0 (acidic) 6.1 to 6.5 (mildl acidic) 6.6 to 7.5 (eutral)" 410 2013. Marti, C.A.. Virtual Librar of Phoeix Ladscape Plats - Philodedro bipiatifidum. Arizoa State Uiversit, http://www.public.asu.edu/~camarti/plats/plat% 20html%20files/philodedrobipiatifidum.html [Tolerates a wide rage of soil coditios?] "Soil: Tolerat of alkaliit but will ellow. Prefers orgaic soils that are slightl acidic. Salt sesitive." 411 1991. Mao, S.J.. A Revisio of Philodedro 411 2013. Floridata. Philodedro bipiatifidum. 412 2013. Gottsberger, G./Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I./Dötterl, S.. Polliatio ad floral scet differetiatio i species of the Philodedro bipiatifidum complex (Araceae). Plat Sstematics ad Evolutio. 299(4): 793 809. 501 2013. Gottsberger, G./Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I./Dötterl, S.. Polliatio ad floral scet differetiatio i species of the Philodedro bipiatifidum complex (Araceae). Plat Sstematics ad Evolutio. 299(4): 793 809. 502 1991. Mao, S.J.. A Revisio of Philodedro 503 1991. Mao, S.J.. A Revisio of Philodedro [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? Possibl] "I hemi-epiphtic plats of P. bipiatifidum ad P. corcovadese the roots act as a sstem of stas to susped the ofte heav stem from adjacet tree boles" [Climbig or smotherig growth habit? No] "Most philodedros are climbers, but ot this oe. Tree philodedro (also called split leaf philodedro) grows as a large semiwood shrub with eormous gloss leaves ad a sigle erect ubrached stem that teds to fall over ad sprawl whe the plat gets large." [Forms dese thickets? Dese distributio. Ma exclude other vegetatio] "...P. bipiatifidum i the warmer ad more humid coastal Atlatic forests aroud Bertioga ad betwee Bertioga ad Boraceia beach more commol had a ver dese local distributio occurrig i smaller or larger dese bulks of hemiepiphtic ad terrestrial plats, ofte side b side." [Aquatic? No] "Philodedro bipiatifidum is also distributed i Southeast Brazil (Egler ad Krause 1912; Barroso 1959/ 61), but i the much more humid ad warm coastal variat of the Atlatic forest, with earl precipitatio values betwee 2,000 ad 4,000 mm. The coastal strip ad coastal escarpmet is more or less humid throughout the ear ad covered with tropical evergree raiforests (littoral forests, restigas, low motae forests). Plats of this species are also hemiepiphtic or terrestrial," [Grass? No] Araceae [Nitroge fixig wood plat? No] Araceae Prit Date: 10/30/2013 Philodedro bipiatifidum (Araceae) Page 5 of 8

504 1991. Mao, S.J.. A Revisio of Philodedro 601 2011. Sakuragui, C.M./Calazas, L.S.B./Barroso de Morais, É./Nadruz Coelho, M.A./Octávio de Oliveira Pellegrii, M.. Diversit ad coservatio of Philodedro SCHOTT (Araceae) i Atlatic Forest of Rio de Jaeiro State. Feddes Repertorium. 122: 472-496. 602 2005. Burke, D.. The complete Burke's backard: the ultimate book of fact sheets. Murdoch Books, Millers Poit, Australia 602 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 602 2006. Miller, L.M./Newto, R.D.. Had Polliatio ad Seed Propagatio of Philodedro bipiatifidum, s. P. selloum. Proc. Fla. State 603 1991. Mao, S.J.. A Revisio of Philodedro 603 2013. Gottsberger, G./Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I./Dötterl, S.. Polliatio ad floral scet differetiatio i species of the Philodedro bipiatifidum complex (Araceae). Plat Sstematics ad Evolutio. 299(4): 793 809. 604 2013. Gottsberger, G./Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I./Dötterl, S.. Polliatio ad floral scet differetiatio i species of the Philodedro bipiatifidum complex (Araceae). Plat Sstematics ad Evolutio. 299(4): 793 809. 605 1991. Mao, S.J.. A Revisio of Philodedro 605 2005. Burke, D.. The complete Burke's backard: the ultimate book of fact sheets. Murdoch Books, Millers Poit, Australia 605 2006. Miller, L.M./Newto, R.D.. Had Polliatio ad Seed Propagatio of Philodedro bipiatifidum, s. P. selloum. Proc. Fla. State 605 2013. Gottsberger, G./Silberbauer-Gottsberger, I./Dötterl, S.. Polliatio ad floral scet differetiatio i species of the Philodedro bipiatifidum complex (Araceae). Plat Sstematics ad Evolutio. 299(4): 793 809. [Geophte (herbaceous with udergroud storage orgas -- bulbs, corms, or tubers)? No] "I hemi-epiphtic plats of P. bipiatifidum ad P. corcovadese the roots act as a sstem of stas to susped the ofte heav stem from adjacet tree boles " [Evidece of substatial reproductive failure i ative habitat? No] "LC Least Cocer" [Produces viable seed? Yes] "I Brazil, their coutr of origi, these plats are polliated at ight b a moth. The seeds the develop over several moths i bubbl capsules, with about 30 seeds per capsule." [Produces viable seed? Yes] "It is usuall propagated from seed." [Produces viable seed? Yes] "Propagatio: Easil propagated b seed, stem cuttigs cotaiig at least two odes, or divisio of basal offshoots." [Hbridizes aturall? Ukow. Artificial hbrids are possible] "Philodedro x evasii (P. bipiatifidum x P. speciosum) A commol cultivated taxo with a stout truk-like stem which ca sprawl ad scramble as i P. bipiatifidum. The large shallowl lobed leaves resemble those of P. udulatum" [Hbridizes aturall? Possibl] "Nowadas, P. form selloum ad P. bipiatifidum are largel migled b huma activit. Both species because of their high orametal value are ver much appreciated ad plated i gardes, larger properties ad public places. Thus, plats from the coastal regio were trasferred to the plateau ad plats from the plateau to the coastal regio ad also plated everwhere i betwee. The recet cotact betwee these two species might have caused hbridizatio, evetuall mediated b a beetle attracted to visit both species." [Self-compatible or apomictic? Fuctioall No] "Philodedro bipiatifidum also has a protogous athesis. We foud idividual ifloresceces which were fuctioal usuall also durig two ights, with the pistillate stage occurrig durig the first ight ad the stamiate stage at the secod." [Requires specialist polliators? Yes] "I the 'bipiatifidum' group flowerig takes place i a 4-da ccle with 3 temperature peaks (Fig. 11 B); the peaks are lower ad a differet, less itese odour is produced. I this patter, polle is extruded shortl before resi secretio ad both are associated with a temperature peak betwee 1800 ad 1900 hr. o da 3. The spathe remais slightl ope throughout the followig da as the spadix temperature falls off. O da. 4 at about 1900 hr. a third temperature peak occurs (34."30) ad the spathe closes. The polliatig beetles were attracted i fewer umbers ad beloged to two species, Cclocephala cribrata Burmeister ad C. variolosa Burmeister (Dastiae/ Scarabaeidae). The also appeared to visit the iflorescece at each temperature peak, hece o three separate occasios." [Requires specialist polliators? Yes] "I Australia tree philodedros do't have a isect polliators, so the do't set seed uless polliated b had." [Requires specialist polliators? Yes] "Philodedro bipiatifidum is polliated b a sigle species of large scarabaeid beetle. Because this beetle is ot preset i the Uited States, ad the female flowers o a iflorescece are receptive 48 hours before the male flowers produce polle, had polliatio is ecessar." [Requires specialist polliators? Yes] "The differeces observed ad aalzed amog the taxa, icludig the flowerig rhthm, thermogeic activities, scet compouds emitted, polliatig dastid scarab beetles attracted, as well as slight morphological differeces ad apparet geographical exclusiveess oted i these three taxa are strog idicators that P. bipiatifidum, P. form selloum ad P. mello-barretoaum are differet eough to be cosidered good species." "All species of Philodedro studied up to ow were foud to be polliated b large dastid scarab beetles (Dastiae, Scarabaeidae)." "The sole polliatig species of P. bipiatifidum observed all the ears was Cclocephala variolosa Burmeister, a 20- to 22-mm-log beetle" Prit Date: 10/30/2013 Philodedro bipiatifidum (Araceae) Page 6 of 8

606 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 606 2013. Floridata. Philodedro bipiatifidum. [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? No] "It is usuall propagated from seed." "Older, legg plats ca be removed b cuttig the tops off ad rerootig them; the stumps sed up oe or more shoots ad soo become dese ad full agai." [Reproductio b vegetative fragmetatio? No evidece] "Propagatio: Philodedros are eas to start from cuttigs. To propagate this oclimber, take shoots from the base of the plat's stem ad root i pottig medium. " 607 2013. Marti, C.A.. Virtual Librar of Phoeix Ladscape Plats - Philodedro bipiatifidum. Arizoa State Uiversit, http://www.public.asu.edu/~camarti/plats/plat% 20html%20files/philodedrobipiatifidum.html [Miimum geerative time (ears)? 15+] "Fiddle leaf philodedro takes about 15-20 ears to reach reproductive maturit " 701 1991. Mao, S.J.. A Revisio of Philodedro 702 1991. Mao, S.J.. A Revisio of Philodedro 703 2006. Miller, L.M./Newto, R.D.. Had Polliatio ad Seed Propagatio of Philodedro bipiatifidum, s. P. selloum. Proc. Fla. State 704 1991. Mao, S.J.. A Revisio of Philodedro 705 1991. Mao, S.J.. A Revisio of Philodedro 706 1991. Mao, S.J.. A Revisio of Philodedro 707 1991. Mao, S.J.. A Revisio of Philodedro 708 1991. Mao, S.J.. A Revisio of Philodedro 708 2011. Cardoso, N.A./Le Pedu, Y./Lapeta, M.J./Rabo, B.E.. Frugivor patters ad seed dispersal b golde-headed lio tamaris (Leotopithecus chrsomelas) i Ua Biological Reserve, Bahia, Brazil. Mammalia. 75(4): 327 337. Prit Date: 10/30/2013 Philodedro bipiatifidum (Araceae) [Propagules likel to be dispersed uitetioall (plats growig i heavil trafficked areas)? Ukow if stick mucilagious material o seeds will eable seeds to adhere to aimals, clothig of vehicles] "FRUIT: berries 1-4 cm log, 0-7 08 cm wide,? clidric, white or ellow whe ripe, with edible, sweet tastig pulp; seeds 3 5 4 mm log, 1-7- 1 8 mm diam., subclidric, slightl broader at microplar ed, either sarcotestate with o-arillate fuicle or lackig a sarcotesta ad with a arillate fuicle ad raphe, fuicle sometimes bearig a blob of stick mucilagious material i ripe seed." [Propagules dispersed itetioall b people? Yes] "Philodedro is a geus of outstadig horticultural importace ad subge. Mecoostigma icludes some ver well kow orametal species. P. bipiatifidum (s. P. selloum), oe of the world's most ubiquitous houseplats, has provided a rich source of variatio for the breedig of differet foliage forms." [Propagules likel to disperse as a produce cotamiat? No evidece, ad ulikel i cultivatio] "I its ative Brazil, Philodedro bipiatifidum is polliated b a sigle species of large scarabaeid beetle. Because this beetle is ot preset i the Uited States, ad the female flowers o a iflorescece are receptive 48 hours before the male flowers produce polle, had polliatio is ecessar." [Propagules adapted to wid dispersal? No] "FRUIT: berries 1-4 cm log, 0-7 -08 cm wide,? clidric, white or ellow whe ripe, with edible, sweet tastig pulp; seeds 3-5-4 mm log, 1-7- 1 8 mm diam., subclidric, slightl broader at microplar ed, either sarcotestate with o-arillate fuicle or lackig a sarcotesta ad with a arillate fuicle ad raphe, fuicle sometimes bearig a blob of stick mucilagious material i ripe seed." [Propagules water dispersed? Possibl. Seeds i flesh fruits, but aquatic habitats ma facilitate dispersal b water] "Hemi-epiphtic or terrestrial i raiforest, galler forests, ad various seasoal forest tpes icludig cerrado; terrestrial or rootedaquatic i ope swamp areas, occasioall rupicolous i ope shrubb coastal ad submotae vegetatio" [Propagules bird dispersed? Presumabl Yes] "FRUIT: berries 1-4 cm log, 0-7 - 08 cm wide,? clidric, white or ellow whe ripe, with edible, sweet tastig pulp; seeds 3-5-4 mm log, 1-7- 1 8 mm diam., subclidric, slightl broader at microplar ed, either sarcotestate with o-arillate fuicle or lackig a sarcotesta ad with a arillate fuicle ad raphe, fuicle sometimes bearig a blob of stick mucilagious material i ripe seed." [Propagules dispersed b other aimals (exterall)? Ukow if stick mucilagious material o seeds will eable seeds to adhere to aimals, clothig of vehicles] "FRUIT: berries 1-4 cm log, 0-7 -08 cm wide,? clidric, white or ellow whe ripe, with edible, sweet tastig pulp; seeds 3-5-4 mm log, 1-7- 1 8 mm diam., subclidric, slightl broader at microplar ed, either sarcotestate with o-arillate fuicle or lackig a sarcotesta ad with a arillate fuicle ad raphe, fuicle sometimes bearig a blob of stick mucilagious material i ripe seed." [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Presumabl Yes] "FRUIT: berries 1-4 cm log, 0-7 -08 cm wide,? clidric, white or ellow whe ripe, with edible, sweet tastig pulp; seeds 3-5-4 mm log, 1-7- 1 8 mm diam., subclidric, slightl broader at microplar ed, either sarcotestate with o-arillate fuicle or lackig a sarcotesta ad with a arillate fuicle ad raphe, fuicle sometimes bearig a blob of stick mucilagious material i ripe seed." [Propagules survive passage through the gut? Presumabl Yes] "Appedix 1 List of plat species, umber of fruitig tree used, seed processig, ripeess ad colour of fruits cosumed b GHLT i the stud." [Icludes fruit of Philodedro bipiatifidum] Page 7 of 8

801 2006. Miller, L.M./Newto, R.D.. Had Polliatio ad Seed Propagatio of Philodedro bipiatifidum, s. P. selloum. Proc. Fla. State 802 1998. Kubitzki, K. (ed.). The Families ad geera of vascular plats. Volume IV. Flowerig plats, Moocotledos: Alismataae ad Commeliaae (except Gramieae). Spriger- Verlag, Berli, Heidelberg, New York 802 2013. Dave's Garde. PlatFiles: Tree Philodedro, Cut-leaf Philodedro, Selloum - Philodedro bipiatifidum. http://davesgarde.com/guides/pf/go/37036/ [29 Oct 2013] 803 2013. Mahoe, J.. How to Kill a Philodedro. http://homeguides.sfgate.com/kill-philodedro- 27558.html [Accessed 30 Oct 2013] 804 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI 804 2013. Floridata. Philodedro bipiatifidum. 805 2005. Staples, G.W./Herbst, D.R.. A Tropical Garde Flora - Plats Cultivated i the Hawaiia Islads ad Other Tropical Places. Bishop Museum Press, Hoolulu, HI [Prolific seed productio (>1000/m2)? No] "I its ative Brazil, Philodedro bipiatifidum is polliated b a sigle species of large scarabaeid beetle. Because this beetle is ot preset i the Uited States, ad the female flowers o a iflorescece are receptive 48 hours before the male flowers produce polle, had polliatio is ecessar." [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? No] "The seeds of Araceae, particularl those with large chlorophllous embros, do ot remai viable for a log time." [Evidece that a persistet propagule bak is formed (>1 r)? No] "Seed does ot store well; sow as soo as possible" [Well cotrolled b herbicides? Yes] "You ma eed to kill our philodedros if the overwhelm their surroudigs, cotract disease or if ou simpl o loger wat them." "Foliar Spra" "... herbicide applicatio is a fast-actig wa to kill the plat ad esure it does ot come back." "Mix a 2-percet solutio of glphosate herbicide with diesel fuel or kerosee i a spra bottle. Products that cotai glphosate are sold with varig cocetratios, so read the product label carefull for specific mixig istructios. Use a small spra bottle to kill a small philodedro houseplat, or a garde spraer if treatig a dese patch of large philodedro bush plats, such as lac tree philodedro (Philodedro bipiatifidum)." "Spra the herbicide solutio directl oto the leaves of the philodedro, beig careful ot to target surroudig plats. The kerosee or diesel fuel helps to full coat the leaves ad does't drip off as readil as herbicide mixed with water; the blue markig de makes it eas to distiguish leaves that ou alread spraed." "Cut Stem Applicatio. 1. Prepare a 18- to 21 percet solutio of glphosate herbicide mixed with kerosee or diesel fuel i a small, disposable bowl. Add blue markig de, if desired, but it's ot as ecessar with this tpe of applicatio. 2. Cut thick stemmed philodedros, such as the larger, tree-like cut-leaf philodedro (Philodedro bipiatifidum), with loppig shears or a pruig saw, leavig a 8- to 12-ich stem protrudig from the groud. 3. Pait the cut tip of the philodedro stems with the herbicide solutio, usig a small household paitbrush. Pait the stems withi oe hour of cuttig because fresh-cut stems are better able to absorb the herbicide ito the root sstem. 4. Pait the outside of the remaiig stem with the herbicide solutio, providig a greater surface area through which the herbicide absorbs ito the roots. 5. Allow a few das for the herbicide to take effect, i which the plat slowl dries out ad dies, the pull the plat up b the root ad discard." [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Yes] "Older, legg plats ca be removed b cuttig the tops off ad rerootig them; the stumps sed up oe or more shoots ad soo become dese ad full agai." [Tolerates, or beefits from, mutilatio, cultivatio, or fire? Possibl Yes] "Frost ma kill the leaves of tree philodedro or eve kill the whole plat to the groud, but if the cold is ot too severe ad if the plat is well established, it will come back whe warm weather returs." [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Ukow. No reports of major pests or pathoges that ihibit its cultivatio] 805 2013. WRA Specialist. Persoal Commuicatio. [Effective atural eemies preset locall (e.g. itroduced biocotrol agets)? Ukow] Prit Date: 10/30/2013 Philodedro bipiatifidum (Araceae) Page 8 of 8

Summar of Risk Traits High Risk / Udesirable Traits Thrives i tropical climates All parts of plat are poisoous, ad sap ca be a ski irritat Shade tolerat Seeds potetiall bird-dispersed Ca resprout if cut to base Low Risk Traits No cofirmed reports of aturalizatio or ivasiveess to date Uarmed (o spies, thors or burrs) Valued as a orametal Plats fuctioall self-icompatible Requires specialized beetle polliators Reaches maturit after 15+ ears Not likel to form a persistet seed bak Herbicides effectivel cotrol this plat